“Healing imagery” can be defined as both visualizing affirmative images of internal physiological healing and visualizing oneself as healthy and fully functioning (Driediger, Hall, & Callow, 2006). Healing imagery has been found to effectively reduce the recovery time from various athletic injuries when combined with other mental skills such as self-talk and relaxation (Ievleva & Orlick, 1991). However, the literature remains void of a study that examines the potential benefits of the regular use of healing imagery techniques alone. This study compared the effects that a healing imagery intervention had on the recovery of one group of injured athletes to the recovery of a control group of injured athletes who did not receive the imagery manipulation. This study compared the two groups in three areas: satisfaction with rehabilitation, self-efficacy to recover, and return to play. The sample consisted of 9 injured varsity athletes (intervention group n = 5, control group n = 4). A significant interaction effect was found for satisfaction with rehabilitation, as athletes in the intervention group increased in satisfaction from Week 2 to Week 3, while the control group decreased in satisfaction during the same period. Both groups were found to be significantly higher in task self-efficacy than in coping self-efficacy during injury rehabilitation. The groups did not significantly differ in their return to play times. A qualitative review of the intervention group revealed that these participants believed that imagery helped them increase confidence, motivation, injury awareness, rehab adherence, relaxation, and focus, while decreasing their frustration with the rehabilitation program. This article discusses the results with respect to imagery effects, study limitations, and future directions.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Use of Healing Imagery in Athletic Injury Rehabilitation","authors":"Joel M. Cressman, Kimberley A. Dawson","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1060","url":null,"abstract":"“Healing imagery” can be defined as both visualizing affirmative images of internal physiological healing and visualizing oneself as healthy and fully functioning (Driediger, Hall, & Callow, 2006). Healing imagery has been found to effectively reduce the recovery time from various athletic injuries when combined with other mental skills such as self-talk and relaxation (Ievleva & Orlick, 1991). However, the literature remains void of a study that examines the potential benefits of the regular use of healing imagery techniques alone. This study compared the effects that a healing imagery intervention had on the recovery of one group of injured athletes to the recovery of a control group of injured athletes who did not receive the imagery manipulation. This study compared the two groups in three areas: satisfaction with rehabilitation, self-efficacy to recover, and return to play. The sample consisted of 9 injured varsity athletes (intervention group n = 5, control group n = 4). A significant interaction effect was found for satisfaction with rehabilitation, as athletes in the intervention group increased in satisfaction from Week 2 to Week 3, while the control group decreased in satisfaction during the same period. Both groups were found to be significantly higher in task self-efficacy than in coping self-efficacy during injury rehabilitation. The groups did not significantly differ in their return to play times. A qualitative review of the intervention group revealed that these participants believed that imagery helped them increase confidence, motivation, injury awareness, rehab adherence, relaxation, and focus, while decreasing their frustration with the rehabilitation program. This article discusses the results with respect to imagery effects, study limitations, and future directions.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68732544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study compared intermanual transfer for two different handwriting tasks (familiar letters and novel symbols), following both mental and physical practice. There was substantial transfer from practice with the dominant hand to the nondominant one in both time to produce a character and size of the character produced, but there was no transfer in the reverse direction (even for novel symbols). Most importantly, there was significant transfer as a result of mental practice in production time comparable to physical practice. However, there was no transfer from mental practice when measuring character size. During mental practice, task-level variables still had significant effects whereas effector-level variables did not. Thus, asymmetrical transfer as a result of mental practice is posited to result from the transfer of task-level processes but not effector-level processes.
{"title":"Mental Practice in the Intermanual Transfer of Motor Skills","authors":"Keith R. Lohse, Alice F. Healy, David Sherwood","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1052","url":null,"abstract":"The current study compared intermanual transfer for two different handwriting tasks (familiar letters and novel symbols), following both mental and physical practice. There was substantial transfer from practice with the dominant hand to the nondominant one in both time to produce a character and size of the character produced, but there was no transfer in the reverse direction (even for novel symbols). Most importantly, there was significant transfer as a result of mental practice in production time comparable to physical practice. However, there was no transfer from mental practice when measuring character size. During mental practice, task-level variables still had significant effects whereas effector-level variables did not. Thus, asymmetrical transfer as a result of mental practice is posited to result from the transfer of task-level processes but not effector-level processes.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68732413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Razon, Itay Basevitch, Edson Filho, William M. Land, Brooke Thompson, M. Biermann, G. Tenenbaum
The study was designed to examine the effects of associative and dissociative imagery interventions on reported ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and task-duration across a handgrip-squeezing task. Sixty adults (Mage = 22.19 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: associative imagery, dissociative imagery, and control (non-imagery). Participants were instructed to perform a 30% maximal handgrip-squeezing task until volitional fatigue. During the squeezing task, RPE and attention allocation were measured every 30 seconds. A series of RM MANOVA procedures revealed that (a) RPE increased linearly across all three groups as a function of increased effort output, (b) as compared to control participants, RPE was lower in participants using either associative or dissociative imagery, and (c) as compared to control participants, participants using either imagery remained longer on task. While the effects of imagery use on RPE and task-duration were descriptively evident, not all effects were significant. Future studies must examine imagery applications for tasks that vary in workload intensities. Findings shed light on interventions that can possibly render exercise experience more pleasant and less exertive for the general population.
{"title":"Associative and Dissociative Imagery Effects on Perceived Exertion and Task Duration","authors":"S. Razon, Itay Basevitch, Edson Filho, William M. Land, Brooke Thompson, M. Biermann, G. Tenenbaum","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1044","url":null,"abstract":"The study was designed to examine the effects of associative and dissociative imagery interventions on reported ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and task-duration across a handgrip-squeezing task. Sixty adults (Mage = 22.19 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: associative imagery, dissociative imagery, and control (non-imagery). Participants were instructed to perform a 30% maximal handgrip-squeezing task until volitional fatigue. During the squeezing task, RPE and attention allocation were measured every 30 seconds. A series of RM MANOVA procedures revealed that (a) RPE increased linearly across all three groups as a function of increased effort output, (b) as compared to control participants, RPE was lower in participants using either associative or dissociative imagery, and (c) as compared to control participants, participants using either imagery remained longer on task. While the effects of imagery use on RPE and task-duration were descriptively evident, not all effects were significant. Future studies must examine imagery applications for tasks that vary in workload intensities. Findings shed light on interventions that can possibly render exercise experience more pleasant and less exertive for the general population.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68732728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this article is to present a framework for researching mental imagery use in school-based physical education. Mental imagery use has been researched quite extensively over the past 50 years in the areas of motor learning and sport psychology. Much has been learned regarding the benefits of using mental imagery to improve learning and performance. This article has drawn parallels between school-based physical education and the areas of sport psychology and motor learning. Based on findings in the areas of motor learning and sport psychology, and the similarities drawn between school-based physical education and these two areas, it could be expected that mental imagery use in school-based physical education has the potential to produce many benefits in learning and performance for both students and teachers. However, to date there has been very little research conducted with regard to mental imagery use and physical education. This article provides a research framework identifying questions that need to be addressed in order to more fully understand the potential imagery use has for both students and teachers in school-based physical education.
{"title":"Mental Imagery Research in Physical Education","authors":"N. Hall, G. Fishburne","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1045","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to present a framework for researching mental imagery use in school-based physical education. Mental imagery use has been researched quite extensively over the past 50 years in the areas of motor learning and sport psychology. Much has been learned regarding the benefits of using mental imagery to improve learning and performance. This article has drawn parallels between school-based physical education and the areas of sport psychology and motor learning. Based on findings in the areas of motor learning and sport psychology, and the similarities drawn between school-based physical education and these two areas, it could be expected that mental imagery use in school-based physical education has the potential to produce many benefits in learning and performance for both students and teachers. However, to date there has been very little research conducted with regard to mental imagery use and physical education. This article provides a research framework identifying questions that need to be addressed in order to more fully understand the potential imagery use has for both students and teachers in school-based physical education.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68732753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This field study examined the influence of a pre-game imagery intervention implemented by a high school coach on the free throw shooting performance of his girls' basketball team. The coach conducted a systematic guided imagery exercise prior to half of the team's games over the course of an entire season. The coach employed the intervention with the whole team using a reversal design similar to the replication-reversal design used in some single-subject research (Hume, Martin, Gonzalez, Cracklen, & Genthon, 1985). A 2 x 2 chi-square analysis was used to evaluate the observed and expected frequencies of made and missed free throw shots under the two conditions (imagery and no-imagery). The results revealed a significantly higher than expected number of free throws made in games preceded by the intervention (p < .001). Social validation questionnaires completed by 11 of the 16 players suggested that the players devoted significant attention to the intervention and that they perceived it to be effective.
{"title":"A Field Test of the Influence of Pre-Game Imagery on Basketball Free Throw Shooting","authors":"Phillip G Post, C. Wrisberg, Stephen Mullins","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1042","url":null,"abstract":"This field study examined the influence of a pre-game imagery intervention implemented by a high school coach on the free throw shooting performance of his girls' basketball team. The coach conducted a systematic guided imagery exercise prior to half of the team's games over the course of an entire season. The coach employed the intervention with the whole team using a reversal design similar to the replication-reversal design used in some single-subject research (Hume, Martin, Gonzalez, Cracklen, & Genthon, 1985). A 2 x 2 chi-square analysis was used to evaluate the observed and expected frequencies of made and missed free throw shots under the two conditions (imagery and no-imagery). The results revealed a significantly higher than expected number of free throws made in games preceded by the intervention (p < .001). Social validation questionnaires completed by 11 of the 16 players suggested that the players devoted significant attention to the intervention and that they perceived it to be effective.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68732219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Gualberto Cremades, Tamesha M Hilliard, J. Gapin
Studies have shown that the use of mental imagery can improve performance (Mamassis & Doganis, 2004; Martin, Mortitz, & Hall, 1999). However, these studies only use outcome measures to show the benefits of mental imagery/practice. Researchers have not yet examined the underlying cognitive processes of imagery performance as individuals physically learn a new skill. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of physical practice on EEG activity when imagining a dart throwing task. EEG activity from P4, P3, O2, and O1 was recorded from 30 volunteers. Participants were randomly assigned to either a physical practice condition or a non-practice condition. Ten two-second epochs were recorded and analyzed for both the pre-test and post-test. A separate 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 (Hemisphere x Sites x Test x Practice) mixed model design was conducted for each EEG frequency band (i.e., lower alpha, upper alpha, lower beta, and upper beta). Results revealed a significant interaction test by practice in the lower alpha band (p > .05). Further, there was a significant interaction test by site (p < .05) in the lower alpha band. Lastly, a significant interaction site by hemisphere was shown in the lower beta band (p < .05). The results suggest that either the task was not complex enough to detect differences or the participants did not have adequate physical practice. In addition, the occipital sites were less involved in attention and effort during the post-test imagery performance while the parietal sites were as involved as the pre-test. The imagery script used for this study emphasized feeling the movement prior to imagery performance, and this may have resulted in the parietal region being activated during the pre- and post-test. However, the occipital region at the left hemisphere was more stimulated than the right hemisphere, suggesting the cognitive processing of imagery instructions.
{"title":"The Effects of Physical Practice on a Novel Mental Imagery Task as Measured by Electroencephalography (EEG)","authors":"J. Gualberto Cremades, Tamesha M Hilliard, J. Gapin","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1050","url":null,"abstract":"Studies have shown that the use of mental imagery can improve performance (Mamassis & Doganis, 2004; Martin, Mortitz, & Hall, 1999). However, these studies only use outcome measures to show the benefits of mental imagery/practice. Researchers have not yet examined the underlying cognitive processes of imagery performance as individuals physically learn a new skill. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of physical practice on EEG activity when imagining a dart throwing task. EEG activity from P4, P3, O2, and O1 was recorded from 30 volunteers. Participants were randomly assigned to either a physical practice condition or a non-practice condition. Ten two-second epochs were recorded and analyzed for both the pre-test and post-test. A separate 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 (Hemisphere x Sites x Test x Practice) mixed model design was conducted for each EEG frequency band (i.e., lower alpha, upper alpha, lower beta, and upper beta). Results revealed a significant interaction test by practice in the lower alpha band (p > .05). Further, there was a significant interaction test by site (p < .05) in the lower alpha band. Lastly, a significant interaction site by hemisphere was shown in the lower beta band (p < .05). The results suggest that either the task was not complex enough to detect differences or the participants did not have adequate physical practice. In addition, the occipital sites were less involved in attention and effort during the post-test imagery performance while the parietal sites were as involved as the pre-test. The imagery script used for this study emphasized feeling the movement prior to imagery performance, and this may have resulted in the parietal region being activated during the pre- and post-test. However, the occipital region at the left hemisphere was more stimulated than the right hemisphere, suggesting the cognitive processing of imagery instructions.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68732351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lindsay Ross-Stewart, Sandra E Short, Cheryl A. Terrance
We all know physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle, yet many people still live sedentary lifestyles. It is, therefore, important to develop theoretically based interventions that may serve to increase physical activity and exercise. This narrative review focuses on the relationships among imagery, self-efficacy and exercise, and makes a case for future researchers to investigate the effectiveness of exercise imagery interventions.
{"title":"A Narrative Review of the Relationships among Imagery, Exercise, and Self-Efficacy","authors":"Lindsay Ross-Stewart, Sandra E Short, Cheryl A. Terrance","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1051","url":null,"abstract":"We all know physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle, yet many people still live sedentary lifestyles. It is, therefore, important to develop theoretically based interventions that may serve to increase physical activity and exercise. This narrative review focuses on the relationships among imagery, self-efficacy and exercise, and makes a case for future researchers to investigate the effectiveness of exercise imagery interventions.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68732381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the current study, 27 male club-soccer players were trained with paradoxical-success imagery (de la Peña, 2009) in the field. Based on the tenets of Wegner's (1994) theory of ironic processes of mental control and previous research (e.g., de la Peña, 2009; Mellalieu et al., 2009), it was predicted that participants who imaged experiencing anxiety-related symptoms (combined with additional substantiated imagery components) prior to competing, would show a positive increase in self-confidence and interpretation of anxiety-related symptoms following training compared to pre-treatment. Hypotheses were supported in spite of an initial increase in cognitive anxiety intensity immediately following treatment. Additionally, results suggest that paradoxical-success imagery may be best suited for individuals with trait anxiety and the propensity to interpret anxiety-related symptoms as debilitative to performance. Factors contributing to the effective use of the imagery strategy as well as potential drawbacks are discussed.
在目前的研究中，27名男性俱乐部足球运动员接受了悖论成功意象的训练(de la Peña, 2009)。基于Wegner(1994)的精神控制的反讽过程理论的原则和先前的研究(例如，de la Peña, 2009;Mellalieu et al.， 2009)，据预测，在比赛前想象经历焦虑相关症状(结合额外的证实的图像成分)的参与者，在训练后与治疗前相比，会表现出自信和对焦虑相关症状的解释的积极增加。尽管在治疗后认知焦虑强度立即增加，但假设得到了支持。此外，结果表明，矛盾成功意象可能最适合具有特质焦虑的个体，并且倾向于将焦虑相关症状解释为衰弱的表现。讨论了影响意象策略有效使用的因素以及潜在的缺点。
{"title":"Paradoxical-Success Imagery in the Field","authors":"Derek de la Peña, Anselm Khoo, Nicholas P Murray","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1046","url":null,"abstract":"In the current study, 27 male club-soccer players were trained with paradoxical-success imagery (de la Peña, 2009) in the field. Based on the tenets of Wegner's (1994) theory of ironic processes of mental control and previous research (e.g., de la Peña, 2009; Mellalieu et al., 2009), it was predicted that participants who imaged experiencing anxiety-related symptoms (combined with additional substantiated imagery components) prior to competing, would show a positive increase in self-confidence and interpretation of anxiety-related symptoms following training compared to pre-treatment. Hypotheses were supported in spite of an initial increase in cognitive anxiety intensity immediately following treatment. Additionally, results suggest that paradoxical-success imagery may be best suited for individuals with trait anxiety and the propensity to interpret anxiety-related symptoms as debilitative to performance. Factors contributing to the effective use of the imagery strategy as well as potential drawbacks are discussed.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68732774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eva V Monsma, Sandra E Short, Craig R. Hall, Melanie Gregg, Phil Sullivan
The revised Movement Imagery Questionnaire (MIQ-R: Hall & Martin, 1997) assesses visual and kinesthetic movement imagery abilities and has become a popular questionnaire in sport and exercise psychology research. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the MIQ-R including internal consistency, stability, factor structure, and gender invariance. There were 325 male (n = 136) and female (n = 189) athletes/dancers who participated in the study. Gender-specific internal consistency coefficients ranged from .83 to .89 and the test-retest reliabilities over a one week period for the subscales were .80 for visual and .81 for kinesthetic imagery abilities. The best model fit from confirmatory factor analyses results was for a 2-factor structure with an interrelationship between the subscales. These results support the finding that visual and kinesthetic imagery abilities are separate but related constructs. An examination of invariance by gender indicated that the model fit females better than males.
{"title":"Psychometric Properties of the Revised Movement Imagery Questionnaire (MIQ-R)","authors":"Eva V Monsma, Sandra E Short, Craig R. Hall, Melanie Gregg, Phil Sullivan","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1027","url":null,"abstract":"The revised Movement Imagery Questionnaire (MIQ-R: Hall & Martin, 1997) assesses visual and kinesthetic movement imagery abilities and has become a popular questionnaire in sport and exercise psychology research. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the MIQ-R including internal consistency, stability, factor structure, and gender invariance. There were 325 male (n = 136) and female (n = 189) athletes/dancers who participated in the study. Gender-specific internal consistency coefficients ranged from .83 to .89 and the test-retest reliabilities over a one week period for the subscales were .80 for visual and .81 for kinesthetic imagery abilities. The best model fit from confirmatory factor analyses results was for a 2-factor structure with an interrelationship between the subscales. These results support the finding that visual and kinesthetic imagery abilities are separate but related constructs. An examination of invariance by gender indicated that the model fit females better than males.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68731427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examined the effects of differing frequencies of PETTLEP imagery on netball shooting performance. Thirty-two female participants were divided into four groups: PETTLEP imagery once per week (1x/wk), PETTLEP imagery twice per week (2x/wk), PETTLEP imagery three times per week (3x/wk) and a control. During the pre-test and post-test participants were required to complete a total of twenty shots from five different points within the shooting zone. They were awarded points (out of five) for each shot, giving a possible total of 100 points. The numbers of shots scored was also recorded. Following the pre-test, the imagery participants imaged the twenty shots the required number of times per week. The control group completed some netball specific stretching. Transfer tests were also completed to assess the transferability of the intervention to related tasks. Group x test ANOVAs for performance score and shots scored revealed a significant interaction effect (p<.01). Tukey tests revealed that the 3x/wk imagery group improved performance on both measures, whereas the 2x/wk, 1x/wk and control group did not. These results support the notion that PETTLEP imagery may be more effective if completed at least three times per week.
{"title":"Impact of Differing Frequencies of PETTLEP Imagery on Netball Shooting Performance","authors":"C. Wakefield, Dave Smith","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1043","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the effects of differing frequencies of PETTLEP imagery on netball shooting performance. Thirty-two female participants were divided into four groups: PETTLEP imagery once per week (1x/wk), PETTLEP imagery twice per week (2x/wk), PETTLEP imagery three times per week (3x/wk) and a control. During the pre-test and post-test participants were required to complete a total of twenty shots from five different points within the shooting zone. They were awarded points (out of five) for each shot, giving a possible total of 100 points. The numbers of shots scored was also recorded. Following the pre-test, the imagery participants imaged the twenty shots the required number of times per week. The control group completed some netball specific stretching. Transfer tests were also completed to assess the transferability of the intervention to related tasks. Group x test ANOVAs for performance score and shots scored revealed a significant interaction effect (p<.01). Tukey tests revealed that the 3x/wk imagery group improved performance on both measures, whereas the 2x/wk, 1x/wk and control group did not. These results support the notion that PETTLEP imagery may be more effective if completed at least three times per week.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68732476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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