Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski最新文献

Objective: Aim: To gain knowledge about the attitudes of medical students towards people with intellectual disabilities and the impact of psychiatry teaching on changing these attitudes..

Patients and methods: Materials and Methods: The study involved 106 students of medical faculties who had not yet taken a course in psychiatry and 104 who had completed the course and passed the exam. The interviewers who conducted the research were the students themselves. The tool used in the study was a questionnaire of own design designed by a special educator and a psychiatrist. The questionnaire included questions about age and gender, as well as 5 statements of a discriminatory (rejecting) nature and 5 affirmative (accepting) statements indicating full acceptance of people with intellectual disabilities.

Results: Results: Most of the people surveyed presented positive attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities (approx. 88%). Approximately 12% of the respondents presented negative attitudes reflecting social stereotypes. The groups of students before and after completion of the classes in this subject did not differ in the frequency of the 10 selected attitudes studied.

Conclusion: Conclusions: The vast majority of medical students surveyed present positive attitudes (judgments) regarding people with intellectual disability. Approximately 12% of the surveyed medical students present negative attitudes (judgments) towards persons with intellectual disability. There is no correlation between the completion of psychiatry classes and the frequency of negative attitudes (judgments) towards persons with intellectual disability among the surveyed medical students.

Objective: Aim: In this study, we examine and discuss about the resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to common antibiotic classes in Najaf.

Patients and methods: Materials and methods: Information on Staphylococcus aureus's resistance to drugs was collected from the directorate of health and analyzed.

Results: Results: It was found that Staphylococcus aureus exhibited resistance to cephalosporins that was comparable to that of penicillin. On the other hand, significant resistance to cefoxitine, ceftazidim, and penicillin was seen, further studies are required to evaluate the mechanism of antibiotic resistance responsible for such resistance.

Conclusion: Conclusions: the profile of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus is variable across antibiotic families. Inter-member differences have been noticed within the group, a pattern that more likely indicates resistance at the level of intracellular concentration of antibiotic rather than the mechanism of action. In addition, it has been noticed that the development of resistance is directly proportional to the frequency of use of antibiotics. Further studies are required to investigate the molecular mechanism of resistance.

Objective: Aim: The aim is to study the impact of extreme conditions of service activities of varying intensity during martial law on the dynamics of indicators of the functional and psycho-emotional state of law enforcement officers.

Patients and methods: Materials and Methods: The research, which was conducted in 2022-2024, involved 227 male police officers with different service experience (up to 3 years n=52, 4-5 years n=59, 6-10 years n=56, over 10 years n=60). Indicators of the functional and psycho-emotional state of law enforcement officers were assessed before and after their tours of duty of different duration (3 and 6 months) to the combat zone using the following indicators: body mass index (BMI), vital index (VI), double product index (DPI), emotional state index (ESI), psychological state index (PSI).

Results: Results: The deterioration of indicators of the functional and psycho-emotional state of law enforcement officers with different professional experiences during tours of duty of different durations (intensity) was revealed. The difference between the BMI indicators before and after a tour of duty lasting 3 and 6 months is 0.34-0.93 and 1.09-1.61 kg/m2, VI indicators 1.63-2.49 and 2.27-2.84 ml/kg, DPI indicators 2.26-2.94 and 3.07-3.42 c.u., ESI indicators 0.78-0.59 and 1.16- 0.93 points, DPI indicators 2.26-2.94 and 3.07-3.42 c.u., PSI indicators 13.50-9.94 and 18.16-13.09 points, respectively.

Conclusion: Conclusions: It was found that the longer the duration of the tour of duty, the more pronounced negative changes occurred in the studied indicators. The negative impact of extreme conditions of service activities on the dynamics of indicators of the functional and psycho-emotional state of law enforcement officers was proved.

Autoimmune encephalitis associated with anti-LGI1 antibodies (ang. leucine-rich glioma- inactivated 1) is one of the most common forms of limbic encephalitis. The aim of this paper was to present two cases of this disease with different clinical course and prognosis. We described the medical history of a 64-year-old man and a 75-year-old woman in whom the presence of anti-LGI1 antibodies in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid was detected. Both patients had typical facial-brachial dystonic seizures, memory impairment and hyponatremia. In the first case, in the early phase of the disease, MRI showed bilateral changes in the temporal lobes (mainly in the hippocampi), while in the second case, neuroimaging did not show typical changes for autoimmune encephalitis - vascular and atrophic changes dominated. In the first case, combined therapy (steroids and intravenous immunoglobulins) was used and significant improvement was achieved. In the second case, only intravenous immunoglobulins were used. Differential diagnosis of rapidly progressing neurological disorders should include autoimmune encephalitis. One of the forms of this disease is autoimmune encephalitis with the presence of anti-LGI1 antibodies, which should always be suspected in patients with dystonic facial-brachial seizures and memory disorders, especially with concomitant hyponatremia. Determination of antineuronal antibodies should be a standard procedure in such cases. Fast and accurate diagnosis allows for the initiation of effective treatment. Oncological vigilance should also be maintained - in some patients the presence of cancer is detected.

Objective: Aim: To determine the mineral composition of enamel and dentin of temporary and permanent teeth of children in the mountain zone of the Transcarpathian region and to conduct a comparative analysis of the obtained indicators.

Patients and methods: Materials and Methods: 25 temporary and 25 permanent teeth were subjected to research. The conditions of selection were the absence of carious lesions. The study was carried out by the method of raster electron spectrometry.

Results: Results: In children who permanently live in the mountainous geographical zone of the Transcarpathian region, the mineral composition of enamel and dentin was determined by spectrometry and the following probable differences were established: the carbon content in the enamel of temporary teeth is probably higher compared to the content in the enamel of permanent teeth and in dentin; the content of oxygen, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, magnesium and chlorine in permanent teeth is probably lower in relation to the content in permanent teeth in enamel and dentin (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Conclusions: The accumulation of chemical elements in the teeth is considered a good indicator of qualitative changes in the diet and water supply of the population. The peculiarities of the mineral composition of the hard tissues of the temporary teeth of children who have lived for a long time in the mountainous zone of the Transcarpathian region, namely the presence of sulfur, confirm the fact that the hard tissues of the teeth, especially the temporary ones, are a detector of the state of the ecological environment.

Objective: Aim: to evaluate potential role of sclerostin in pathophysiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, especially in relation to bone and thyroid metabolism.

Patients and methods: Materials and Methods: An exploratory cross-sectional study was carried out with participation of 66 women suffering from Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and 34 healthy controls. Measurements and results obtained were for serum levels of sclerostin, osteocalcin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone by using ELISA technique.

Results: Results: Mean serum sclerostin levels were significantly elevated in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome group 12.5 ng/mL±4.8 compared to controls 4.8 ng/mL±2.4 with t-value having been recorded as 9.02 and P=0.000. Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome showed significantly lower serum osteocalcin levels (3.7±1.2 ng/mL vs. 5.2±2.2 ng/mL, P=0.000) and higher TSH levels (6.3±1.3 μIU/mL vs. 3.4±0.8 μIU/mL, P=0.000). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a moderate negative correlation between osteocalcin and sclerostin (r=-0.458, P=0.039). ROC analysis of sclerostin exhibited a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 62% which can be interpreted as moderate in terms of diagnostic accuracy.

Conclusion: Conclusions: Findings highlight that sclerostin is much raised in women with PCOS and could well be a useful biomarker of the syndrome's effects on bone and thyroid metabolism. Its moderate diagnostic performance however, further researches on its role in the pathophysiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome are needed.

Objective: Aim: To examine mastoid pneumatisation in patients with perilymphatic fistula (PLF) and determine the influence of its buffering function on the onset and prognosis of the disease.

Patients and methods: Materials and Methods: The study included 37 patients with PLF and labyrinthine window ruptures, experiencing unilateral hearing loss on the affected side. Mastoid process length, the volume of the mastoid, the planimetric size of the mastoid, and the area of the mastoid air-containing cells were measured. The assessment was made by temporal bone computed tomography.

Results: Results: Thirty-two patients had signs of impaired ventilation of the middle ear and mastoid due to Eustachian tube (ET) dysfunction. The length of the mastoid process and its planimetric size in patients with hypopneumatized mastoids were significantly lower than in patients with non-hypopneumatized mastoids (which included 4 cases of normal pneumatisation and 1 case of hyperpneumatised mastoid process). The area of air-containing cells of the mastoid, its volume, and the average length were significantly lower when compared to the corresponding indicators on the conditionally healthy ear side. The obtained data may indicate a disruption of the protective buffering function on the affected ear side and can be considered as one of the possible causes of PLF with labyrinthine window ruptures.

Conclusion: Conclusions: Thus, when mastoid pneumatisation decreases, its buffering function is compromised, posing a risk of damage to the middle and inner ear with the potential occurrence of PLF and labyrinthine window ruptures. The effectiveness of treatment for these patients depends on a comprehensive approach.

Schistosomiasis very often illness in endemic countries caused by schistosoma haematobium and very rare disease, in Poland caused especially by birds flukes, and in travellers and refugees from endemic countries. It is important for urologist to keep in mind in differential diagnosis also this disease. Symptoms of the disease are primarily due to the body's reaction to the parasite's eggs and dead flukes forms, which cause inflammatory infiltrates. In the early stages, these are reversible and curable, but in later stages, they lead to recidivans haematurie, fibrosis and calcification of the affected organ, resulting in subsequent changes, bladder neck strictures, ureteral strictures, vesico-ureteral reflux, calculi in the urinary tract, squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, renal failure, and others. In neglected cases, bilharziasis manifestations are fistulas on the scrotum with pseudo-elephantiasis changes.

Intellectual disability is the subject of interest of psychiatry and special education. Both sciences in Poland adopt an inclusive model of care for people with disabilities. The path of each of them from a directive model to an inclusive model has been different. The aim of the study is to compare the attitude towards people with intellectual disabilities and the evolution of changes that have taken place in Polish special education and in Polish psychiatry in the last few decades. The comparison was carried out using the narrative method through a review of key publications on the understanding of the intellectual disability phenomenon by special education in Poland and by psychiatry. In 1989, Polish special education departed from dialectical materialism as a binding doctrine in the social sciences. A postmodern understanding of the phenomenon of disability, culminating in the formulation of a humanistic paradigm of special education consisting of four microparadigms, developed instead. Special education moved away from quantitative research in favor of qualitative research, negating the biomedical aspects of disability. Qualitative and conceptual research studies carried out in Poland have not entered the global circulation of scientific information and are known locally in Poland. Polish psychiatry has undergone a less revolutionary path of change than special education. The development of community psychiatry in Western Europe slowly began to be implemented in Poland. It has been implemented in recent years in the form of mental health centers. Since the beginning of the political transformation, Polish psychiatry has been present in international journals in published English with the Impact Factor. Despite the postmodern, inclusive understanding of mental disorders, but in contrast to Polish special education, Polish psychiatry is based on quantitative research studies. Their results are published in international journals. Polish special pedagogy of people with intellectual disabilities, as well as Polish psychiatry, have undergone a significant paradigmatic reconstruction in the last few decades. Both sciences adopted an inclusive model of understanding intellectual disability. The different ways of development of the two sciences are reflected in publications and scientific research, as well as in certain terminological differences.

Objective: Aim: Iodine is an essential nutrient for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. It has a huge impact on the normal brain development of the foetus and the health of the pregnant woman. During pregnancy and lactation, the need for iodine increases significantly. This review aims to summarize the role of iodine supplementation in addressing these elevated demands and preventing associated health risks..

Patients and methods: Materials and Methods: The review is based on the thorough analysis of the materials selected from "PubMed" and "Google Scholar" scientific databases using the following key words: iodine; pregnant; lactation; supplementation. These key words were chosen based on their relevance to the matter of the article.

Conclusion: Conclusions: Iodine supplementation is essential for optimal maternal and foetal health. However, comprehensive strategies are needed to address iodine deficiency, including public education on iodine-rich diets, policy initiatives on salt iodisation and minimising exposure to harmful chemicals in the environment. These measures can affect the health of pregnant and lactating women and their children. Moreover, the paper discusses the potential implications of excessive iodine intake, which may lead to thyroid dysfunction. This review underlines the crucial role of interdisciplinary collaboration in ensuring optimal maternal and neonatal health outcomes.