Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500667
I. Walker, J. Cavallaro
This paper addresses the application of fault trees to the analysis of robot manipulator reliability and fault tolerance. Although a common and useful tool in other applications, fault trees have only recently been applied to robots. In addition, most of the fault tree analyses in robotics have focused on qualitative, rather than quantitative, analysis. Robotic manipulators present some special problems, due to the complex and strongly coupled nature of their subsystems, and also their wild response to subsystem failures. Additionally, there is a lack of reliability data for robots and their subsystems. There has traditionally been little emphasis on fault tolerance in the design of industrial robots, and data regarding operational robot failures is relatively scarce. However, at this time there is a new and critical need for safe and reliable robots for remote environmental restoration and waste management applications. The question of how to best incorporate fault tolerance and reliability into the design of such remote manipulators remains an open issue, and is the subject of current research. This paper discusses aspects of the reliability problem in robotics, concentrating on the quantitative aspects of fault tree analysis for the design of robot manipulators.
{"title":"The use of fault trees for the design of robots for hazardous environments","authors":"I. Walker, J. Cavallaro","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500667","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the application of fault trees to the analysis of robot manipulator reliability and fault tolerance. Although a common and useful tool in other applications, fault trees have only recently been applied to robots. In addition, most of the fault tree analyses in robotics have focused on qualitative, rather than quantitative, analysis. Robotic manipulators present some special problems, due to the complex and strongly coupled nature of their subsystems, and also their wild response to subsystem failures. Additionally, there is a lack of reliability data for robots and their subsystems. There has traditionally been little emphasis on fault tolerance in the design of industrial robots, and data regarding operational robot failures is relatively scarce. However, at this time there is a new and critical need for safe and reliable robots for remote environmental restoration and waste management applications. The question of how to best incorporate fault tolerance and reliability into the design of such remote manipulators remains an open issue, and is the subject of current research. This paper discusses aspects of the reliability problem in robotics, concentrating on the quantitative aspects of fault tree analysis for the design of robot manipulators.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131379659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500663
L. Pullum, J. Dugan
In this paper we present a synthesis of several techniques into a single methodology that can solve both dynamic and static fault trees, and which is applicable to the analysis of hardware, software and humanware in complex computer-based systems. The methodology combines those techniques into a unified fault tree methodology which we call SHADE Tree. SHADE Tree provides a high-level decomposition of the system fault tree model into the static and dynamic fault trees. Static fault trees, which contain only traditional fault tree gates (i.e. AND, OR, R-of-N, etc.) are solved using the binary decision diagram approach. Dynamic fault trees, which contain at least one special dynamic gate as well as traditional fault tree gates, are solved using Markov methods.
{"title":"Fault tree models for the analysis of complex computer-based systems","authors":"L. Pullum, J. Dugan","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500663","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present a synthesis of several techniques into a single methodology that can solve both dynamic and static fault trees, and which is applicable to the analysis of hardware, software and humanware in complex computer-based systems. The methodology combines those techniques into a unified fault tree methodology which we call SHADE Tree. SHADE Tree provides a high-level decomposition of the system fault tree model into the static and dynamic fault trees. Static fault trees, which contain only traditional fault tree gates (i.e. AND, OR, R-of-N, etc.) are solved using the binary decision diagram approach. Dynamic fault trees, which contain at least one special dynamic gate as well as traditional fault tree gates, are solved using Markov methods.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131425387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500673
K. Wong
The inaccuracies of existing reliability prediction methods necessitate a fresh look at the methodology. At least 3 papers appeared in 1995 proposing new approaches for reliability prediction. A new framework for the prediction of part failure rates was published in the March IEEE Trans. Reliability 1995. Still lacking is an approach to bridge the gap between the part failure rates and the system probability of success. This paper presents a reliability prediction framework for assembly/system levels using predicted part failure rates as the takeoff point. Multipliers and environmental stress screening (ESS) times are used to modify part failure rates to give assembly/system failure rates. These multipliers reflect the influences of parts/assemblies interactions, learning curve effects, user malfunction tolerance, repair effectiveness, and management priority on maintenance. The ESS times manifest themselves as time shifts in the equations. Avionic system failure data show that avionic failure rates tend to be higher at the early part of a mission. A mission-time related multiplier is used to modify the standard survival function to give the final probability of system success. If data are available for quantifying the multipliers, the reliability practitioner should use them within this framework immediately. If data are not available one must begin to accumulate the information so that reliability predictions at the assembly/system level can be improved.
{"title":"A new framework for electronic assembly/system reliability prediction","authors":"K. Wong","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500673","url":null,"abstract":"The inaccuracies of existing reliability prediction methods necessitate a fresh look at the methodology. At least 3 papers appeared in 1995 proposing new approaches for reliability prediction. A new framework for the prediction of part failure rates was published in the March IEEE Trans. Reliability 1995. Still lacking is an approach to bridge the gap between the part failure rates and the system probability of success. This paper presents a reliability prediction framework for assembly/system levels using predicted part failure rates as the takeoff point. Multipliers and environmental stress screening (ESS) times are used to modify part failure rates to give assembly/system failure rates. These multipliers reflect the influences of parts/assemblies interactions, learning curve effects, user malfunction tolerance, repair effectiveness, and management priority on maintenance. The ESS times manifest themselves as time shifts in the equations. Avionic system failure data show that avionic failure rates tend to be higher at the early part of a mission. A mission-time related multiplier is used to modify the standard survival function to give the final probability of system success. If data are available for quantifying the multipliers, the reliability practitioner should use them within this framework immediately. If data are not available one must begin to accumulate the information so that reliability predictions at the assembly/system level can be improved.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133615374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500646
A.K. Ghosh, B.W. Johnson, J. Profeta
This paper describes a design environment called ADEPT (advanced design environment prototype tool) which enables designers to assess the dependability of systems early in the design process using behavioral simulation models. ADEPT is an interactive graphical design environment which allows design and analysis of systems throughout the entire design cycle. ADEPT supports functional verification, performance evaluation, and dependability analysis early in the design cycle from a single model in order to dramatically reduce design cycles and deliver products on schedule. In this paper, ADEPT is applied to the design of a distributed computer system used to control trains. Two distinct experiments were run to illustrate dependability evaluation using behavioral simulation models. The first experiment evaluates the effectiveness of using a simple (7,4) Hamming code for protecting information in a distributed system. The second experiment evaluates the effectiveness of a watchdog monitor whose role is to detect hardware and software errors in the distributed system. The experiments illustrate dependability analysis using behavioral simulation models. The first simulation demonstrates estimation of the error coverage of the (7,4) code and the mean time to hazardous event (MTTHE). The second experiment demonstrates functional verification and controllability of behavioral simulation experiments by testing the response of a watchdog monitor design to rare malicious events.
{"title":"Safety evaluation using behavioral simulation models","authors":"A.K. Ghosh, B.W. Johnson, J. Profeta","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500646","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a design environment called ADEPT (advanced design environment prototype tool) which enables designers to assess the dependability of systems early in the design process using behavioral simulation models. ADEPT is an interactive graphical design environment which allows design and analysis of systems throughout the entire design cycle. ADEPT supports functional verification, performance evaluation, and dependability analysis early in the design cycle from a single model in order to dramatically reduce design cycles and deliver products on schedule. In this paper, ADEPT is applied to the design of a distributed computer system used to control trains. Two distinct experiments were run to illustrate dependability evaluation using behavioral simulation models. The first experiment evaluates the effectiveness of using a simple (7,4) Hamming code for protecting information in a distributed system. The second experiment evaluates the effectiveness of a watchdog monitor whose role is to detect hardware and software errors in the distributed system. The experiments illustrate dependability analysis using behavioral simulation models. The first simulation demonstrates estimation of the error coverage of the (7,4) code and the mean time to hazardous event (MTTHE). The second experiment demonstrates functional verification and controllability of behavioral simulation experiments by testing the response of a watchdog monitor design to rare malicious events.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122286455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500672
Ming-Wei Lu, Y. Lee
Laboratory testing is a critical step in the development of vehicle components or systems. It allows the design engineer to evaluate the design early in the reliability development phase. A good lab test will shorten the product development cycles and minimizes cost and part failures at the proving ground (PG) testing before the vehicle volume production. In this paper, reliability-based design criteria for vehicle components are demonstrated. The methodology includes: (1) the design load (strength or capacity) of the component requirement; and (2) the lab fatigue life test bogey with constant amplitude loading. Major considerations on laboratory test and PG test procedures are also discussed to the development of a high mileage reliability component or system. The applicability of the reliability-based strength/fatigue design criteria for the design of an axle shaft is demonstrated.
{"title":"Reliability based strength/fatigue design criteria","authors":"Ming-Wei Lu, Y. Lee","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500672","url":null,"abstract":"Laboratory testing is a critical step in the development of vehicle components or systems. It allows the design engineer to evaluate the design early in the reliability development phase. A good lab test will shorten the product development cycles and minimizes cost and part failures at the proving ground (PG) testing before the vehicle volume production. In this paper, reliability-based design criteria for vehicle components are demonstrated. The methodology includes: (1) the design load (strength or capacity) of the component requirement; and (2) the lab fatigue life test bogey with constant amplitude loading. Major considerations on laboratory test and PG test procedures are also discussed to the development of a high mileage reliability component or system. The applicability of the reliability-based strength/fatigue design criteria for the design of an axle shaft is demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116387252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500654
S. Keene, C. Lane, J. Kimm
This paper examines some of the underpinnings of software reliability and software development concerns. A survey was conducted of one company's employees regarding an unsuccessful large-scale program to identify some lessons learned. These lessons point out that one of the largest origins of software problems lies in communication deficiencies. The quality of the development process ultimately determines the quality of the delivered software product. The primary causes of customer problems often stem from difficulties in capturing true customer requirements. An additional challenge is assuring strong integrated product team understanding and communications. This paper identifies structured development process initiatives that assure the building of more reliable code. Then two of the more significant initiatives, object-oriented design and the defect prevention process, are discussed in detail.
{"title":"Developing reliable software","authors":"S. Keene, C. Lane, J. Kimm","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500654","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines some of the underpinnings of software reliability and software development concerns. A survey was conducted of one company's employees regarding an unsuccessful large-scale program to identify some lessons learned. These lessons point out that one of the largest origins of software problems lies in communication deficiencies. The quality of the development process ultimately determines the quality of the delivered software product. The primary causes of customer problems often stem from difficulties in capturing true customer requirements. An additional challenge is assuring strong integrated product team understanding and communications. This paper identifies structured development process initiatives that assure the building of more reliable code. Then two of the more significant initiatives, object-oriented design and the defect prevention process, are discussed in detail.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124063388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500642
J. Dockendorf, M.Z. Malson, D.P. McDermott, A. McMasters
A comprehensive cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) computer model has been developed to evaluate engineering changes to aircraft engines. This CEA model is unique in that it has been adopted by the US Air Force, US Navy, and US Army, as well as jet engine manufacturers such as Pratt & Whitney and General Electric, as a standard cost analysis tool. In an environment of budget cutting and limited options, the standard CEA model provides a level playing field for consistent evaluations of proposed tasks within a program, between programs, and even between services. The CEA model is easy to use, models many different situations, provides instant feedback on "what-if" scenarios, and allows graphic presentations to be easily obtained. Thorough analysis by contractors and the government have ensured that the output of the CEA model is consistent with expected results from more strenuous methods. The success of this joint services, government/industry effort to establish a standard, uniform CEA model is especially noteworthy considering the ever increasing importance of consistent cost effective decisions in an environment of limited funding. The teaming process used to create the CEA model and the adaptation of the model to applications other than aircraft engines are recommended.
{"title":"A government/industry standard cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) model","authors":"J. Dockendorf, M.Z. Malson, D.P. McDermott, A. McMasters","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500642","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) computer model has been developed to evaluate engineering changes to aircraft engines. This CEA model is unique in that it has been adopted by the US Air Force, US Navy, and US Army, as well as jet engine manufacturers such as Pratt & Whitney and General Electric, as a standard cost analysis tool. In an environment of budget cutting and limited options, the standard CEA model provides a level playing field for consistent evaluations of proposed tasks within a program, between programs, and even between services. The CEA model is easy to use, models many different situations, provides instant feedback on \"what-if\" scenarios, and allows graphic presentations to be easily obtained. Thorough analysis by contractors and the government have ensured that the output of the CEA model is consistent with expected results from more strenuous methods. The success of this joint services, government/industry effort to establish a standard, uniform CEA model is especially noteworthy considering the ever increasing importance of consistent cost effective decisions in an environment of limited funding. The teaming process used to create the CEA model and the adaptation of the model to applications other than aircraft engines are recommended.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126313361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500636
D.J. O'Leary
International standards for quality and dependability have increased importance in national and international trade because of efforts to harmonize standards in many parts of the world. Today's quality and reliability professional must have a concrete understanding of the international standards, their sources, and their content. This presentation explains the framework for the quality system standards based on the ISO 9000 series and the IEC standards relating to reliability and safety techniques. The paper applies these standards to the medical device industry, in both the United States (US) and the European Union (EU), to illustrate their use. Changes in the medical device industry regulations in both the US and EU demonstrate the role of these standards and their importance in global harmonization. In the US, the international standards will directly supplant many standards known today. Standards bodies may also adopt international standards and reissue them in their own numbering system. In either case, quality and reliability professionals must have a working knowledge of the structure, content, and direction of international standards.
{"title":"International standards: their new role in a global economy","authors":"D.J. O'Leary","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500636","url":null,"abstract":"International standards for quality and dependability have increased importance in national and international trade because of efforts to harmonize standards in many parts of the world. Today's quality and reliability professional must have a concrete understanding of the international standards, their sources, and their content. This presentation explains the framework for the quality system standards based on the ISO 9000 series and the IEC standards relating to reliability and safety techniques. The paper applies these standards to the medical device industry, in both the United States (US) and the European Union (EU), to illustrate their use. Changes in the medical device industry regulations in both the US and EU demonstrate the role of these standards and their importance in global harmonization. In the US, the international standards will directly supplant many standards known today. Standards bodies may also adopt international standards and reissue them in their own numbering system. In either case, quality and reliability professionals must have a working knowledge of the structure, content, and direction of international standards.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132766519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500652
G. Maggio
This paper describes the methodology and processes used for the probabilistic risk assessment of the Space Shuttle vehicle to systematically quantify the risk incurred during a nominal Shuttle mission and rank the risk driving components to allow for a concerted risk and cost reduction effort. This year-long effort represents a development resulting from seven years of application of risk technology to the Space Shuttle. These applications were initiated by NASA shortly after the Challenger accident as recommended by the Rogers and Slay Commission reports. The current effort is the first integrated quantitative assessment of the risk of the loss of the Shuttle vehicle from 3 seconds prior to liftoff to wheel-stop at mission end. The study which was conducted under the direction of NASA's Shuttle Safety and Mission Assurance office at Johnson Spaceflight Center focused on Shuttle operational risk but included consideration of all the Shuttle flight and test history since the beginning of the program through Mission 67 in July of 1994.
{"title":"Space Shuttle probabilistic risk assessment: methodology and application","authors":"G. Maggio","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500652","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the methodology and processes used for the probabilistic risk assessment of the Space Shuttle vehicle to systematically quantify the risk incurred during a nominal Shuttle mission and rank the risk driving components to allow for a concerted risk and cost reduction effort. This year-long effort represents a development resulting from seven years of application of risk technology to the Space Shuttle. These applications were initiated by NASA shortly after the Challenger accident as recommended by the Rogers and Slay Commission reports. The current effort is the first integrated quantitative assessment of the risk of the loss of the Shuttle vehicle from 3 seconds prior to liftoff to wheel-stop at mission end. The study which was conducted under the direction of NASA's Shuttle Safety and Mission Assurance office at Johnson Spaceflight Center focused on Shuttle operational risk but included consideration of all the Shuttle flight and test history since the beginning of the program through Mission 67 in July of 1994.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125226580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RAMS.1996.500656
R. Stoddard
The driving need in software reliability is to mature the "physics of failure" and design aspects related to software reliability. This type of focus would then enhance one's ability to effect reliable software in a predictable form. A major challenge is that software reliability, in essence, requires one to measure compliance to customer/user requirements. Customer/user requirements can range over a wide spectrum of software product attributes that relate directly or indirectly to software performance. Identifying and measuring these attributes in a structured way to minimize risk and allow pro-active preventive action during software development is no easy task. The goal-question-metric paradigm, discussed by Dr. Vic Basili (1992), is one popular and effective approach to measurement identification. However, in practice, additional challenges in using this approach have been encountered. Some of these challenges, though, seem to be alleviated with use of a reliability technique called success/fault tree analysis. Experience has shown that the goal-question-metric paradigm is conducive to the building of G-Q-M trees which may be analyzed using reliability success/fault tree logic.
{"title":"An extension of goal-question-metric paradigm for software reliability","authors":"R. Stoddard","doi":"10.1109/RAMS.1996.500656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMS.1996.500656","url":null,"abstract":"The driving need in software reliability is to mature the \"physics of failure\" and design aspects related to software reliability. This type of focus would then enhance one's ability to effect reliable software in a predictable form. A major challenge is that software reliability, in essence, requires one to measure compliance to customer/user requirements. Customer/user requirements can range over a wide spectrum of software product attributes that relate directly or indirectly to software performance. Identifying and measuring these attributes in a structured way to minimize risk and allow pro-active preventive action during software development is no easy task. The goal-question-metric paradigm, discussed by Dr. Vic Basili (1992), is one popular and effective approach to measurement identification. However, in practice, additional challenges in using this approach have been encountered. Some of these challenges, though, seem to be alleviated with use of a reliability technique called success/fault tree analysis. Experience has shown that the goal-question-metric paradigm is conducive to the building of G-Q-M trees which may be analyzed using reliability success/fault tree logic.","PeriodicalId":393833,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1996 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117253531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：