This study examined the relationships between different types of exercise imagery and feeling states, and determined whether exercise behavior moderated these relationships. Following an exercise session, 162 participants (97 females, 65 male; Mage = 23.84, SD = 7.09) completed the Exercise Imagery Inventory (Giacobbi, Hausenblas, & Penfield, 2005), the Exercise-Induced Feeling Inventory (Gauvin & Rejeski, 1993), and the Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (Godin & Shephard, 1985). Positive feeling states were predicted by increased use of exercise feelings imagery. However, appearance-health imagery acted as a suppressor variable to enhance the magnitude of relationship with revitalization and tranquility. Moreover, technique imagery partially mediated the relationship with positive engagement. Finally, moderated hierarchical multiple regressions followed by simple slope analysis indicated that the positive relationship between exercise feelings imagery and revitalization was only significant for participants who exercised less. This study provides empirical evidence that the relationship between imagery and feeling states is moderated by exercise behavior and suggests that imagery interventions for enhancing the positive exercise-induced feeling states might yield the most pronounced benefits for less active individuals.
{"title":"Are Images of Exercising Related to Feeling States?","authors":"Jennifer Cumming, D. Stanley","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1033","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the relationships between different types of exercise imagery and feeling states, and determined whether exercise behavior moderated these relationships. Following an exercise session, 162 participants (97 females, 65 male; Mage = 23.84, SD = 7.09) completed the Exercise Imagery Inventory (Giacobbi, Hausenblas, & Penfield, 2005), the Exercise-Induced Feeling Inventory (Gauvin & Rejeski, 1993), and the Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (Godin & Shephard, 1985). Positive feeling states were predicted by increased use of exercise feelings imagery. However, appearance-health imagery acted as a suppressor variable to enhance the magnitude of relationship with revitalization and tranquility. Moreover, technique imagery partially mediated the relationship with positive engagement. Finally, moderated hierarchical multiple regressions followed by simple slope analysis indicated that the positive relationship between exercise feelings imagery and revitalization was only significant for participants who exercised less. This study provides empirical evidence that the relationship between imagery and feeling states is moderated by exercise behavior and suggests that imagery interventions for enhancing the positive exercise-induced feeling states might yield the most pronounced benefits for less active individuals.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68731991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Imagery is an effective performance enhancing technique for athletes (Driskell, Copper, & Moran, 1994), and therefore has been the topic of extensive investigation in the sport psychology domain. To date, the few studies that have examined imagery across position of play have neglected to examine goaltenders as a distinct position from defense. As such, comparisons can only be made between forwards and defense. The purpose of the present study was to examine influence of playing position on imagery use and movement imagery ability in elite male ice hockey players. Participants included 258 competitive male ice hockey players (n = 122 forwards, n = 68 defense, n = 68 goaltenders), between the ages of 16 and 29 years (19.12 ±1.96). Two separate MANOVAs revealed significant overall effects for both imagery frequency and imagery ability across playing position. Univariate follow-up ANOVAs found that goaltenders use significantly more MG-M and CS imagery than forwards and defense. Furthermore, it was found that goaltenders indicated clearer and more vivid images from an internal and external perspective than forwards. Findings from the present study provide sport psychologists with research that can guide the development of more individually tailored imagery interventions for ice hockey athletes.
{"title":"An Examination of Ice Hockey Players' Imagery Use and Movement Imagery Ability","authors":"Trista A. D. Hallman, Krista J. Munroe-Chandler","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1040","url":null,"abstract":"Imagery is an effective performance enhancing technique for athletes (Driskell, Copper, & Moran, 1994), and therefore has been the topic of extensive investigation in the sport psychology domain. To date, the few studies that have examined imagery across position of play have neglected to examine goaltenders as a distinct position from defense. As such, comparisons can only be made between forwards and defense. The purpose of the present study was to examine influence of playing position on imagery use and movement imagery ability in elite male ice hockey players. Participants included 258 competitive male ice hockey players (n = 122 forwards, n = 68 defense, n = 68 goaltenders), between the ages of 16 and 29 years (19.12 ±1.96). Two separate MANOVAs revealed significant overall effects for both imagery frequency and imagery ability across playing position. Univariate follow-up ANOVAs found that goaltenders use significantly more MG-M and CS imagery than forwards and defense. Furthermore, it was found that goaltenders indicated clearer and more vivid images from an internal and external perspective than forwards. Findings from the present study provide sport psychologists with research that can guide the development of more individually tailored imagery interventions for ice hockey athletes.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68731883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Exercise imagery is an emerging topic in health and exercise psychology research. Previous studies have found that exercise imagery may have cognitive and motivational effects on exercise behaviors. However, the research in exercise imagery has focused primarily on college students and the use of qualitative methods. Therefore, this study expanded previous research by using qualitative methods with middle-aged adults. Specifically, 30 middle-aged adults from 35 to 65 (M=48.13, SD=8.33) that included 11 males and 19 females were interviewed to examine when, where, what (content), and why (function) they used imagery focused on their exercise behaviors. By using grounded theory procedures, results revealed seven higher order themes: exercise technique images, appearance images, health outcome images, plan/strategy images, stress level/emotion images, confidence enhancing images, and energy/drive images. These results were consistent with previous research and theoretical frameworks in imagery. Certain quotes were chosen from the interviews to highlight each higher order theme. Some additional findings were the importance of health imagery, the thoughts of past images of self and comparing to present, making plans/strategies to motivate oneself to exercise, and the relationship between the content and functions of exercise imagery. Overall, this study represented a descriptive basis for research in exercise imagery by using grounded theory analysis and the development of a conceptual framework.
{"title":"The Use of Exercise-Related Mental Imagery by Middle-Aged Adults","authors":"Bang Hyun Kim, Peter R. Giacobbi","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1031","url":null,"abstract":"Exercise imagery is an emerging topic in health and exercise psychology research. Previous studies have found that exercise imagery may have cognitive and motivational effects on exercise behaviors. However, the research in exercise imagery has focused primarily on college students and the use of qualitative methods. Therefore, this study expanded previous research by using qualitative methods with middle-aged adults. Specifically, 30 middle-aged adults from 35 to 65 (M=48.13, SD=8.33) that included 11 males and 19 females were interviewed to examine when, where, what (content), and why (function) they used imagery focused on their exercise behaviors. By using grounded theory procedures, results revealed seven higher order themes: exercise technique images, appearance images, health outcome images, plan/strategy images, stress level/emotion images, confidence enhancing images, and energy/drive images. These results were consistent with previous research and theoretical frameworks in imagery. Certain quotes were chosen from the interviews to highlight each higher order theme. Some additional findings were the importance of health imagery, the thoughts of past images of self and comparing to present, making plans/strategies to motivate oneself to exercise, and the relationship between the content and functions of exercise imagery. Overall, this study represented a descriptive basis for research in exercise imagery by using grounded theory analysis and the development of a conceptual framework.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68731920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the efficacy of a paradoxical imagery strategy that consisted of participants imaging themselves experiencing symptoms characteristic of competitive anxiety, prior to executing a golf-chip shot. Forty male golfers of moderate skill level participated in a two-day experiment conducted in the laboratory. Wegner's (1994) theory of ironic processes of mental control served as the theoretical framework. In addition to the paradoxical component, the imagery technique (paradoxical-success imagery) of interest included additional substantiated components: cognitive specific (i.e., skill), motivational general-mastery (i.e., confidence/focus), kinesthetic, and positive-outcome imagery (Martin et al., 1999). Participants employing the paradoxical imagery strategy showed significant performance improvement in both competitive and pressure situations compared to pre-treatment levels. The findings suggest that paradoxical-success imagery can potentially facilitate performance, when combined with appropriate imagery components and training. Practical implications, potential drawbacks, and suggestions for future research with paradoxical imagery are discussed.
本研究调查了一种悖论意象策略的有效性，该策略由参与者在执行高尔夫筹码击球之前想象自己经历竞争性焦虑的症状组成。40名技术水平中等的男子高尔夫球手在实验室进行了为期两天的实验。Wegner(1994)的精神控制的讽刺过程理论作为理论框架。除了悖论成分，感兴趣的意象技术(悖论-成功意象)还包括其他被证实的成分:认知特异性(即技能)、动机一般掌握(即自信/专注)、动觉和积极结果意象(Martin et al.， 1999)。与前处理水平相比，采用矛盾意象策略的参与者在竞争和压力情况下的表现都有显着提高。研究结果表明，当与适当的意象成分和训练相结合时，悖论成功意象可能会促进表现。讨论了矛盾意象的实际意义、潜在的缺陷以及对未来研究的建议。
{"title":"The Beneficial Effects of Anticipating Anxiety-Related Symptoms: An Investigation of Paradoxical-Success Imagery in the Laboratory","authors":"Derek de la Peña","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1037","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the efficacy of a paradoxical imagery strategy that consisted of participants imaging themselves experiencing symptoms characteristic of competitive anxiety, prior to executing a golf-chip shot. Forty male golfers of moderate skill level participated in a two-day experiment conducted in the laboratory. Wegner's (1994) theory of ironic processes of mental control served as the theoretical framework. In addition to the paradoxical component, the imagery technique (paradoxical-success imagery) of interest included additional substantiated components: cognitive specific (i.e., skill), motivational general-mastery (i.e., confidence/focus), kinesthetic, and positive-outcome imagery (Martin et al., 1999). Participants employing the paradoxical imagery strategy showed significant performance improvement in both competitive and pressure situations compared to pre-treatment levels. The findings suggest that paradoxical-success imagery can potentially facilitate performance, when combined with appropriate imagery components and training. Practical implications, potential drawbacks, and suggestions for future research with paradoxical imagery are discussed.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68732197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Motor imagery is a key tool in contemporary research with basic and practical applications. In addition to its use in studying the cognitive aspects of movement planning, imagery has applications in therapeutic and sport settings. While debate continues regarding specific brain structure involvement, there is a rather convincing body of evidence indicating that processes involved in simulating a motor action via motor imagery are similar or the same to those used for planning and executing an action. In this brief theoretical paper, we address the question in the specific context of intentionality. The primary issue being what is the role and function of intention in simulated motor actions? Is it similar or the same as the intent used in processing overt actions? We approach the issue from opposing views and provide current experimental data in support. Underscoring our thoughts is the notion that there are varying levels of intentional state; a condition that influences movement awareness and subsequent outcome.
{"title":"The Role of Intentionality in Simulated Motor Actions","authors":"C. Gabbard, Priscila Caçola","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1041","url":null,"abstract":"Motor imagery is a key tool in contemporary research with basic and practical applications. In addition to its use in studying the cognitive aspects of movement planning, imagery has applications in therapeutic and sport settings. While debate continues regarding specific brain structure involvement, there is a rather convincing body of evidence indicating that processes involved in simulating a motor action via motor imagery are similar or the same to those used for planning and executing an action. In this brief theoretical paper, we address the question in the specific context of intentionality. The primary issue being what is the role and function of intention in simulated motor actions? Is it similar or the same as the intent used in processing overt actions? We approach the issue from opposing views and provide current experimental data in support. Underscoring our thoughts is the notion that there are varying levels of intentional state; a condition that influences movement awareness and subsequent outcome.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68732159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An understanding of the effects of imagery on performance is well documented (Weinberg, 2008). However, most of the research has been conducted examining adult athletes (Hall, 2001); few studies have investigated the characteristics of youth sport performers imagery use. Participants from a United Kingdom sports academy included 74 individuals (42 male, 32 female), with a mean age of 16.76 (SD = 0.72). The sample included 24 national, 23 county, and 27 club athletes from a total of 13 sports. Participants completed the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ; Hall et al., 1998) and the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ; Issac et al., 1986). Participants were grouped according to competitive level, practice volume, and imagery ability. Results indicated that athletes use motivational general-mastery imagery most frequently with motivational general-arousal used the least. There was also a significant difference between practice volume and subsequent imagery use. The results suggest that applied practitioners' working with youth sport performers should consider practice volume as a potential characteristic that influences the frequency of imagery use.
关于意象对表现的影响的理解有很好的文献记载(Weinberg, 2008)。然而，大多数研究都是针对成年运动员进行的(Hall, 2001);很少有研究调查了青少年体育表演者的形象使用特点。来自英国体育学院的参与者包括74人(42名男性，32名女性)，平均年龄为16.76岁(SD = 0.72)。样本包括来自13个体育项目的24名国家级运动员、23名县级运动员和27名俱乐部运动员。参与者完成了运动意象问卷(SIQ;Hall et al.， 1998)和运动意象生动度问卷(VMIQ;Issac et al.， 1986)。参与者根据竞技水平、练习量和想象能力进行分组。结果表明，运动员使用动机一般掌握意象的频率最高，而使用动机一般唤醒意象的频率最低。练习量和随后的图像使用之间也存在显著差异。结果表明，应用从业者与青少年体育表演者的工作应考虑练习量作为影响图像使用频率的潜在特征。
{"title":"Characteristics Affecting the Use of Imagery: A Youth Sports Academy Study","authors":"J. Parker, Geoff P. Lovell","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1034","url":null,"abstract":"An understanding of the effects of imagery on performance is well documented (Weinberg, 2008). However, most of the research has been conducted examining adult athletes (Hall, 2001); few studies have investigated the characteristics of youth sport performers imagery use. Participants from a United Kingdom sports academy included 74 individuals (42 male, 32 female), with a mean age of 16.76 (SD = 0.72). The sample included 24 national, 23 county, and 27 club athletes from a total of 13 sports. Participants completed the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ; Hall et al., 1998) and the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ; Issac et al., 1986). Participants were grouped according to competitive level, practice volume, and imagery ability. Results indicated that athletes use motivational general-mastery imagery most frequently with motivational general-arousal used the least. There was also a significant difference between practice volume and subsequent imagery use. The results suggest that applied practitioners' working with youth sport performers should consider practice volume as a potential characteristic that influences the frequency of imagery use.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68732063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Shearer, Stephen Mellalieu, Catherine Shearer, G. Roderique-Davies
A multiple baseline across groups design was used to examine the effects of an imagery intervention on perceptions of collective efficacy. Members (n = 10) from an international wheelchair basketball team were separated into three regional intervention groups. Each group completed a 4 week, video-aided, motivational generalmastery (MG-M) type imagery program with team content. Collective efficacy was measured via the Collective Efficacy Inventory (Callow, Hardy, Markland, & Shearer, 2004). Collective efficacy increased for the South group and became more consistent for the Midlands group. No changes were reported for the North group. Social validation measures indicated potential mechanisms via imagery effects on individual perceptions of self-efficacy and then collective efficacy. The results provide partial support for the use of MG-M type imagery interventions to enhance both individual and team perceptions of collective efficacy in elite wheelchair basketball.
{"title":"The Effects of a Video-Aided Imagery Intervention upon Collective Efficacy in an International Paralympic Wheelchair Basketball Team","authors":"David Shearer, Stephen Mellalieu, Catherine Shearer, G. Roderique-Davies","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1039","url":null,"abstract":"A multiple baseline across groups design was used to examine the effects of an imagery intervention on perceptions of collective efficacy. Members (n = 10) from an international wheelchair basketball team were separated into three regional intervention groups. Each group completed a 4 week, video-aided, motivational generalmastery (MG-M) type imagery program with team content. Collective efficacy was measured via the Collective Efficacy Inventory (Callow, Hardy, Markland, & Shearer, 2004). Collective efficacy increased for the South group and became more consistent for the Midlands group. No changes were reported for the North group. Social validation measures indicated potential mechanisms via imagery effects on individual perceptions of self-efficacy and then collective efficacy. The results provide partial support for the use of MG-M type imagery interventions to enhance both individual and team perceptions of collective efficacy in elite wheelchair basketball.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68731837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the present study we addressed the question of whether general motor imagery ability (MIA), as determined by questionnaire, predicts estimation of reachability in children ages 6 to 12 years of age. Estimation of reachability involves the use of motor (kinesthetic) imagery to derive a perceptual/cognitive (verbal) estimate of whether an object is within or out of reach. Our initial prediction was that older children would score higher than their younger counterparts in MIA, resulting in more accurate reach responses. Results indicated that, although younger children's MIA scores were significantly lower than their older counterparts, reach responses were similar. Moreover, relationship analysis indicated a non-significant association between MIA and estimation of reachability. Explanations for the MIA difference focus on differences in cognitive ability and movement experience. Furthermore, we speculated that with the visual information provided by the reach task, the younger children were able to imagine reachability at a level comparable to their older counterparts. In essence, the results suggest that the MIA questionnaire and estimation of reach task tap different processing modes, which account for the differential outcome.
{"title":"Does General Motor Imagery Ability (via Questionnaire) Predict Estimation of Reachability in Children?","authors":"C. Gabbard, Priscila Caçola, Alberto Cordova","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1023","url":null,"abstract":"With the present study we addressed the question of whether general motor imagery ability (MIA), as determined by questionnaire, predicts estimation of reachability in children ages 6 to 12 years of age. Estimation of reachability involves the use of motor (kinesthetic) imagery to derive a perceptual/cognitive (verbal) estimate of whether an object is within or out of reach. Our initial prediction was that older children would score higher than their younger counterparts in MIA, resulting in more accurate reach responses. Results indicated that, although younger children's MIA scores were significantly lower than their older counterparts, reach responses were similar. Moreover, relationship analysis indicated a non-significant association between MIA and estimation of reachability. Explanations for the MIA difference focus on differences in cognitive ability and movement experience. Furthermore, we speculated that with the visual information provided by the reach task, the younger children were able to imagine reachability at a level comparable to their older counterparts. In essence, the results suggest that the MIA questionnaire and estimation of reach task tap different processing modes, which account for the differential outcome.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68731587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides a review of the literature on the relationship between imagery and sport performance as well as between imagery and the development of mental skills. First, the many anecdotal reports of imagery effectiveness are noted and a definition is provided focusing on the multidimensional nature of imagery. The evidence of the enhancing influence of imagery on sport performance is then examined by looking at the early studies (mental practice), case studies, preparatory imagery, imagery used as part of a mental training package, and the use of imagery by successful athletes. After discussing the limitations in research imagery relating to performance, the focus turned to the relationship of imagery and the development of mental skills (e.g., confidence, dealing with pressure, motivation). Factors affecting imagery effectiveness were highlighted including imagery perspective, type of task, positive versus negative imagery, and timing of imagery. The paper concluded with future directions for research including such areas as amount of time to image, imagery and children, imagery ability, and imagery and performance expertise.
{"title":"Does Imagery Work? Effects on Performance and Mental Skills","authors":"Robert Weinberg","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1025","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a review of the literature on the relationship between imagery and sport performance as well as between imagery and the development of mental skills. First, the many anecdotal reports of imagery effectiveness are noted and a definition is provided focusing on the multidimensional nature of imagery. The evidence of the enhancing influence of imagery on sport performance is then examined by looking at the early studies (mental practice), case studies, preparatory imagery, imagery used as part of a mental training package, and the use of imagery by successful athletes. After discussing the limitations in research imagery relating to performance, the focus turned to the relationship of imagery and the development of mental skills (e.g., confidence, dealing with pressure, motivation). Factors affecting imagery effectiveness were highlighted including imagery perspective, type of task, positive versus negative imagery, and timing of imagery. The paper concluded with future directions for research including such areas as amount of time to image, imagery and children, imagery ability, and imagery and performance expertise.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68731645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the present study we compared the use of motor imagery (MI) and visual imagery (VI) in estimating reach. There are indications that with MI there is a visual (action) processing advantage. Alternatively, one could speculate that due to a lifetime of experience with reaching within one's peripersonal space, the difference between imagery techniques would be minimal. Adult right-handers performed estimates of reach via VI and MI at multiple locations in peripersonal and extrapersonal midline space. Data analysis indicated a distinction in which participants were more accurate when using MI. In addition to the basic science nature of these findings, there are possible implications for imagery methodology used in sport and clinical settings.
{"title":"Estimating Reach via Visual Imagery and Motor Imagery","authors":"C. Gabbard, Alberto Cordova","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1030","url":null,"abstract":"With the present study we compared the use of motor imagery (MI) and visual imagery (VI) in estimating reach. There are indications that with MI there is a visual (action) processing advantage. Alternatively, one could speculate that due to a lifetime of experience with reaching within one's peripersonal space, the difference between imagery techniques would be minimal. Adult right-handers performed estimates of reach via VI and MI at multiple locations in peripersonal and extrapersonal midline space. Data analysis indicated a distinction in which participants were more accurate when using MI. In addition to the basic science nature of these findings, there are possible implications for imagery methodology used in sport and clinical settings.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68731905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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