audience influences the self by either accepting, rejecting, or offering alternative identities. When unable to control others’ perception—when threatened with an image of oneself that is not sovereign or divinity, but vanquished enemy or prize—Antony and Cleopatra respond with anger, threats (in their reactions to messengers), and ultimately suicide. Cleopatra’s behavior thus demonstrates the hypocrisy and hysteria of Roman Stoicism, the impossibility and selfdestructiveness of the Stoic retreat from social relations. Gray’s study is dense with theoretical references to classical, modern, and postmodern authors, as one might expect from a book in the series “Critical Studies in Shakespeare and Philosophy.” Gray demonstrates that Shakespeare adopted the ideas presented in Magna moralia (once attributed to Aristotle), which he argues is the anachronistic text Ulysses reads in Troilus and Cressida. In doing so, Shakespeare predicts many modern philosophers’ concepts of relational self-determination, including those of Hegel, Sartre, Ricoeur, Bubar, Bakhtin, Arendt, Mattha Nussbaum, Charles Taylor, and Shadi Bartsch. However, Gray argues, Shakespeare saw God as the final audience or “privileged observer” for all individuals, and the numerous biblical references throughout Antony and Cleopatra, as well as the comedic similarities of Julius Caesar’s titular character to representations in medieval mystery plays, renders all of the classical heroes aligned with the Antichrist or supreme antagonist (259). Shakespeare and the Fall of the Roman Republic thus reads Shakespeare as deeply embedded in a Christian culture that evaluates classical figures and sources through this lens. Gray thinks that Shakespeare offers a provocative and accurate compromise between modern and postmodern ideas of the self, which makes this text useful for those who explore the intersections of literature and history with theory and theology, both ancient and contemporary. He also points out that the Romans’ participation in an all-or-nothing dynamic, the belief that power is a zero-sum game, could elucidate many twenty-first century political divisions, although he leaves the enlargement of this argument to subsequent projects.
{"title":"Dreams, Sleep, and Shakespeare's Genres by Claude Fretz (review)","authors":"Darren Freebury-Jones","doi":"10.1093/sq/quac022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sq/quac022","url":null,"abstract":"audience influences the self by either accepting, rejecting, or offering alternative identities. When unable to control others’ perception—when threatened with an image of oneself that is not sovereign or divinity, but vanquished enemy or prize—Antony and Cleopatra respond with anger, threats (in their reactions to messengers), and ultimately suicide. Cleopatra’s behavior thus demonstrates the hypocrisy and hysteria of Roman Stoicism, the impossibility and selfdestructiveness of the Stoic retreat from social relations. Gray’s study is dense with theoretical references to classical, modern, and postmodern authors, as one might expect from a book in the series “Critical Studies in Shakespeare and Philosophy.” Gray demonstrates that Shakespeare adopted the ideas presented in Magna moralia (once attributed to Aristotle), which he argues is the anachronistic text Ulysses reads in Troilus and Cressida. In doing so, Shakespeare predicts many modern philosophers’ concepts of relational self-determination, including those of Hegel, Sartre, Ricoeur, Bubar, Bakhtin, Arendt, Mattha Nussbaum, Charles Taylor, and Shadi Bartsch. However, Gray argues, Shakespeare saw God as the final audience or “privileged observer” for all individuals, and the numerous biblical references throughout Antony and Cleopatra, as well as the comedic similarities of Julius Caesar’s titular character to representations in medieval mystery plays, renders all of the classical heroes aligned with the Antichrist or supreme antagonist (259). Shakespeare and the Fall of the Roman Republic thus reads Shakespeare as deeply embedded in a Christian culture that evaluates classical figures and sources through this lens. Gray thinks that Shakespeare offers a provocative and accurate compromise between modern and postmodern ideas of the self, which makes this text useful for those who explore the intersections of literature and history with theory and theology, both ancient and contemporary. He also points out that the Romans’ participation in an all-or-nothing dynamic, the belief that power is a zero-sum game, could elucidate many twenty-first century political divisions, although he leaves the enlargement of this argument to subsequent projects.","PeriodicalId":39634,"journal":{"name":"SHAKESPEARE QUARTERLY","volume":"72 1","pages":"165 - 167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43592751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xue Yu, Zan Li, Xinzhe Zhao, Liping Hua, Shuanghang Liu, Changjiu He, Liguo Yang, John S Davis, Aixin Liang
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is secreted by the ovaries of female animals and exerts its biological effects through the type II receptor (AMHR2). AMH regulates follicular growth by inhibiting the recruitment of primordial follicles and reducing the sensitivity of antral follicles to FSH. Despite the considerable research on the actions of AMH in granulosa cells, the effect of AMH on the in vitro maturation of oocytes remains largely unknown. In the current study, we showed that AMH is only expressed in cumulus cells, while AMHR2 is produced in both cumulus cells and oocytes. AMH had no significant effect on COCs nuclear maturation, whereas it inhibited the stimulatory effects of FSH on COCs maturation and cumulus expansion. Moreover, AMH treatment effectively inhibited the positive effect of FSH on the mRNA expressions of Hyaluronan synthase 2 (Has2), Pentraxin 3 (Ptx3), and TNF-alpha-induced protein 6 (Tnfaip 6) genes in COCs. In addition, AMH significantly decreased the FSH-stimulated progesterone production, but did not change estradiol levels. Taken together, our results suggest that AMH may inhibit the effects of FSH-induced COCs in vitro maturation and cumulus expansion. These findings increase our knowledge of the functional role of AMH in regulating folliculogenesis.
{"title":"Anti-Müllerian Hormone Inhibits FSH-Induced Cumulus Oocyte Complex In Vitro Maturation and Cumulus Expansion in Mice.","authors":"Xue Yu, Zan Li, Xinzhe Zhao, Liping Hua, Shuanghang Liu, Changjiu He, Liguo Yang, John S Davis, Aixin Liang","doi":"10.3390/ani12091209","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani12091209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is secreted by the ovaries of female animals and exerts its biological effects through the type II receptor (AMHR2). AMH regulates follicular growth by inhibiting the recruitment of primordial follicles and reducing the sensitivity of antral follicles to FSH. Despite the considerable research on the actions of AMH in granulosa cells, the effect of AMH on the in vitro maturation of oocytes remains largely unknown. In the current study, we showed that AMH is only expressed in cumulus cells, while AMHR2 is produced in both cumulus cells and oocytes. AMH had no significant effect on COCs nuclear maturation, whereas it inhibited the stimulatory effects of FSH on COCs maturation and cumulus expansion. Moreover, AMH treatment effectively inhibited the positive effect of FSH on the mRNA expressions of Hyaluronan synthase 2 (<i>Has2</i>), Pentraxin 3 (<i>Ptx3</i>), and TNF-alpha-induced protein 6 (<i>Tnfaip 6</i>) genes in COCs. In addition, AMH significantly decreased the FSH-stimulated progesterone production, but did not change estradiol levels. Taken together, our results suggest that AMH may inhibit the effects of FSH-induced COCs in vitro maturation and cumulus expansion. These findings increase our knowledge of the functional role of AMH in regulating folliculogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":39634,"journal":{"name":"SHAKESPEARE QUARTERLY","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9103408/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90368810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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