Thomas Hammond, Melanie Gregg, Dennis Hrycaiko, Jennifer Mactavish, Adrienne Leslie-Toogood
Abstract Motivational general-mastery imagery is described as imaging overcoming challenges in sport with confidence and control. Using a single-subject multiple baseline design three male inter-collegiate golfers completed the Motivational Imagery Ability Measure for Sport during baseline and post-intervention phases and completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2R prior to each competitive round. Golf scores were recorded at the conclusion of each competition. Participants engaged in six sessions of guided motivational general-mastery imagery training over a three-week period. The sport confidence of one participant significantly increased from baseline to intervention. Golf performance (measured by stroke average) of two participants improved. All participants showed improvement in their ability to use imagery and indicated the imagery training program was effective.
{"title":"The Effects of a Motivational General-Mastery Imagery Intervention on the Imagery Ability and Sport Confidence of Inter-Collegiate Golfers","authors":"Thomas Hammond, Melanie Gregg, Dennis Hrycaiko, Jennifer Mactavish, Adrienne Leslie-Toogood","doi":"10.1515/1932-0191.1066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/1932-0191.1066","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Motivational general-mastery imagery is described as imaging overcoming challenges in sport with confidence and control. Using a single-subject multiple baseline design three male inter-collegiate golfers completed the Motivational Imagery Ability Measure for Sport during baseline and post-intervention phases and completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2R prior to each competitive round. Golf scores were recorded at the conclusion of each competition. Participants engaged in six sessions of guided motivational general-mastery imagery training over a three-week period. The sport confidence of one participant significantly increased from baseline to intervention. Golf performance (measured by stroke average) of two participants improved. All participants showed improvement in their ability to use imagery and indicated the imagery training program was effective.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/1932-0191.1066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66798270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Although mental imagery has been shown to have beneficial effects on performance, imagery has been shown to negatively affect physical performances under some conditions. The limited strength model of self-regulation posits that self-control strength is depleted when people regulate their thoughts, impulses, emotions, and behaviours. Research shows depletion of self-control strength in one task domain (e.g., controlling thoughts or images) leads to poorer self-control within similar and dissimilar domains (e.g., controlling physical endurance). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the aftereffects of performing mental imagery on two self-control tasks, physical endurance and response inhibition. Sedentary undergraduates (N = 37) were randomly assigned to either an imagery condition (n = 15), attention-placebo condition (n = 13), or a quiet rest control (n = 9). Participants performed two isometric endurance tasks (30% of maximum handgrip squeeze) separated by their respective study manipulation, and followed by the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST). It was expected that participants in the mental imagery condition would show greater decrements in performance on the second endurance trial (when compared to baseline) and more perseverative errors on the WCST compared to the control conditions. All of the participants’ endurance performances declined over time (p < .05), however, no between group differences were found on endurance performances (p > .05) or on WCST scores (p > .05). Performing a basic 6 minute imagery session involving moderately-intense aerobic exercise does not appear to deplete self-control resources when compared to the attention-placebo and quiet rest control groups. However, the unanticipated decline in the endurance performances observed within the control conditions suggests that future research is needed to better understand the relationship between mental imagery and self-control depletion effects.
{"title":"Imagery and Endurance: Does Imagery Impair Performance by Depleting Self-Control Strength?","authors":"Jeffrey D. Graham, Steven R. Bray","doi":"10.1515/1932-0191.1074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/1932-0191.1074","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although mental imagery has been shown to have beneficial effects on performance, imagery has been shown to negatively affect physical performances under some conditions. The limited strength model of self-regulation posits that self-control strength is depleted when people regulate their thoughts, impulses, emotions, and behaviours. Research shows depletion of self-control strength in one task domain (e.g., controlling thoughts or images) leads to poorer self-control within similar and dissimilar domains (e.g., controlling physical endurance). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the aftereffects of performing mental imagery on two self-control tasks, physical endurance and response inhibition. Sedentary undergraduates (N = 37) were randomly assigned to either an imagery condition (n = 15), attention-placebo condition (n = 13), or a quiet rest control (n = 9). Participants performed two isometric endurance tasks (30% of maximum handgrip squeeze) separated by their respective study manipulation, and followed by the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST). It was expected that participants in the mental imagery condition would show greater decrements in performance on the second endurance trial (when compared to baseline) and more perseverative errors on the WCST compared to the control conditions. All of the participants’ endurance performances declined over time (p < .05), however, no between group differences were found on endurance performances (p > .05) or on WCST scores (p > .05). Performing a basic 6 minute imagery session involving moderately-intense aerobic exercise does not appear to deplete self-control resources when compared to the attention-placebo and quiet rest control groups. However, the unanticipated decline in the endurance performances observed within the control conditions suggests that future research is needed to better understand the relationship between mental imagery and self-control depletion effects.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/1932-0191.1074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66798989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract It is well known that athletes use mental imagery for five different functions; motivational general-arousal (MG-A; arousal and stress) motivational general-mastery (MG-M; control, mental toughness, and self-confidence), motivational specific (MS; goal-oriented responses), cognitive general (CG; sport-specific strategies), and cognitive specific (CS; sport-specific skills; Hall et al., 1998; Paivio, 1985). While much research has been conducted on the MG-A, MG-M, MS, and CS imagery functions, there has not been as much focus on CG imagery. This is somewhat disheartening since various researchers have pointed out this issue many times (e.g., Hall, 2001). The purpose of this review was to examine the research conducted on CG imagery since the publication of Martin and colleagues’ (1999) applied model of imagery use. A literature search was conducted of published peer-reviewed journal articles using Proquest to identify all studies that have examined CG imagery. Forty-three articles were identified as relevant towards understanding the role of CG imagery in sport. The research findings were discussed in one of two sections depending on the type of study design used (e.g., descriptive/correlational study or imagery intervention). The strengths and weaknesses of the CG imagery studies are discussed. From this review, the authors hope to make researchers aware of the avenues that still need to be explored in regards to CG imagery, as well as provide researchers with potential approaches to answer such questions.
摘要:众所周知，运动员使用心理意象来实现五种不同的功能;动机一般唤醒;激励性通用性(MG-M);控制，心理韧性和自信)，动机特异性(MS;目标导向反应)，认知一般(CG;运动特定策略)和认知特定策略(CS;专业运动技能;Hall et al.， 1998;Paivio, 1985)。虽然对MG-A、MG-M、MS和CS成像功能进行了大量研究，但对CG成像的研究却很少。这有点令人沮丧，因为许多研究人员已经多次指出这个问题(例如，Hall, 2001)。本综述的目的是检查自Martin及其同事(1999)的图像使用应用模型发表以来对CG图像进行的研究。使用Proquest对已发表的同行评审期刊文章进行了文献检索，以确定所有检查CG图像的研究。43篇文章被认为与理解CG图像在体育运动中的作用有关。根据所使用的研究设计类型(例如，描述性/相关性研究或意象干预)，在两个部分中的一个部分讨论了研究结果。讨论了CG图像研究的优缺点。从这篇综述中，作者希望使研究人员意识到在CG图像方面仍然需要探索的途径，并为研究人员提供回答这些问题的潜在方法。
{"title":"Cognitive General Imagery: The Forgotten Imagery Function?","authors":"N. Westlund, J. Paige Pope, Danielle Tobin","doi":"10.1515/1932-0191.1075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/1932-0191.1075","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It is well known that athletes use mental imagery for five different functions; motivational general-arousal (MG-A; arousal and stress) motivational general-mastery (MG-M; control, mental toughness, and self-confidence), motivational specific (MS; goal-oriented responses), cognitive general (CG; sport-specific strategies), and cognitive specific (CS; sport-specific skills; Hall et al., 1998; Paivio, 1985). While much research has been conducted on the MG-A, MG-M, MS, and CS imagery functions, there has not been as much focus on CG imagery. This is somewhat disheartening since various researchers have pointed out this issue many times (e.g., Hall, 2001). The purpose of this review was to examine the research conducted on CG imagery since the publication of Martin and colleagues’ (1999) applied model of imagery use. A literature search was conducted of published peer-reviewed journal articles using Proquest to identify all studies that have examined CG imagery. Forty-three articles were identified as relevant towards understanding the role of CG imagery in sport. The research findings were discussed in one of two sections depending on the type of study design used (e.g., descriptive/correlational study or imagery intervention). The strengths and weaknesses of the CG imagery studies are discussed. From this review, the authors hope to make researchers aware of the avenues that still need to be explored in regards to CG imagery, as well as provide researchers with potential approaches to answer such questions.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/1932-0191.1075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66798752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study provides a comprehensive summary at how coaches (n = 214) used imagery. The results highlight the usefulness of Paivio’s (1985) model and corresponding measure (SIQ: Hall et al., 1998) for use with coaches. Descriptive statistics for how often coaches used imagery, why they use imagery and their perceptions of the direction (effectiveness) of the images are provided at the subscale and item levels. Also described is the relationship between imagery use and effectiveness. Several personal, coaching, and imagery-related variables were also shown to be related to imagery use and perceptions of effectiveness.
摘要:本研究对教练员(n = 214)如何使用意象进行了全面的总结。研究结果强调了Paivio(1985)模型和相应的测量方法(SIQ: Hall et al.， 1998)在教练员中使用的有效性。在子量表和项目水平上提供了关于教练使用意象的频率、他们为什么使用意象以及他们对意象方向(有效性)的看法的描述性统计数据。还描述了意象使用与效果之间的关系。一些个人、教练和形象相关的变量也被证明与形象的使用和有效性的感知有关。
{"title":"A Comprehensive Study of Imagery Use by Coaches","authors":"Sandra E. Short","doi":"10.1515/1932-0191.1006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/1932-0191.1006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study provides a comprehensive summary at how coaches (n = 214) used imagery. The results highlight the usefulness of Paivio’s (1985) model and corresponding measure (SIQ: Hall et al., 1998) for use with coaches. Descriptive statistics for how often coaches used imagery, why they use imagery and their perceptions of the direction (effectiveness) of the images are provided at the subscale and item levels. Also described is the relationship between imagery use and effectiveness. Several personal, coaching, and imagery-related variables were also shown to be related to imagery use and perceptions of effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/1932-0191.1006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66798452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joanna A. Nobbe, MA, Dawn Nilsen, Ed.D., OTL, Glen Gillen, Ed.D., OTR
Abstract This exploratory study investigated effects of a mental practice (MP) intervention on imagery vividness and perspective maintenance in post-stroke subjects. Additionally, the relationship between internal and external imagery vividness and kinesthetic imagery was examined. Data were drawn from 17 persons participating in a RCT investigating the effects of perspective use during MP on post-stroke recovery. The Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VMIQ-2) and a self-report perspective rating scale were used to examine changes in vividness and perspective maintenance, respectively. Findings indicate improvements in vividness were most evident in those with the weakest initial ability. Perspective maintenance improved significantly from the first score to the last for all groups. Visual imagery vividness was strongly related to kinesthetic imagery regardless of imagery perspective. Preliminary findings suggest certain aspects of imagery ability can be improved with practice post-stroke.
{"title":"Mental Practice is Modifiable: Changes in Perspective Maintenance and Vividness Post-Stroke","authors":"Joanna A. Nobbe, MA, Dawn Nilsen, Ed.D., OTL, Glen Gillen, Ed.D., OTR","doi":"10.1515/1932-0191.1068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/1932-0191.1068","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This exploratory study investigated effects of a mental practice (MP) intervention on imagery vividness and perspective maintenance in post-stroke subjects. Additionally, the relationship between internal and external imagery vividness and kinesthetic imagery was examined. Data were drawn from 17 persons participating in a RCT investigating the effects of perspective use during MP on post-stroke recovery. The Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VMIQ-2) and a self-report perspective rating scale were used to examine changes in vividness and perspective maintenance, respectively. Findings indicate improvements in vividness were most evident in those with the weakest initial ability. Perspective maintenance improved significantly from the first score to the last for all groups. Visual imagery vividness was strongly related to kinesthetic imagery regardless of imagery perspective. Preliminary findings suggest certain aspects of imagery ability can be improved with practice post-stroke.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/1932-0191.1068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66798773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eva V Monsma, Caroline Trier, Melanie E. Perreault, B. Seiler, T. Torres-McGehee, Jane Steinberg, Sandra E Short
Knowledge of imagery is a required competency for athletic trainers (ATs) but research has yet to consider imagery use by ATs despite its relevant application for learning, planning, and controlling emotions in high stakes situations like rehabilitation, competency exams or novel injury situations. Aligned with the Applied Model of Mental Imagery, this study examined the cognitive and motivational functions of imagery used by 59 certified ATs and 34 AT students (N = 93, 19-48 years of age). Participants completed the Sport Imagery Questionnaire modified for the population. Image function and direction were also considered. Imagery training was only reported by 23% of the participants but 50% reported encouraging their athletes to use imagery and 86% believed the skill enhances their duties. Internal consistencies of the five image content subscales ranged from .83 to .68 and inter-scale correlations ranged from .72 to .76. ATs reported using MG-Mastery most frequently followed by CS-Skills CG-Strategies MG-Arousal and MS-Goals. Independent t-tests indicated MG-Goals was used more by students than certified ATs, t(91)=2.04, p<.05, and by non-practicing ATs than those who practiced, t(91)=-4.01, p<.001. Participants from curriculum programs reported more use of MG-Arousal than those from internship programs, t(91)=2.23, p=.05 and there was no gender variation across subscales. A trend of significant, negative correlations between education and the three motivation functions of imagery indicated the more educated ATs used imagery less for controlling emotions, mastering skills and setting goals. However, overall, the most frequently cited reason for using individual images was for confidence, followed by anxiety, goals, and skills and strategies. The majority of images were perceived to help job performance while one CG-Strategies and 4/5 MG-Arousal items were perceived as harmful to performance. Enhancing AT curricula with systematic training in psychological skills would enhance AT performance and disseminate information to clients.
{"title":"The Cognitive and Motivational Functions of Imagery Among Athletic Trainers","authors":"Eva V Monsma, Caroline Trier, Melanie E. Perreault, B. Seiler, T. Torres-McGehee, Jane Steinberg, Sandra E Short","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1064","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge of imagery is a required competency for athletic trainers (ATs) but research has yet to consider imagery use by ATs despite its relevant application for learning, planning, and controlling emotions in high stakes situations like rehabilitation, competency exams or novel injury situations. Aligned with the Applied Model of Mental Imagery, this study examined the cognitive and motivational functions of imagery used by 59 certified ATs and 34 AT students (N = 93, 19-48 years of age). Participants completed the Sport Imagery Questionnaire modified for the population. Image function and direction were also considered. Imagery training was only reported by 23% of the participants but 50% reported encouraging their athletes to use imagery and 86% believed the skill enhances their duties. Internal consistencies of the five image content subscales ranged from .83 to .68 and inter-scale correlations ranged from .72 to .76. ATs reported using MG-Mastery most frequently followed by CS-Skills CG-Strategies MG-Arousal and MS-Goals. Independent t-tests indicated MG-Goals was used more by students than certified ATs, t(91)=2.04, p<.05, and by non-practicing ATs than those who practiced, t(91)=-4.01, p<.001. Participants from curriculum programs reported more use of MG-Arousal than those from internship programs, t(91)=2.23, p=.05 and there was no gender variation across subscales. A trend of significant, negative correlations between education and the three motivation functions of imagery indicated the more educated ATs used imagery less for controlling emotions, mastering skills and setting goals. However, overall, the most frequently cited reason for using individual images was for confidence, followed by anxiety, goals, and skills and strategies. The majority of images were perceived to help job performance while one CG-Strategies and 4/5 MG-Arousal items were perceived as harmful to performance. Enhancing AT curricula with systematic training in psychological skills would enhance AT performance and disseminate information to clients.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68732626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert J Bell, Christopher H Skinner, Meghan Halbrook
Four experienced golfers participated in a multiple-baseline across participant design that examined the efficacy of solution-focused guided imagery (SFGI) as a treatment for Type I yips. Data was collected during actual 9-hole golf matches and participants received five interventions of the SFGI protocol. Results supported previous research that found SFGI to decrease yips. The current study extended past research by showing that the SFGI protocol was effective with multiple facilitators. Maintenance data collected 12-14 weeks post intervention also extended generalization over time. Results suggest that researchers should examine the effects of similar SFGI protocol on individuals experiencing task-specific focal hand dystonia across tasks (e.g., musicians, tennis players).
{"title":"Solution-Focused Guided Imagery as an Intervention for Golfers with the Yips","authors":"Robert J Bell, Christopher H Skinner, Meghan Halbrook","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1059","url":null,"abstract":"Four experienced golfers participated in a multiple-baseline across participant design that examined the efficacy of solution-focused guided imagery (SFGI) as a treatment for Type I yips. Data was collected during actual 9-hole golf matches and participants received five interventions of the SFGI protocol. Results supported previous research that found SFGI to decrease yips. The current study extended past research by showing that the SFGI protocol was effective with multiple facilitators. Maintenance data collected 12-14 weeks post intervention also extended generalization over time. Results suggest that researchers should examine the effects of similar SFGI protocol on individuals experiencing task-specific focal hand dystonia across tasks (e.g., musicians, tennis players).","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68732457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current imagery literature suggests that imagery perspectives may be subject to a default position (Morris & Spittle, 2001), with experience influencing how successfully individuals can utilize internal and external visual imagery. According to this proposition, the default imagery perspective is an internal 1st person perspective. However, few imagery inventories have been designed to differentiate and accurately measure these imagery perspectives (see Morris, Spittle, & Watt, 2005). Fewer still have considered athletic populations, in particular adolescent cohorts. Consequently, the current research examined the use of internal visual imagery (IVI), external visual imagery (EVI), and kinesthetic imagery (KI) amongst adolescent sport performers and whether the amount of hours engaged in practice outside of competition influenced their adoption. Eighty-seven (36 male, 51 female) county level participants from sports academies in the United Kingdom (M age = 14.0, SD = 1.92), from 6 interactive sports, completed the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VMIQ-2; Roberts et al., 2008). Participants were grouped relative to the amount of practice they had engaged in since playing their current sport competitively. A repeated measures ANOVA recorded significant differences amongst participants vividness of imagery, Wilkes’ Λ F (2, 85) = 3.166, p < 0.05, η² = .07, post hoc pairwise comparisons using a Bonferroni adjustment revealed no significant differences between sub-scales. Results to MANOVA recorded no significant differences between VMIQ-2 sub-scales and three accumulated practice groupings, Wilkes’ Λ F (3, 82) = 436.14, p > 0.32, η² = .04. The results demonstrate adolescent sport performers possess between clear and reasonably vivid to moderately clear and vivid imagery ability when using IVI, EVI, and KI. Future research should consider the impact of environmental factors that influence the development of these modalities and perspectives.
目前的图像文献表明，图像视角可能受制于默认位置(Morris & Spittle, 2001)，经验影响个人如何成功地利用内部和外部视觉图像。根据这个命题，默认的图像视角是内部第一人称视角。然而，很少有图像清单被设计来区分和准确测量这些图像视角(见Morris, Spittle， & Watt, 2005)。更少的人考虑过运动人群，尤其是青少年群体。因此，目前的研究调查了青少年运动员对内部视觉意象(IVI)、外部视觉意象(EVI)和动觉意象(KI)的使用，以及在比赛之外进行练习的时间是否会影响他们的采用。来自英国体育院校的87名县级参与者(男36名，女51名)(M年龄= 14.0,SD = 1.92)，来自6个互动项目，完成了运动意象生动度问卷-2 (VMIQ-2;Roberts et al.， 2008)。参与者是根据他们参加目前的竞技运动后所进行的练习量进行分组的。重复测量方差分析显示，被试之间的图像生动度存在显著差异，Wilkes ' Λ F (2,85) = 3.166, p < 0.05， η²= 0.07，使用Bonferroni调整的事后两两比较显示，各子量表之间无显著差异。结果经方差分析，VMIQ-2子量表与三个累积练习分组间无显著差异，Wilkes ' Λ F (3,82) = 436.14, p > 0.32， η²= 0.04。结果表明，青少年体育运动员在使用IVI、EVI和KI时具有清晰、合理生动到中度清晰生动的想象能力。未来的研究应考虑影响这些模式和观点发展的环境因素的影响。
{"title":"The Influence of Experience upon Imagery Perspectives in Adolescent Sport Performers","authors":"J. Parker, Geoff P. Lovell","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1048","url":null,"abstract":"Current imagery literature suggests that imagery perspectives may be subject to a default position (Morris & Spittle, 2001), with experience influencing how successfully individuals can utilize internal and external visual imagery. According to this proposition, the default imagery perspective is an internal 1st person perspective. However, few imagery inventories have been designed to differentiate and accurately measure these imagery perspectives (see Morris, Spittle, & Watt, 2005). Fewer still have considered athletic populations, in particular adolescent cohorts. Consequently, the current research examined the use of internal visual imagery (IVI), external visual imagery (EVI), and kinesthetic imagery (KI) amongst adolescent sport performers and whether the amount of hours engaged in practice outside of competition influenced their adoption. Eighty-seven (36 male, 51 female) county level participants from sports academies in the United Kingdom (M age = 14.0, SD = 1.92), from 6 interactive sports, completed the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VMIQ-2; Roberts et al., 2008). Participants were grouped relative to the amount of practice they had engaged in since playing their current sport competitively. A repeated measures ANOVA recorded significant differences amongst participants vividness of imagery, Wilkes’ Λ F (2, 85) = 3.166, p < 0.05, η² = .07, post hoc pairwise comparisons using a Bonferroni adjustment revealed no significant differences between sub-scales. Results to MANOVA recorded no significant differences between VMIQ-2 sub-scales and three accumulated practice groupings, Wilkes’ Λ F (3, 82) = 436.14, p > 0.32, η² = .04. The results demonstrate adolescent sport performers possess between clear and reasonably vivid to moderately clear and vivid imagery ability when using IVI, EVI, and KI. Future research should consider the impact of environmental factors that influence the development of these modalities and perspectives.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68732307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the relationship between positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), and subsequent imagery use outside of a sports competitive setting. Participants from a United Kingdom university included 117 individuals (71 male, 46 female), with a mean age of 19.11 (SD = 1.74), from a number of sports (e.g., rugby, football, netball, athletics, cricket), completed the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ; Hall et al., 1998) and Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988). Repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated significant differences in participants’ imagery use, Wilks’ Λ F (4, 113) = 21.715, p = < 0.01, η² = .44, with pairwise comparisons using a Bonferroni adjustment of p = 0.01 recording significant differences in SIQ subscale ratings. To analyse the extent PA and NA predict functions of imagery use five hierarchical regressions were performed. The results demonstrate PA more so than NA influences the SIQ’s motivational imagery functions. Neither PA nor NA acted as predictors for the SIQ’s cognitive subscales. To account for the specificity of this relationship the authors propose a model to guide future research.
本研究调查了积极情绪(PA)、消极情绪(NA)和随后在体育竞技环境之外的意象使用之间的关系。来自英国一所大学的参与者包括117个人(男性71人，女性46人)，平均年龄19.11岁(SD = 1.74)，来自多个运动项目(如橄榄球、足球、无板篮球、田径、板球)，完成了运动意象问卷(SIQ;Hall等，1998)和积极影响消极影响量表(PANAS;Watson et al.， 1988)。重复测量方差分析显示，受试者在图像使用方面存在显著差异，Wilks的Λ F (4,113) = 21.715, p = < 0.01， η²= 0.44，使用Bonferroni调整p = 0.01的两两比较记录了SIQ分量表评分的显著差异。为了分析PA和NA预测图像功能的程度，采用了五种层次回归方法。结果表明，PA对SIQ动机意象功能的影响大于NA。PA和NA都不能作为SIQ认知分量表的预测因子。为了解释这种关系的特殊性，作者提出了一个模型来指导未来的研究。
{"title":"The Relationship between Affect and Imagery Use in a Non-Competitive Setting","authors":"J. Parker, Geoff P. Lovell","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1062","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the relationship between positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), and subsequent imagery use outside of a sports competitive setting. Participants from a United Kingdom university included 117 individuals (71 male, 46 female), with a mean age of 19.11 (SD = 1.74), from a number of sports (e.g., rugby, football, netball, athletics, cricket), completed the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ; Hall et al., 1998) and Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988). Repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated significant differences in participants’ imagery use, Wilks’ Λ F (4, 113) = 21.715, p = < 0.01, η² = .44, with pairwise comparisons using a Bonferroni adjustment of p = 0.01 recording significant differences in SIQ subscale ratings. To analyse the extent PA and NA predict functions of imagery use five hierarchical regressions were performed. The results demonstrate PA more so than NA influences the SIQ’s motivational imagery functions. Neither PA nor NA acted as predictors for the SIQ’s cognitive subscales. To account for the specificity of this relationship the authors propose a model to guide future research.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68732610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
“Healing imagery” can be defined as both visualizing affirmative images of internal physiological healing and visualizing oneself as healthy and fully functioning (Driediger, Hall, & Callow, 2006). Healing imagery has been found to effectively reduce the recovery time from various athletic injuries when combined with other mental skills such as self-talk and relaxation (Ievleva & Orlick, 1991). However, the literature remains void of a study that examines the potential benefits of the regular use of healing imagery techniques alone. This study compared the effects that a healing imagery intervention had on the recovery of one group of injured athletes to the recovery of a control group of injured athletes who did not receive the imagery manipulation. This study compared the two groups in three areas: satisfaction with rehabilitation, self-efficacy to recover, and return to play. The sample consisted of 9 injured varsity athletes (intervention group n = 5, control group n = 4). A significant interaction effect was found for satisfaction with rehabilitation, as athletes in the intervention group increased in satisfaction from Week 2 to Week 3, while the control group decreased in satisfaction during the same period. Both groups were found to be significantly higher in task self-efficacy than in coping self-efficacy during injury rehabilitation. The groups did not significantly differ in their return to play times. A qualitative review of the intervention group revealed that these participants believed that imagery helped them increase confidence, motivation, injury awareness, rehab adherence, relaxation, and focus, while decreasing their frustration with the rehabilitation program. This article discusses the results with respect to imagery effects, study limitations, and future directions.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Use of Healing Imagery in Athletic Injury Rehabilitation","authors":"Joel M. Cressman, Kimberley A. Dawson","doi":"10.2202/1932-0191.1060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0191.1060","url":null,"abstract":"“Healing imagery” can be defined as both visualizing affirmative images of internal physiological healing and visualizing oneself as healthy and fully functioning (Driediger, Hall, & Callow, 2006). Healing imagery has been found to effectively reduce the recovery time from various athletic injuries when combined with other mental skills such as self-talk and relaxation (Ievleva & Orlick, 1991). However, the literature remains void of a study that examines the potential benefits of the regular use of healing imagery techniques alone. This study compared the effects that a healing imagery intervention had on the recovery of one group of injured athletes to the recovery of a control group of injured athletes who did not receive the imagery manipulation. This study compared the two groups in three areas: satisfaction with rehabilitation, self-efficacy to recover, and return to play. The sample consisted of 9 injured varsity athletes (intervention group n = 5, control group n = 4). A significant interaction effect was found for satisfaction with rehabilitation, as athletes in the intervention group increased in satisfaction from Week 2 to Week 3, while the control group decreased in satisfaction during the same period. Both groups were found to be significantly higher in task self-efficacy than in coping self-efficacy during injury rehabilitation. The groups did not significantly differ in their return to play times. A qualitative review of the intervention group revealed that these participants believed that imagery helped them increase confidence, motivation, injury awareness, rehab adherence, relaxation, and focus, while decreasing their frustration with the rehabilitation program. This article discusses the results with respect to imagery effects, study limitations, and future directions.","PeriodicalId":39479,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1932-0191.1060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68732544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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