Abstract:When the Portuguese and Spaniards first arrived in the South China Sea (ca. early 1500s), the commercial worlds they encountered in centres like Melaka and Manila were closely connected with the politics and economy of China under the Ming dynasty (r. 1368–1644). This article examines how the Malay sultanates conceptualized China in three works of Malay epic literature (Malay: hikayat)—the Hikayat Raja Raja Pasai, Hikayat Hang Tuah, and Sejarah Melayu. A comparison of these semi-fictional texts with historical accounts provides evidence that during Europe’s Age of Exploration, when Southeast Asia first became the crossroads of global maritime exchange, the sultanates of Southeast Asia were deeply intertwined with Chinese diplomacy in ways that help explain European colonial-era activities in the South China Sea well into the twentieth century.
摘要：当葡萄牙人和西班牙人第一次来到南中国海时（约1500年代初），他们在马六甲和马尼拉等中心遇到的商业世界与明朝（1368-1644年在位）的政治和经济密切相关。本文考察了马来苏丹如何在三部马来史诗文学作品（马来文：hikayat）中概念化中国——hikayat Raja Raja Pasai、Hikayaat Hang Tuah和Sejarah Melayu。将这些半虚构的文本与历史记载进行比较可以证明，在欧洲的探索时代，当东南亚首次成为全球海洋交流的十字路口时，东南亚的苏丹国与中国外交紧密相连，这有助于解释20世纪欧洲殖民时代在南中国海的活动。
{"title":"Malay Perspectives on Ming China during the Age of Exploration","authors":"A. Akhtar","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:When the Portuguese and Spaniards first arrived in the South China Sea (ca. early 1500s), the commercial worlds they encountered in centres like Melaka and Manila were closely connected with the politics and economy of China under the Ming dynasty (r. 1368–1644). This article examines how the Malay sultanates conceptualized China in three works of Malay epic literature (Malay: hikayat)—the Hikayat Raja Raja Pasai, Hikayat Hang Tuah, and Sejarah Melayu. A comparison of these semi-fictional texts with historical accounts provides evidence that during Europe’s Age of Exploration, when Southeast Asia first became the crossroads of global maritime exchange, the sultanates of Southeast Asia were deeply intertwined with Chinese diplomacy in ways that help explain European colonial-era activities in the South China Sea well into the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43397759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:In the early 20th century, the conservation of the wild fauna of the Empire became a concern for the British government, which set aside large areas to create parks, reserves, and wildlife sanctuaries. The main supporter of this effort in Malaya was Theodore Hubback, a former big game hunter and game warden, who was instrumental in creating two large protected areas in Pahang: the Krau wildlife reserve and the King George V National Park. These projects threatened the rights of local populations who used the forest and its products, but forest dwellers and Malay villagers made claims for access with the support of the sultans, especially Sultan Abu Bakar of Pahang, and the regulations for the National Park and wildlife reserves took their needs into account. Intense negotiations involving different factions within the colonial administration, the sultans and their courts, and local inhabitants forced proponents of the preservation of the fauna to make concessions which, in the long term, appear to have been beneficial for the conservation of wildlife.This article is an updated version of an article published in French under the title ‘Protéger la forêt et sa faune contre les indigènes en Malaya britannique’ in the journal Péninsule, no. 75, in 2017. The translation was prepared by Colin Dyer and Mathieu Guérin, and the article is published with permission of Péninsule.
摘要:20世纪初，大英帝国的野生动物保护成为英国政府关注的焦点，英国政府划出大片区域建立公园、保护区和野生动物保护区。在马来亚，这项努力的主要支持者是西奥多·哈巴克(Theodore Hubback)，他曾是一名大型猎物猎人和猎物看守人，他在彭亨州创建了两个大型保护区:克劳野生动物保护区和乔治五世国王国家公园(King George V National Park)。这些项目威胁到使用森林及其产品的当地居民的权利，但森林居民和马来村民在苏丹的支持下提出了进入森林的要求，特别是彭亨的苏丹Abu Bakar，国家公园和野生动物保护区的规定考虑了他们的需求。殖民政府内部的不同派系、苏丹及其法院和当地居民进行了激烈的谈判，迫使保护动物的支持者做出让步，从长远来看，这似乎有利于野生动物的保护。本文是一篇以法文发表的文章的更新版，题为《protsaminger la forêt et sa faune contre les indignes en Malaya britannique》，发表在《psaminsulle》杂志上。2017年75人。翻译由Colin Dyer和Mathieu gusamuin准备，本文已获得passainsule的许可。
{"title":"Protecting the Forest and Its Fauna against Local Residents in British Malaya","authors":"M. Guérin","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In the early 20th century, the conservation of the wild fauna of the Empire became a concern for the British government, which set aside large areas to create parks, reserves, and wildlife sanctuaries. The main supporter of this effort in Malaya was Theodore Hubback, a former big game hunter and game warden, who was instrumental in creating two large protected areas in Pahang: the Krau wildlife reserve and the King George V National Park. These projects threatened the rights of local populations who used the forest and its products, but forest dwellers and Malay villagers made claims for access with the support of the sultans, especially Sultan Abu Bakar of Pahang, and the regulations for the National Park and wildlife reserves took their needs into account. Intense negotiations involving different factions within the colonial administration, the sultans and their courts, and local inhabitants forced proponents of the preservation of the fauna to make concessions which, in the long term, appear to have been beneficial for the conservation of wildlife.This article is an updated version of an article published in French under the title ‘Protéger la forêt et sa faune contre les indigènes en Malaya britannique’ in the journal Péninsule, no. 75, in 2017. The translation was prepared by Colin Dyer and Mathieu Guérin, and the article is published with permission of Péninsule.","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"57 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48384086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Historical explorations of tropical heat in a colonial context have largely focussed on two interconnected spheres: colonial perceptions of place and body, and the implications of heat on different bodies as found in medical thought and practice. This article moves the discussion towards a history of colonial scientific thought about heat as component of weather and of escalating nature-induced hazards, studied in the observatory or meteorological department. It considers how heat features in nascent meso-scale atmospheric knowledge, in meteorological theory, and as a by-product of urbanisation and land-use change. In so doing, it conceptualises the scientific understanding of heat as essentially responsive, embodied within science as a result of the way heat was prioritised within a local context and in the contemporary understanding of human-induced climatic change. The article bridges disciplinary boundaries between the history of science and environmental history, shedding light on an underexplored aspect of the Straits Settlements’ past: the scientific history of urban heat.
{"title":"Heat and Colonial Weather Science in the Straits Settlements, c. 1820–1900","authors":"Fiona Williamson","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Historical explorations of tropical heat in a colonial context have largely focussed on two interconnected spheres: colonial perceptions of place and body, and the implications of heat on different bodies as found in medical thought and practice. This article moves the discussion towards a history of colonial scientific thought about heat as component of weather and of escalating nature-induced hazards, studied in the observatory or meteorological department. It considers how heat features in nascent meso-scale atmospheric knowledge, in meteorological theory, and as a by-product of urbanisation and land-use change. In so doing, it conceptualises the scientific understanding of heat as essentially responsive, embodied within science as a result of the way heat was prioritised within a local context and in the contemporary understanding of human-induced climatic change. The article bridges disciplinary boundaries between the history of science and environmental history, shedding light on an underexplored aspect of the Straits Settlements’ past: the scientific history of urban heat.","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"39 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43569867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Singapore Mall Generation: History, Imagination, Community ed. by Liew Kai Khiun (review)","authors":"Linda Y. C. Lim, P. Fong","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"141 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42153372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wang Gungwu and Malaysia ed. by Danny Wong Tze Ken and Lee Kam Hing (review)","authors":"Diana J. Wong","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"144 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46341346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Muhammad Yusof bin Ahmad, an Unofficial Member of the Federal Legislative Council (FLC) from 1951 to 1955, served on the Special Education Committee when education policy for an independent Malaya was being hotly debated. The Education Ordinance, 1952 revamped the education system, offering a unified curriculum taught in a single common language, but various constraints prevented the government from implementing its provisions. Muhammad Yusof pressed on, taking a special interest in the formulation of language policy in 1954, but in the end, the government abandoned the principles of the 1952 law. A new Education Ordinance passed in 1957 represented a triumph of racially based politics. This article revisits the events of this period as seen by a member of the FLC when Malaya stood on the cusp of independence.
摘要：穆罕默德·优素福·本·艾哈迈德（Muhammad Yusof bin Ahmad），1951年至1955年担任联邦立法委员会（FLC）非官方成员，在独立马来亚的教育政策备受争议时，他曾在特殊教育委员会任职。1952年的《教育条例》修改了教育体系，提供了用单一通用语言教授的统一课程，但各种限制阻碍了政府实施其规定。穆罕默德·优素福继续努力，对1954年制定语言政策特别感兴趣，但最终政府放弃了1952年法律的原则。1957年通过的一项新的《教育条例》代表了基于种族的政治的胜利。本文回顾了马来亚站在独立的风口浪尖上时，FLC的一名成员所看到的这一时期的事件。
{"title":"Federal Education Policy and the Role of Muhammad Yusof bin Ahmad, 1951–1955","authors":"A. Husni, Mahani Musa","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Muhammad Yusof bin Ahmad, an Unofficial Member of the Federal Legislative Council (FLC) from 1951 to 1955, served on the Special Education Committee when education policy for an independent Malaya was being hotly debated. The Education Ordinance, 1952 revamped the education system, offering a unified curriculum taught in a single common language, but various constraints prevented the government from implementing its provisions. Muhammad Yusof pressed on, taking a special interest in the formulation of language policy in 1954, but in the end, the government abandoned the principles of the 1952 law. A new Education Ordinance passed in 1957 represented a triumph of racially based politics. This article revisits the events of this period as seen by a member of the FLC when Malaya stood on the cusp of independence.","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"109 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45750446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Penang: The Fourth Presidency of India 1805–1830. Vol. 3: Water, Wigs and Wisdom by Marcus Langdon (review)","authors":"Kwa Kwa Chong Guan","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"146 - 149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42045493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Salt Licks: Their Vital Importance to the Conservation of Wildlife in Malaya","authors":"T. Hubback","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"133 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46407630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Malaysian Branch of the The Royal Asiatic Society","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0030","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44678868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"World Heritage and Urban Politics in Melaka, Malaysia: A Cityscape below the Winds by Pierpaolo De Giosa (review)","authors":"Jerry P. Dennerline","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"153 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46550018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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