Pub Date : 2025-10-13eCollection Date: 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1515/jirspa-2025-0014
Kristell M Penfornis, Nienke Nooren, Eline Meijer, Winifred A Gebhardt, Veronica R Janssen, Geke D S Ludden
Objectives: Promoting physical activity is crucial for reducing disease risk and improving overall health. This study targeted minimally active individuals aged 45 and older. It aimed to inform the design of effective digital tools for promoting physical activity by exploring their perspectives on two prototype future-self interventions: a mental imagery and an avatar-based approach.
Methods: Three online focus groups (n=10, age range 47-70) were conducted to assess the comprehensibility, acceptability, anticipated effectiveness and preferred formatting of both prototypes.
Results: The prototype for both interventions was deemed comprehensible, but the mental imagery approach was found more appealing and anticipated to be more effective in encouraging physical activity. Participants highlighted the importance of user-friendly, visually engaging, and customizable features in the intervention.
Conclusions: Based on the insights, we recommend prioritizing mental imagery future-self interventions with clear default settings - such as future-self task order - while allowing for personalization to optimize user engagement and effectiveness. Findings from this study provide actionable guidance for developing digital physical activity interventions tailored to minimally active middle-aged to older adults.
{"title":"Digital future-self interventions to promote physical activity: perspectives of minimally active middle-aged and older adults.","authors":"Kristell M Penfornis, Nienke Nooren, Eline Meijer, Winifred A Gebhardt, Veronica R Janssen, Geke D S Ludden","doi":"10.1515/jirspa-2025-0014","DOIUrl":"10.1515/jirspa-2025-0014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Promoting physical activity is crucial for reducing disease risk and improving overall health. This study targeted minimally active individuals aged 45 and older. It aimed to inform the design of effective digital tools for promoting physical activity by exploring their perspectives on two prototype future-self interventions: a mental imagery and an avatar-based approach.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three online focus groups (n=10, age range 47-70) were conducted to assess the comprehensibility, acceptability, anticipated effectiveness and preferred formatting of both prototypes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prototype for both interventions was deemed comprehensible, but the mental imagery approach was found more appealing and anticipated to be more effective in encouraging physical activity. Participants highlighted the importance of user-friendly, visually engaging, and customizable features in the intervention.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Based on the insights, we recommend prioritizing mental imagery future-self interventions with clear default settings - such as future-self task order - while allowing for personalization to optimize user engagement and effectiveness. Findings from this study provide actionable guidance for developing digital physical activity interventions tailored to minimally active middle-aged to older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"20 1","pages":"20250014"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12637370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145589231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1515/jirspa-2023-0035
Anna Christakou, Vasiliki Siampanou, Dimitrios Spagoulakis, G. Koumantakis
Abstract Objectives Motor imagery is widely used to enhance patients’ response to treatment via cognitive and neurophysiological processes. As a result, cross-cultural validation of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 (MIQ-3) in the Greek population was deemed necessary. Methods The cross-cultural adaptation method in Greek was followed for the MIQ-3. It was then administered to 150 participants and its face, construct validity (exploratory factor analysis and known-groups validity), test-retest reliability, and internal consistency were assessed. Results The MIQ-3 demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.90). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for test-retest reliability of each factor were low: ICC=0.049−0.293. However, the standard error of the measurement (SEM) data was within acceptable limits (13.5–17.2 % of the grand mean) for all three sub-sections of the MIQ-3. Factor analysis confirmed the three-factor structure of the questionnaire. No differences between male and female participants or those with different levels of athletic involvement (intensity of physical activity and practice level) were identified. Conclusions The MIQ-3 appears to be a valid instrument that can be used to assess motor imagery in a Greek population. It can be uniformly applied to participants of different sexes and athletic involvement. Its reliability, though, requires further research.
{"title":"Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the Greek version of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 (MIQ-3)","authors":"Anna Christakou, Vasiliki Siampanou, Dimitrios Spagoulakis, G. Koumantakis","doi":"10.1515/jirspa-2023-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2023-0035","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives Motor imagery is widely used to enhance patients’ response to treatment via cognitive and neurophysiological processes. As a result, cross-cultural validation of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 (MIQ-3) in the Greek population was deemed necessary. Methods The cross-cultural adaptation method in Greek was followed for the MIQ-3. It was then administered to 150 participants and its face, construct validity (exploratory factor analysis and known-groups validity), test-retest reliability, and internal consistency were assessed. Results The MIQ-3 demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.90). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for test-retest reliability of each factor were low: ICC=0.049−0.293. However, the standard error of the measurement (SEM) data was within acceptable limits (13.5–17.2 % of the grand mean) for all three sub-sections of the MIQ-3. Factor analysis confirmed the three-factor structure of the questionnaire. No differences between male and female participants or those with different levels of athletic involvement (intensity of physical activity and practice level) were identified. Conclusions The MIQ-3 appears to be a valid instrument that can be used to assess motor imagery in a Greek population. It can be uniformly applied to participants of different sexes and athletic involvement. Its reliability, though, requires further research.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139395062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1515/jirspa-2024-0003
Robin S. Vealey, Christine E. Pacewicz
The purpose of this article is to offer background and strategies to utilize mental imagery to enhance acceptance as a significant foundation for mental health and wellbeing in athletes. Sport possesses many threats to participants’ mental health and ability to flourish, including unrealistic expectations, pressure from others, and training demands. Although acceptance has been shown to be an important precursor to wellbeing, the prescribed culture of mental toughness in sport teaches athletes to be nonaccepting of mistakes and negative outcomes which often threaten their mental health. Athletes need to be educated and trained to practice acceptance as a strong, mature, mentally healthy response in terms of their self-perceptions, perceptions of others, and responses to external events. Mental imagery has a strong association with emotion and has been successfully used as an intervention technique to enhance physical and mental health. However, acceptance has not been an outcome of interest in most imagery interventions related to mental health, and future research on interventions to enhance acceptance is warranted. Some strategies and examples of using mental imagery to build acceptance and wellbeing are suggested.
{"title":"Using imagery for acceptance and wellbeing in sport","authors":"Robin S. Vealey, Christine E. Pacewicz","doi":"10.1515/jirspa-2024-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2024-0003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The purpose of this article is to offer background and strategies to utilize mental imagery to enhance acceptance as a significant foundation for mental health and wellbeing in athletes. Sport possesses many threats to participants’ mental health and ability to flourish, including unrealistic expectations, pressure from others, and training demands. Although acceptance has been shown to be an important precursor to wellbeing, the prescribed culture of mental toughness in sport teaches athletes to be nonaccepting of mistakes and negative outcomes which often threaten their mental health. Athletes need to be educated and trained to practice acceptance as a strong, mature, mentally healthy response in terms of their self-perceptions, perceptions of others, and responses to external events. Mental imagery has a strong association with emotion and has been successfully used as an intervention technique to enhance physical and mental health. However, acceptance has not been an outcome of interest in most imagery interventions related to mental health, and future research on interventions to enhance acceptance is warranted. Some strategies and examples of using mental imagery to build acceptance and wellbeing are suggested.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"32 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140518002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Assessing imagery ability could be important for clinicians to understand or speculate on the limit of a patient’s physical ability in chronic pain conditions. We aimed to assess imagery ability that is potentially affected in patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). In addition, pain characteristics and associational factors between pain and imagery abilities were examined. Patients with FMF group (n=30) and control group (n=30) were included into the study. Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 (MIQ-3) was questioned in both groups to assess imagery ability. McGill Pain Questionnaire Form (MPQ) and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) were used to assess pain. There was a statistically significant difference in all sub-scores of the MIQ-3 imagery levels between FMF and the control group (p<0.05). Mean value for PCS was 23.27 ± 12.52 in which 13 (43.3 %) of the patients had higher scores than 30 indicating catastrophic thoughts. It was determined that the imagery scores of the patients with FMF were lower than the control group. Patients who had catastrophic thoughts showed more scores in IVI scores indicating that the attention processes of these patients to their bodies might be affected. Further large-scale, long-term, prospective, randomized-controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings.
{"title":"Pain characteristics and imagery ability in patients with familial Mediterranean fever","authors":"Albina Alikaj, Burcu Dilek, Ahsen Büyükaslan, Serdal Ugurlu","doi":"10.1515/jirspa-2023-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2023-0025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Assessing imagery ability could be important for clinicians to understand or speculate on the limit of a patient’s physical ability in chronic pain conditions. We aimed to assess imagery ability that is potentially affected in patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). In addition, pain characteristics and associational factors between pain and imagery abilities were examined.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Patients with FMF group (n=30) and control group (n=30) were included into the study. Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 (MIQ-3) was questioned in both groups to assess imagery ability. McGill Pain Questionnaire Form (MPQ) and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) were used to assess pain.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 There was a statistically significant difference in all sub-scores of the MIQ-3 imagery levels between FMF and the control group (p<0.05). Mean value for PCS was 23.27 ± 12.52 in which 13 (43.3 %) of the patients had higher scores than 30 indicating catastrophic thoughts.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 It was determined that the imagery scores of the patients with FMF were lower than the control group. Patients who had catastrophic thoughts showed more scores in IVI scores indicating that the attention processes of these patients to their bodies might be affected. Further large-scale, long-term, prospective, randomized-controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings.\u0000","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"2 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140523743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1515/jirspa-2023-0036
Sheila Alicea, Sarah Carson Sackett, Angela Winter
{"title":"A wellness application: use of imagery for athletes’ stress reduction and relaxation","authors":"Sheila Alicea, Sarah Carson Sackett, Angela Winter","doi":"10.1515/jirspa-2023-0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2023-0036","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139457143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1515/jirspa-2023-0026
Sarah Carson Sackett, Sheila K. Alicea, Angela Winter
Abstract This review examines the extant literature advocating for enhanced self-compassion as an accessible means to foster psychological well-being (e.g., reduced self-criticism, rumination, and anxiety symptom; enhanced hope, emotion regulation, self-acceptance, self-efficacy). The case for athletes as a special population who can benefit from strengthening this asset is made; Compassion-Focused Imagery (CFI) is introduced as an effective tool for developing self-compassion; and a case scenario and sample CFI script are presented. Gaps in the current understanding of and empirical investigations of CFI use in athletes are identified, along with unique challenges the sport context provides for self-compassion-focused interventions.
{"title":"Enhancing athletes’ self-compassion and psychological well-being through imagery","authors":"Sarah Carson Sackett, Sheila K. Alicea, Angela Winter","doi":"10.1515/jirspa-2023-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2023-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This review examines the extant literature advocating for enhanced self-compassion as an accessible means to foster psychological well-being (e.g., reduced self-criticism, rumination, and anxiety symptom; enhanced hope, emotion regulation, self-acceptance, self-efficacy). The case for athletes as a special population who can benefit from strengthening this asset is made; Compassion-Focused Imagery (CFI) is introduced as an effective tool for developing self-compassion; and a case scenario and sample CFI script are presented. Gaps in the current understanding of and empirical investigations of CFI use in athletes are identified, along with unique challenges the sport context provides for self-compassion-focused interventions.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":" 32","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139393497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study aimed to expand the knowledge of cardiorespiratory response patterns while engaging in multifunctional imagery-assisted biofeedback training in a young cricketer. The athlete was asked to engage in imagery (e.g. facing the bowler in an over: six ball) and cardiorespiratory responses were monitored using biofeedback equipment. The study involved a total of 19 sessions. Phases 1 & 2 focused on need analysis and action plan respectively and phases 3 to 5 focused on imagery–assisted biofeedback training viz. Motivational Specific-MS (six sessions); Motivational General-Mastery MG-M (six sessions); Cognitive Specific-CS-PETTLEP (7 sessions). The qualitative feedback was taken after each session from phases 3 to 5. A higher heart rate (HR) was observed while facing the second ball in an over during MS (83 % of the time) and MG-M type of imagery (50 % of the time). While doing CS imagery, the higher HR was observed while facing the fifth ball in an over (57 % of the time). No consistent pattern was observed in the respiration rate (RR) while engaging in imagery training. The athlete’s feedback revealed that in MS and MG-M, the initial attention was on staying focused while facing the bowler. During the CS imagery, the difference in the HR patterns probably happened because the athlete focused on appropriate skill execution. Understanding an athlete’s cardiorespiratory patterns can be helpful in training an athlete's self-regulation to reach the optimal zone of functioning.
{"title":"Cardiorespiratory response patterns during multifunctional imagery-assisted biofeedback training – a case study","authors":"Jolly Roy, Aravind Athrey, Cheryl Xavier, Samruddhi Sonar","doi":"10.1515/jirspa-2023-0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2023-0039","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The study aimed to expand the knowledge of cardiorespiratory response patterns while engaging in multifunctional imagery-assisted biofeedback training in a young cricketer.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The athlete was asked to engage in imagery (e.g. facing the bowler in an over: six ball) and cardiorespiratory responses were monitored using biofeedback equipment. The study involved a total of 19 sessions. Phases 1 & 2 focused on need analysis and action plan respectively and phases 3 to 5 focused on imagery–assisted biofeedback training viz. Motivational Specific-MS (six sessions); Motivational General-Mastery MG-M (six sessions); Cognitive Specific-CS-PETTLEP (7 sessions). The qualitative feedback was taken after each session from phases 3 to 5.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A higher heart rate (HR) was observed while facing the second ball in an over during MS (83 % of the time) and MG-M type of imagery (50 % of the time). While doing CS imagery, the higher HR was observed while facing the fifth ball in an over (57 % of the time). No consistent pattern was observed in the respiration rate (RR) while engaging in imagery training. The athlete’s feedback revealed that in MS and MG-M, the initial attention was on staying focused while facing the bowler. During the CS imagery, the difference in the HR patterns probably happened because the athlete focused on appropriate skill execution.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Understanding an athlete’s cardiorespiratory patterns can be helpful in training an athlete's self-regulation to reach the optimal zone of functioning.\u0000","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"26 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140518302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1515/jirspa-2023-0030
Christopher A. Aiken, Phillip G. Post, Cameron N. Munger, Jack Sampson, Sean M. Cochran, T. Zhuravleva
Research suggests that imagery can be enhanced by incorporating action observation into theoretically based imagery interventions. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of PETTLEP imagery intervention on strength performance. All individuals completed the Mental Imagery Questionnaire-III and were tested on peak force production with the quadriceps and hamstrings using the Biodex dynamometer. Participants were randomly placed into imagery with action observation (IAO), physical practice (PP), or control (CON) groups for a five-week intervention. Following post-testing, individuals completed the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI). Both PP and IAO significantly improved in isometric quadriceps peak force production when compared to CON (p<0.05). Additionally, PP significantly increased peak force production during isokinetic testing with the quadriceps (p<0.05). No significant changes were observed in the hamstrings (p>0.05). No group differences were found in IMI scores (p>0.05). The practical and theoretical implications for this research are discussed.
{"title":"The effects of PETTLEP imagery and action observation on strength performance of a leg extension and flexion task","authors":"Christopher A. Aiken, Phillip G. Post, Cameron N. Munger, Jack Sampson, Sean M. Cochran, T. Zhuravleva","doi":"10.1515/jirspa-2023-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2023-0030","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Research suggests that imagery can be enhanced by incorporating action observation into theoretically based imagery interventions. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of PETTLEP imagery intervention on strength performance.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 All individuals completed the Mental Imagery Questionnaire-III and were tested on peak force production with the quadriceps and hamstrings using the Biodex dynamometer. Participants were randomly placed into imagery with action observation (IAO), physical practice (PP), or control (CON) groups for a five-week intervention. Following post-testing, individuals completed the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Both PP and IAO significantly improved in isometric quadriceps peak force production when compared to CON (p<0.05). Additionally, PP significantly increased peak force production during isokinetic testing with the quadriceps (p<0.05). No significant changes were observed in the hamstrings (p>0.05). No group differences were found in IMI scores (p>0.05).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The practical and theoretical implications for this research are discussed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"95 3-4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140517009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1515/jirspa-2023-0027
Kiersten Janjigian
Abstract Previous literature has established theories that suggest that mental imagery of a motor task is beneficial to performance. Other variables held constant, individuals tend to perform better after using mental imagery, especially that which follows the PETTLEP model, mimicking real experience with the involvement of all sensory modalities and emotions. Psychological data suggest imagery’s effect on performance may be mediated by internal emotions and cognitions, such as confidence, arousal, and concentration. Physiological data suggests imagery primes and activates muscles similar to actual execution of a motor event. Neurological data suggest imagery activates similar regions in the brain as executing an actual motor event, and like the muscles, primes the brain by strengthening neural pathways for efficient movement. With this theoretical backing, the present report explored the effectiveness of mental imagery from an applied sport psychology, psychophysiological and cognitive motor neuroscience lens. The following scientific findings and suggestions inform the aspiring athlete or established elite athlete on how to structure his or her mental imagery program, with actionable protocols to facilitate psychomotor refinement and peak performance. An example imagery script is included.
{"title":"Picture perfect: the science behind mental imagery for peak performance & best practices for mental imagery protocols in sport","authors":"Kiersten Janjigian","doi":"10.1515/jirspa-2023-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2023-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Previous literature has established theories that suggest that mental imagery of a motor task is beneficial to performance. Other variables held constant, individuals tend to perform better after using mental imagery, especially that which follows the PETTLEP model, mimicking real experience with the involvement of all sensory modalities and emotions. Psychological data suggest imagery’s effect on performance may be mediated by internal emotions and cognitions, such as confidence, arousal, and concentration. Physiological data suggests imagery primes and activates muscles similar to actual execution of a motor event. Neurological data suggest imagery activates similar regions in the brain as executing an actual motor event, and like the muscles, primes the brain by strengthening neural pathways for efficient movement. With this theoretical backing, the present report explored the effectiveness of mental imagery from an applied sport psychology, psychophysiological and cognitive motor neuroscience lens. The following scientific findings and suggestions inform the aspiring athlete or established elite athlete on how to structure his or her mental imagery program, with actionable protocols to facilitate psychomotor refinement and peak performance. An example imagery script is included.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"117 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139538124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1515/jirspa-2023-0034
Geoff P. Lovell, James Bierton, Adam D. Gorman, Michael Lloyd, Alexandra Gorman, John K. Parker
To identify which functions of imagery are most frequently used by elite athletes, whether imagery usage differs between training and competing contexts, if imagery use differs between genders, and whether any gender differences in imagery use interacts with training and competition contexts. 62 elite male and female cricketers and Australian Football League players participants completed the Sports Imagery Questionnaire in both training and competition contexts. Motivational general-mastery imagery (MG-M) imagery was significantly the most frequently used imagery function, with male athletes reporting using imagery significantly more frequently than female athletes. Furthermore, a significant gender by context interaction demonstrated that the male athletes used imagery significantly more frequently before competing compared to before training, whilst conversely the female athletes used imagery significantly more frequently prior to training compared to competition. Future research should further explore the potential benefits of imagery in female athletic populations by using imagery interventions that are sufficiently bespoke for the needs of female athletes.
{"title":"Imagery use gender differences across competition and training contexts in Australian elite level athletes","authors":"Geoff P. Lovell, James Bierton, Adam D. Gorman, Michael Lloyd, Alexandra Gorman, John K. Parker","doi":"10.1515/jirspa-2023-0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2023-0034","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 To identify which functions of imagery are most frequently used by elite athletes, whether imagery usage differs between training and competing contexts, if imagery use differs between genders, and whether any gender differences in imagery use interacts with training and competition contexts.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 62 elite male and female cricketers and Australian Football League players participants completed the Sports Imagery Questionnaire in both training and competition contexts.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Motivational general-mastery imagery (MG-M) imagery was significantly the most frequently used imagery function, with male athletes reporting using imagery significantly more frequently than female athletes. Furthermore, a significant gender by context interaction demonstrated that the male athletes used imagery significantly more frequently before competing compared to before training, whilst conversely the female athletes used imagery significantly more frequently prior to training compared to competition.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Future research should further explore the potential benefits of imagery in female athletic populations by using imagery interventions that are sufficiently bespoke for the needs of female athletes.\u0000","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"18 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140520820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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