Nine 3-allyl-5-substituted 2-thiohydantoins (ATH-amino acids) which were prepared from allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and amino acids were studied for their antimutagenic activities against 2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-f] quinoline (IQ) and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) using the Ames assay. The assay against IQ was performed on S. typhimurium TA98 in the presence of a metabolic activation system (S9 mix) and that against 4-NQO was carried out on S.typhimurium TA100 in the absence of S9 mix. When ATH-amino acids except for that prepared from AITC and aspartic acid were simultaneously treated with the bacterial strain and IQ, an inhibition of IQ mutagenicity was observed. Also, all ATH-amino acids showed a suppressive effect on 4-NQO mutagenicity when the bacterial strain was incubated in the presence of both 4-NQO and ATH-amino acids. In contrast, little antimutagenic effect was observed when ATH-amino acids were added to the bacterial strains which has been pretreated with a mixture of IQ and S9 mix or only 4-NQO. These results suggest that ATH-amino acids are capable of acting as inhibitors of the S9 mix-mediated activation of IQ and/or as modulators of the direct-acting mutagen, 4-NQO.
{"title":"Antimutagenicity of 3-allyl-5-substituted 2-thiohydantoins derived from allyl isothiocyanate and amino acids in Salmonella assay","authors":"A. Takahashi, H. Matsuoka, Y. Uda","doi":"10.3123/JEMS.26.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3123/JEMS.26.1","url":null,"abstract":"Nine 3-allyl-5-substituted 2-thiohydantoins (ATH-amino acids) which were prepared from allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and amino acids were studied for their antimutagenic activities against 2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-f] quinoline (IQ) and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) using the Ames assay. The assay against IQ was performed on S. typhimurium TA98 in the presence of a metabolic activation system (S9 mix) and that against 4-NQO was carried out on S.typhimurium TA100 in the absence of S9 mix. When ATH-amino acids except for that prepared from AITC and aspartic acid were simultaneously treated with the bacterial strain and IQ, an inhibition of IQ mutagenicity was observed. Also, all ATH-amino acids showed a suppressive effect on 4-NQO mutagenicity when the bacterial strain was incubated in the presence of both 4-NQO and ATH-amino acids. In contrast, little antimutagenic effect was observed when ATH-amino acids were added to the bacterial strains which has been pretreated with a mixture of IQ and S9 mix or only 4-NQO. These results suggest that ATH-amino acids are capable of acting as inhibitors of the S9 mix-mediated activation of IQ and/or as modulators of the direct-acting mutagen, 4-NQO.","PeriodicalId":394432,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Mutagen Research","volume":"s4-1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126850563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The short-term colony transformation assay employing Syrian hamster embryonic (SHE) cells has been widely used as a simple method for detection of chemical and physical carcinogens. However, little investigation has been done on the biological properties of the early transformed colony (ETC: colony characterized by piling up and criss-cross pattern of growth) itself. This study was performed to examine the properties of these colonies. Secondary or tertiary cultures of SHE cells were treated with benzo[a]pyrene or N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. In total, 37 ETCs and 17 normal colonies (NCs) were cloned and analyzed. Obtained results were as follows: (1) Stability of transformed morphology; immediately after cloning, the cells from 3/37 of the ETCs maintained their transformed phenotype, but all cells from other ETCs (34/37) showed flat or well-oriented morphology. Thus, the “transformed” morphology of more than 90% of the ETCs was reversible. (2) Chromosome abnormality; 3/15 of the clones from ETCs were hypo diploid or tetraploid, while the others (12/15) were normal diploid immediately after cloning. (3) Immortalization; up to about one month after cloning, most of the clones (from transformed or normal colonies) could be subcultured at 1:2 or 1:4 split ratio per week, but thereafter all the clones ceased growing. After about a one month or longer latency, 6/37 of the clones from ETCs and 4/17 of the clones from NCs restarted growing and acquired immortality. That is, there was no significant difference in the frequency of immortalization between ETCs and NCs. Thus, from the present experiment, there was no direct evidence that ETC correlates to acquisition of immortality or tumorigenesis. Further experiments (e.g. comparison of gene expression profiles between cells from transformed and normal colonies using microarray) would be required to give a logical meaning to this short-term transformation assay.
{"title":"Reversible phenotype and a lack of direct link to immortalization of Syrian hamster embryonic cells obtained from so-called transformed colonies","authors":"H. Tsuda","doi":"10.3123/JEMS.25.159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3123/JEMS.25.159","url":null,"abstract":"The short-term colony transformation assay employing Syrian hamster embryonic (SHE) cells has been widely used as a simple method for detection of chemical and physical carcinogens. However, little investigation has been done on the biological properties of the early transformed colony (ETC: colony characterized by piling up and criss-cross pattern of growth) itself. This study was performed to examine the properties of these colonies. Secondary or tertiary cultures of SHE cells were treated with benzo[a]pyrene or N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. In total, 37 ETCs and 17 normal colonies (NCs) were cloned and analyzed. Obtained results were as follows: (1) Stability of transformed morphology; immediately after cloning, the cells from 3/37 of the ETCs maintained their transformed phenotype, but all cells from other ETCs (34/37) showed flat or well-oriented morphology. Thus, the “transformed” morphology of more than 90% of the ETCs was reversible. (2) Chromosome abnormality; 3/15 of the clones from ETCs were hypo diploid or tetraploid, while the others (12/15) were normal diploid immediately after cloning. (3) Immortalization; up to about one month after cloning, most of the clones (from transformed or normal colonies) could be subcultured at 1:2 or 1:4 split ratio per week, but thereafter all the clones ceased growing. After about a one month or longer latency, 6/37 of the clones from ETCs and 4/17 of the clones from NCs restarted growing and acquired immortality. That is, there was no significant difference in the frequency of immortalization between ETCs and NCs. Thus, from the present experiment, there was no direct evidence that ETC correlates to acquisition of immortality or tumorigenesis. Further experiments (e.g. comparison of gene expression profiles between cells from transformed and normal colonies using microarray) would be required to give a logical meaning to this short-term transformation assay.","PeriodicalId":394432,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Mutagen Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126831166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaoru Sekihashi, H. Saitoh, A. Saga, K. Hori, M. Nakagawa, M. Miyagawa, Y. Sasaki
Some mutagens are inactivated rapidly by components included in culture media, especially by serum. Long incubation periods may not be appropriate for the comet assay because DNA lesions may be repaired during the time that mutagens are inactivated, leading to false negative results. We questioned how the exposure period of Chinese hamster ovary cells to 8 unstable mutagens affected outcome of the assay.Although the longest biological half-life of the test mutagens was 1.98 h, four were positive following 0.5—24 h incubations while other four were positive only when the incubation period was ≤ 4 h, suggesting that the DNA damage was repaired and the mutagens were inactivated. The rapid inactivation of mutagens in the medium did not affect whether the outcome of the comet assay was positive or negative when cells were exposed for 1—4 h. Based on these results, we concluded that long exposure should not be employed for the compounds that are unstable in culture media, and appropriate incubation time should be determined for them individually.
{"title":"Effect of in vitro exposure time on comet assay results","authors":"Kaoru Sekihashi, H. Saitoh, A. Saga, K. Hori, M. Nakagawa, M. Miyagawa, Y. Sasaki","doi":"10.3123/JEMS.25.83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3123/JEMS.25.83","url":null,"abstract":"Some mutagens are inactivated rapidly by components included in culture media, especially by serum. Long incubation periods may not be appropriate for the comet assay because DNA lesions may be repaired during the time that mutagens are inactivated, leading to false negative results. We questioned how the exposure period of Chinese hamster ovary cells to 8 unstable mutagens affected outcome of the assay.Although the longest biological half-life of the test mutagens was 1.98 h, four were positive following 0.5—24 h incubations while other four were positive only when the incubation period was ≤ 4 h, suggesting that the DNA damage was repaired and the mutagens were inactivated. The rapid inactivation of mutagens in the medium did not affect whether the outcome of the comet assay was positive or negative when cells were exposed for 1—4 h. Based on these results, we concluded that long exposure should not be employed for the compounds that are unstable in culture media, and appropriate incubation time should be determined for them individually.","PeriodicalId":394432,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Mutagen Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129096330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigated improved methods for the preparation of metabolically activated forms of heterocyclic amines referred to as ‘activated heterocyclic amines’. We also described the influence of pH on the metabolic activation of Trp-P-2, and on the stability and mutagenicity of the activated form of Trp-P-2.
{"title":"Improved method for preparation of S9-activated heterocyclic amines","authors":"S. Arimoto-Kobayashi, H. Hayatsu","doi":"10.3123/JEMS.25.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3123/JEMS.25.77","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated improved methods for the preparation of metabolically activated forms of heterocyclic amines referred to as ‘activated heterocyclic amines’. We also described the influence of pH on the metabolic activation of Trp-P-2, and on the stability and mutagenicity of the activated form of Trp-P-2.","PeriodicalId":394432,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Mutagen Research","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116088742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The VitotoxTM test is a high-throughput bacterial genotoxicity test based on the SOS DNA-repair system induced by genotoxic compounds. Two genetically engineered Salmonella typhimurium strains are used in this system, TA104recN2-4 (Genox strain), that contains the bacterial luciferase (lux) operon (luxCDABE) under transcriptional control of recN promoter, and TA104 pr1 (Cytox strain), that constitutively expresses lux operon.The performance of the VitotoxTM test was evaluated with 33 known Ames positive chemicals, 26 known Ames negatives and 18 drug candidates developed at Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation. Ten compounds had inconclusive results because they caused SOS-independent enhancement of light emission. Among 49 known chemicals with conclusive results, 89% of the Ames positive compounds were detected as positive (genotoxic) with the VitotoxTM test, and all of the Ames negative compounds were detected as negative. There was a 94% concordance between the Ames test results and the VitotoxTM test results.In a practical validation study using 18 drug candidates developed at Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, 7 of 8 Ames positive compounds were detected as genotoxic and all of the Ames negative compounds gave negative results with the VitotoxTM test. The concordance between the VitotoxTM test results and the Ames test results for 18 drug candidates was 94% (17/18). Moreover, the VitotoxTM test required a smaller sample quantity than the Ames test to detect genotoxicity.The present results indicate that the VitotoxTM test is useful for rapid screening of large numbers of chemicals when only a small quantity of a chemical is available.
{"title":"Evaluation of the VitotoxTM test as a high-throughput genotoxicity assay","authors":"S. Muto, H. Baba, Y. Uno","doi":"10.3123/JEMS.25.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3123/JEMS.25.69","url":null,"abstract":"The VitotoxTM test is a high-throughput bacterial genotoxicity test based on the SOS DNA-repair system induced by genotoxic compounds. Two genetically engineered Salmonella typhimurium strains are used in this system, TA104recN2-4 (Genox strain), that contains the bacterial luciferase (lux) operon (luxCDABE) under transcriptional control of recN promoter, and TA104 pr1 (Cytox strain), that constitutively expresses lux operon.The performance of the VitotoxTM test was evaluated with 33 known Ames positive chemicals, 26 known Ames negatives and 18 drug candidates developed at Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation. Ten compounds had inconclusive results because they caused SOS-independent enhancement of light emission. Among 49 known chemicals with conclusive results, 89% of the Ames positive compounds were detected as positive (genotoxic) with the VitotoxTM test, and all of the Ames negative compounds were detected as negative. There was a 94% concordance between the Ames test results and the VitotoxTM test results.In a practical validation study using 18 drug candidates developed at Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, 7 of 8 Ames positive compounds were detected as genotoxic and all of the Ames negative compounds gave negative results with the VitotoxTM test. The concordance between the VitotoxTM test results and the Ames test results for 18 drug candidates was 94% (17/18). Moreover, the VitotoxTM test required a smaller sample quantity than the Ames test to detect genotoxicity.The present results indicate that the VitotoxTM test is useful for rapid screening of large numbers of chemicals when only a small quantity of a chemical is available.","PeriodicalId":394432,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Mutagen Research","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131254061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Hamada, Kazuo Nakajima, C. Namiki, T. Serikawa, M. Hayashi
The micronucleus assay was conducted with 7 chemicals (2-acetylaminofluoren [2-AAF], 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine [Ara-C], colchicine, cyclophosphamide [CP], methyl methanesulfonate [MMS], potassium bromate [KBrO3], urethane) in male and female rats to determine whether the results varied with sex. Each chemical was administered twice orally, 24 h apart, to 5 rats in each of 3 dosage groups and collected bone marrow and peripheral blood 24 h later. Sex differences were observed in micronucleus induction in both polychromatic erythrocytes (bone marrow) and reticulocytes (peripheral blood), which we attributed to a sex difference in hematopoiesis. In spite of those differences, both sexes showed positive responses. We concluded that the rat is suitable for the micronucleus assay regardless of sex.
采用2-乙酰氨基氟[2-AAF]、1-β- d -阿拉伯糖胞嘧啶[Ara-C]、秋水仙碱、环磷酰胺[CP]、甲磺酸甲酯[MMS]、溴酸钾[KBrO3]、氨基甲酸乙酯]等7种化学物质对雌雄大鼠进行微核测定，以确定结果是否存在性别差异。3个剂量组各5只大鼠，每组24 h口服2次，24 h后采集骨髓和外周血。在多染红细胞(骨髓)和网织红细胞(外周血)的微核诱导中观察到性别差异，我们将其归因于造血的性别差异。尽管存在这些差异，但两性都表现出积极的反应。我们的结论是，无论性别，大鼠都适合进行微核试验。
{"title":"Sex differences in the chemical induction of micronuclei in the rat.","authors":"S. Hamada, Kazuo Nakajima, C. Namiki, T. Serikawa, M. Hayashi","doi":"10.3123/JEMS.25.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3123/JEMS.25.33","url":null,"abstract":"The micronucleus assay was conducted with 7 chemicals (2-acetylaminofluoren [2-AAF], 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine [Ara-C], colchicine, cyclophosphamide [CP], methyl methanesulfonate [MMS], potassium bromate [KBrO3], urethane) in male and female rats to determine whether the results varied with sex. Each chemical was administered twice orally, 24 h apart, to 5 rats in each of 3 dosage groups and collected bone marrow and peripheral blood 24 h later. Sex differences were observed in micronucleus induction in both polychromatic erythrocytes (bone marrow) and reticulocytes (peripheral blood), which we attributed to a sex difference in hematopoiesis. In spite of those differences, both sexes showed positive responses. We concluded that the rat is suitable for the micronucleus assay regardless of sex.","PeriodicalId":394432,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Mutagen Research","volume":"519 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123119828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Non-coding tandem repeat DNA sequences have high rates of mutation that facilitate the measurement of induced mutation in small sample sizes. It has been suggested that these loci may be useful biomarkers for heritable genetic mutation induced by exposure to genotoxic agents. Significant induction of mutation is quantifiable in the germline of mice exposed to mutagens. The primary focus of this work has been on exposure to radiation. The data suggest that meiosis or DNA replication/repair may be required for induction of mutation in the germline at tandem repeats. Mutations arise via indirect mechanisms rather than by direct damage to the repeat locus itself, therefore reflecting genomic instability rather than targeted DNA damage. These markers have also been used to measure induced germline mutations in animals exposed to ambient levels of urban air pollution. The mutagenicity is associated with particulate matter in the air but the exact chemical nature of the mutagens is unknown. Lack of knowledge of the relationship between ESTR instability and gene mutation, and lack of understanding of the mechanisms resulting in instability prevent inference on the health-related implications of induced tandem repeat mutation. We have developed single-molecule PCR approaches to study ESTR instability in vitro. This method circumvents the requirement of sub-cloning and allows for many more individual ESTR alleles to be examined. These types of laboratory-based experiments will be crucial in clarifying the types of chemicals that can generate tandem repeat instability and thereby provide insight into the mechanisms of action and the putative mutagens found in complex environmental matrices.
{"title":"Tandem repeat DNA: applications in mutation analysis","authors":"C. Yauk, Aris A. Polyzos","doi":"10.3123/JEMS.27.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3123/JEMS.27.93","url":null,"abstract":"Non-coding tandem repeat DNA sequences have high rates of mutation that facilitate the measurement of induced mutation in small sample sizes. It has been suggested that these loci may be useful biomarkers for heritable genetic mutation induced by exposure to genotoxic agents. Significant induction of mutation is quantifiable in the germline of mice exposed to mutagens. The primary focus of this work has been on exposure to radiation. The data suggest that meiosis or DNA replication/repair may be required for induction of mutation in the germline at tandem repeats. Mutations arise via indirect mechanisms rather than by direct damage to the repeat locus itself, therefore reflecting genomic instability rather than targeted DNA damage. These markers have also been used to measure induced germline mutations in animals exposed to ambient levels of urban air pollution. The mutagenicity is associated with particulate matter in the air but the exact chemical nature of the mutagens is unknown. Lack of knowledge of the relationship between ESTR instability and gene mutation, and lack of understanding of the mechanisms resulting in instability prevent inference on the health-related implications of induced tandem repeat mutation. We have developed single-molecule PCR approaches to study ESTR instability in vitro. This method circumvents the requirement of sub-cloning and allows for many more individual ESTR alleles to be examined. These types of laboratory-based experiments will be crucial in clarifying the types of chemicals that can generate tandem repeat instability and thereby provide insight into the mechanisms of action and the putative mutagens found in complex environmental matrices.","PeriodicalId":394432,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Mutagen Research","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133892093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The constitution of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society (JEMS) says, “The society aims to encourage basic research on mutagens in humans, other organisms, and the environment, especially mutagens that affect public health. It also aims to further good communication and the transfer of research techniques in related subjects” (Chapter 4). I believe that JEMS should follow these written objectives of the society precisely and honestly. The main theme of the 31st JEMS annual meting is, “Challenges to Internationalization and Humanization”, and it is the current requirement to the society that member want. On the matter of “Internationalization”, we held the 8th ICEM at Shizuoka last year under the most difficult circumstances and had great success, providing evidence that JEMS is effective internationally. We also played an important role in having our research in this field reflected in regulation considered in international harmonizing activities (i.e., International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing). On the other hand, to take care global problems, e.g., air and water, international cooperation is important. Our society, however, has made little effort to cooperate with the Asian EM societies with except for a few individuals. JEMS should seek ways to collaborate on problems we share with these countries. We could possibly be a hub for communication between societies that are located in Asian countries. In an effort to do that, we organized the “Asian Environmental Mutagen Societies Forum”, hoping that it would eventually head to an Asian Association of Environmental Mutagen Societies.The topic of “Humanization” is a most important one. The ultimate goal of our field is the maintaining the highest possible quality of life (QOL), and that includes maintains the environment that affects our QOL directly or indirectly in good condition. For this purpose our society should focus more on human risk assessment, including exposure assessments of environmental mutagens, and molecular epidemiology.In addition to the main issues mentioned above, our society should orient our research more to the genome than to the detection of environmental mutagens. Also, I think that the society should contribute to regulatory requirement. This includes organizing validation studies of novel technology and establishing strategies on how to evaluate and interpret test data.From the administrative viewpoint, the organization of JEMS should be more transparent and the responsibilities of the executive and the council should be clarified. Moreover, we need to establish a mechanism for gathering opinions from the membership. On the web, we have started to improve our Home Page and mailing system to permit better communication between the executive board and society members and also among members.Lastly, I would like to mention the society’s important research activities. Our sub-organizations include the Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group (MMS), the Bacterial Mutagenic
{"title":"What is required of JEMS","authors":"M. Hayashi","doi":"10.3123/jems.25.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3123/jems.25.1","url":null,"abstract":"The constitution of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society (JEMS) says, “The society aims to encourage basic research on mutagens in humans, other organisms, and the environment, especially mutagens that affect public health. It also aims to further good communication and the transfer of research techniques in related subjects” (Chapter 4). I believe that JEMS should follow these written objectives of the society precisely and honestly. The main theme of the 31st JEMS annual meting is, “Challenges to Internationalization and Humanization”, and it is the current requirement to the society that member want. On the matter of “Internationalization”, we held the 8th ICEM at Shizuoka last year under the most difficult circumstances and had great success, providing evidence that JEMS is effective internationally. We also played an important role in having our research in this field reflected in regulation considered in international harmonizing activities (i.e., International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing). On the other hand, to take care global problems, e.g., air and water, international cooperation is important. Our society, however, has made little effort to cooperate with the Asian EM societies with except for a few individuals. JEMS should seek ways to collaborate on problems we share with these countries. We could possibly be a hub for communication between societies that are located in Asian countries. In an effort to do that, we organized the “Asian Environmental Mutagen Societies Forum”, hoping that it would eventually head to an Asian Association of Environmental Mutagen Societies.The topic of “Humanization” is a most important one. The ultimate goal of our field is the maintaining the highest possible quality of life (QOL), and that includes maintains the environment that affects our QOL directly or indirectly in good condition. For this purpose our society should focus more on human risk assessment, including exposure assessments of environmental mutagens, and molecular epidemiology.In addition to the main issues mentioned above, our society should orient our research more to the genome than to the detection of environmental mutagens. Also, I think that the society should contribute to regulatory requirement. This includes organizing validation studies of novel technology and establishing strategies on how to evaluate and interpret test data.From the administrative viewpoint, the organization of JEMS should be more transparent and the responsibilities of the executive and the council should be clarified. Moreover, we need to establish a mechanism for gathering opinions from the membership. On the web, we have started to improve our Home Page and mailing system to permit better communication between the executive board and society members and also among members.Lastly, I would like to mention the society’s important research activities. Our sub-organizations include the Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group (MMS), the Bacterial Mutagenic","PeriodicalId":394432,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Mutagen Research","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133544167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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