Abstract:When the Portuguese and Spaniards first arrived in the South China Sea (ca. early 1500s), the commercial worlds they encountered in centres like Melaka and Manila were closely connected with the politics and economy of China under the Ming dynasty (r. 1368–1644). This article examines how the Malay sultanates conceptualized China in three works of Malay epic literature (Malay: hikayat)—the Hikayat Raja Raja Pasai, Hikayat Hang Tuah, and Sejarah Melayu. A comparison of these semi-fictional texts with historical accounts provides evidence that during Europe’s Age of Exploration, when Southeast Asia first became the crossroads of global maritime exchange, the sultanates of Southeast Asia were deeply intertwined with Chinese diplomacy in ways that help explain European colonial-era activities in the South China Sea well into the twentieth century.
摘要：当葡萄牙人和西班牙人第一次来到南中国海时（约1500年代初），他们在马六甲和马尼拉等中心遇到的商业世界与明朝（1368-1644年在位）的政治和经济密切相关。本文考察了马来苏丹如何在三部马来史诗文学作品（马来文：hikayat）中概念化中国——hikayat Raja Raja Pasai、Hikayaat Hang Tuah和Sejarah Melayu。将这些半虚构的文本与历史记载进行比较可以证明，在欧洲的探索时代，当东南亚首次成为全球海洋交流的十字路口时，东南亚的苏丹国与中国外交紧密相连，这有助于解释20世纪欧洲殖民时代在南中国海的活动。
{"title":"Malay Perspectives on Ming China during the Age of Exploration","authors":"A. Akhtar","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:When the Portuguese and Spaniards first arrived in the South China Sea (ca. early 1500s), the commercial worlds they encountered in centres like Melaka and Manila were closely connected with the politics and economy of China under the Ming dynasty (r. 1368–1644). This article examines how the Malay sultanates conceptualized China in three works of Malay epic literature (Malay: hikayat)—the Hikayat Raja Raja Pasai, Hikayat Hang Tuah, and Sejarah Melayu. A comparison of these semi-fictional texts with historical accounts provides evidence that during Europe’s Age of Exploration, when Southeast Asia first became the crossroads of global maritime exchange, the sultanates of Southeast Asia were deeply intertwined with Chinese diplomacy in ways that help explain European colonial-era activities in the South China Sea well into the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43397759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Histories of post-war student activism in Singapore have generally focused on the Chinese middle school students, as well as undergraduates at the University of Malaya, with comparatively little attention to the attitudes and actions of the English-educated students in Government schools. This article adds to a growing historiography of the period by pointing to the potential of student publications as primary sources, read in context of late colonial education policy and the broader trajectory of Anglophone writing from Singapore. A close reading of six prose texts published by students at Raffles Institution in 1954, a watershed year for student activism, suggests that student writing can provide significant clues about the level of social and political awareness among the English medium schools of the period.
{"title":"‘An Hour Before Dawn’: Social and Political Awareness among English-Educated Students in Post-War Singapore","authors":"Theophilus Kwek","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Histories of post-war student activism in Singapore have generally focused on the Chinese middle school students, as well as undergraduates at the University of Malaya, with comparatively little attention to the attitudes and actions of the English-educated students in Government schools. This article adds to a growing historiography of the period by pointing to the potential of student publications as primary sources, read in context of late colonial education policy and the broader trajectory of Anglophone writing from Singapore. A close reading of six prose texts published by students at Raffles Institution in 1954, a watershed year for student activism, suggests that student writing can provide significant clues about the level of social and political awareness among the English medium schools of the period.","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"107 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46450759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Historical explorations of tropical heat in a colonial context have largely focussed on two interconnected spheres: colonial perceptions of place and body, and the implications of heat on different bodies as found in medical thought and practice. This article moves the discussion towards a history of colonial scientific thought about heat as component of weather and of escalating nature-induced hazards, studied in the observatory or meteorological department. It considers how heat features in nascent meso-scale atmospheric knowledge, in meteorological theory, and as a by-product of urbanisation and land-use change. In so doing, it conceptualises the scientific understanding of heat as essentially responsive, embodied within science as a result of the way heat was prioritised within a local context and in the contemporary understanding of human-induced climatic change. The article bridges disciplinary boundaries between the history of science and environmental history, shedding light on an underexplored aspect of the Straits Settlements’ past: the scientific history of urban heat.
{"title":"Heat and Colonial Weather Science in the Straits Settlements, c. 1820–1900","authors":"Fiona Williamson","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Historical explorations of tropical heat in a colonial context have largely focussed on two interconnected spheres: colonial perceptions of place and body, and the implications of heat on different bodies as found in medical thought and practice. This article moves the discussion towards a history of colonial scientific thought about heat as component of weather and of escalating nature-induced hazards, studied in the observatory or meteorological department. It considers how heat features in nascent meso-scale atmospheric knowledge, in meteorological theory, and as a by-product of urbanisation and land-use change. In so doing, it conceptualises the scientific understanding of heat as essentially responsive, embodied within science as a result of the way heat was prioritised within a local context and in the contemporary understanding of human-induced climatic change. The article bridges disciplinary boundaries between the history of science and environmental history, shedding light on an underexplored aspect of the Straits Settlements’ past: the scientific history of urban heat.","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"39 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43569867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Singapore Mall Generation: History, Imagination, Community ed. by Liew Kai Khiun (review)","authors":"Linda Y. C. Lim, P. Fong","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"141 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42153372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wang Gungwu and Malaysia ed. by Danny Wong Tze Ken and Lee Kam Hing (review)","authors":"Diana J. Wong","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"144 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46341346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Muhammad Yusof bin Ahmad, an Unofficial Member of the Federal Legislative Council (FLC) from 1951 to 1955, served on the Special Education Committee when education policy for an independent Malaya was being hotly debated. The Education Ordinance, 1952 revamped the education system, offering a unified curriculum taught in a single common language, but various constraints prevented the government from implementing its provisions. Muhammad Yusof pressed on, taking a special interest in the formulation of language policy in 1954, but in the end, the government abandoned the principles of the 1952 law. A new Education Ordinance passed in 1957 represented a triumph of racially based politics. This article revisits the events of this period as seen by a member of the FLC when Malaya stood on the cusp of independence.
摘要：穆罕默德·优素福·本·艾哈迈德（Muhammad Yusof bin Ahmad），1951年至1955年担任联邦立法委员会（FLC）非官方成员，在独立马来亚的教育政策备受争议时，他曾在特殊教育委员会任职。1952年的《教育条例》修改了教育体系，提供了用单一通用语言教授的统一课程，但各种限制阻碍了政府实施其规定。穆罕默德·优素福继续努力，对1954年制定语言政策特别感兴趣，但最终政府放弃了1952年法律的原则。1957年通过的一项新的《教育条例》代表了基于种族的政治的胜利。本文回顾了马来亚站在独立的风口浪尖上时，FLC的一名成员所看到的这一时期的事件。
{"title":"Federal Education Policy and the Role of Muhammad Yusof bin Ahmad, 1951–1955","authors":"A. Husni, Mahani Musa","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Muhammad Yusof bin Ahmad, an Unofficial Member of the Federal Legislative Council (FLC) from 1951 to 1955, served on the Special Education Committee when education policy for an independent Malaya was being hotly debated. The Education Ordinance, 1952 revamped the education system, offering a unified curriculum taught in a single common language, but various constraints prevented the government from implementing its provisions. Muhammad Yusof pressed on, taking a special interest in the formulation of language policy in 1954, but in the end, the government abandoned the principles of the 1952 law. A new Education Ordinance passed in 1957 represented a triumph of racially based politics. This article revisits the events of this period as seen by a member of the FLC when Malaya stood on the cusp of independence.","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"109 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45750446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Penang: The Fourth Presidency of India 1805–1830. Vol. 3: Water, Wigs and Wisdom by Marcus Langdon (review)","authors":"Kwa Kwa Chong Guan","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"146 - 149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42045493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Salt Licks: Their Vital Importance to the Conservation of Wildlife in Malaya","authors":"T. Hubback","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"133 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46407630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Malaysian Branch of the The Royal Asiatic Society","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0030","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44678868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"World Heritage and Urban Politics in Melaka, Malaysia: A Cityscape below the Winds by Pierpaolo De Giosa (review)","authors":"Jerry P. Dennerline","doi":"10.1353/ras.2022.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2022.0028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society","volume":"95 1","pages":"153 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46550018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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