Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/01433768.2021.1999028
J. Bowen
intriguing are the brief but revealing notes on the fortunes of each property in the centuries that followed Kip’s visit. The residue of these estates can be seen in public parks, housing developments, schools, and even wedding venues, testifying to the long-reaching significance of the nation’s country houses on the national landscape. Yet, alongside this sense of continuity, the reader is struck by the contrast between the sense of cohesion and resolution conveyed in Kip’s oeuvre, and our confused and conflicted relationship with topography that shapes much of the built environment today. The clarity and confidence that defines both the subject and execution of Kip’s engravings may therefore account for their popularity among contemporary audiences and make the publication of this particular collection all the more timely. In addition to the views of gentlemen’s houses and estates, the collection also includes his map and prospect of the City of Gloucester and view of Gloucester Cathedral. The result is a uniquely large, early and detailed study of one county’s physical, social and economic character. Published on the tercentenary of Kip’s death, with the addition of Jones’s insightful commentary, The Gloucestershire Engravings constitutes a welcome and valuable reappraisal of both the artist’s vision and the county’s topographical history.
{"title":"The Language of the Landscape: a journey into Lake District history","authors":"J. Bowen","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2021.1999028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2021.1999028","url":null,"abstract":"intriguing are the brief but revealing notes on the fortunes of each property in the centuries that followed Kip’s visit. The residue of these estates can be seen in public parks, housing developments, schools, and even wedding venues, testifying to the long-reaching significance of the nation’s country houses on the national landscape. Yet, alongside this sense of continuity, the reader is struck by the contrast between the sense of cohesion and resolution conveyed in Kip’s oeuvre, and our confused and conflicted relationship with topography that shapes much of the built environment today. The clarity and confidence that defines both the subject and execution of Kip’s engravings may therefore account for their popularity among contemporary audiences and make the publication of this particular collection all the more timely. In addition to the views of gentlemen’s houses and estates, the collection also includes his map and prospect of the City of Gloucester and view of Gloucester Cathedral. The result is a uniquely large, early and detailed study of one county’s physical, social and economic character. Published on the tercentenary of Kip’s death, with the addition of Jones’s insightful commentary, The Gloucestershire Engravings constitutes a welcome and valuable reappraisal of both the artist’s vision and the county’s topographical history.","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":" ","pages":"149 - 150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42117314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/01433768.2021.1999003
S. Oosthuizen
Christopher Taylor, who has died at the age of 85, was the greatest landscape historian of our age. The originality and solidity of his scholarship stimulated new fields of research and changed the direction of others. That contribution was recognised in 1995 by his election to a Fellowship of the British Academy, the highest academic honour in the arts and humanities in the United Kingdom and one rarely bestowed on anyone working outside higher education. He received an honorary doctorate from his alma mater, the University of Keele, in 1997. Chris spent his entire career with the Royal Commission for Historic Monuments of England. He first worked for the Commission as Desmond Bonney’s Summer Assistant during the vacations of his undergraduate degree in 1957, 1958 and 1959. In spring 1960 he was interviewed — and then appointed, as an Investigator for the Commission — by Stuart Piggott and Collin Bowen (then Head of the Commission’s Salisbury office). Years later, Desmond Bonney told him that Bowen — whom Chris regarded as ‘perhaps the greatest analytical fieldworker ever’ — had ensured his appointment (2010c, p. 84). Chris became Head of Archaeological Survey in 1980, a post he held to his retirement in 1993, alongside his appointment as Head of the Cambridge office from 1981 to 1988. His immersion, through the Commission, in field archaeology gave him an unparalleled body of knowledge. Over the course of his career he visited, surveyed and/ or made detailed interpretations of a huge range of archaeological sites from causewayed enclosures, hillforts, rural settlements, barrows, linear ditches, field systems, deserted and shrunken villages, abandoned hamlets and farmsteads to mill sites, deer parks, fishponds, moats, castles, gardens, to list just a few. Any conversation with him showed that he
{"title":"Christopher Charles Taylor 7 November 1935 – 28 May 2021","authors":"S. Oosthuizen","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2021.1999003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2021.1999003","url":null,"abstract":"Christopher Taylor, who has died at the age of 85, was the greatest landscape historian of our age. The originality and solidity of his scholarship stimulated new fields of research and changed the direction of others. That contribution was recognised in 1995 by his election to a Fellowship of the British Academy, the highest academic honour in the arts and humanities in the United Kingdom and one rarely bestowed on anyone working outside higher education. He received an honorary doctorate from his alma mater, the University of Keele, in 1997. Chris spent his entire career with the Royal Commission for Historic Monuments of England. He first worked for the Commission as Desmond Bonney’s Summer Assistant during the vacations of his undergraduate degree in 1957, 1958 and 1959. In spring 1960 he was interviewed — and then appointed, as an Investigator for the Commission — by Stuart Piggott and Collin Bowen (then Head of the Commission’s Salisbury office). Years later, Desmond Bonney told him that Bowen — whom Chris regarded as ‘perhaps the greatest analytical fieldworker ever’ — had ensured his appointment (2010c, p. 84). Chris became Head of Archaeological Survey in 1980, a post he held to his retirement in 1993, alongside his appointment as Head of the Cambridge office from 1981 to 1988. His immersion, through the Commission, in field archaeology gave him an unparalleled body of knowledge. Over the course of his career he visited, surveyed and/ or made detailed interpretations of a huge range of archaeological sites from causewayed enclosures, hillforts, rural settlements, barrows, linear ditches, field systems, deserted and shrunken villages, abandoned hamlets and farmsteads to mill sites, deer parks, fishponds, moats, castles, gardens, to list just a few. Any conversation with him showed that he","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"42 1","pages":"5 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48868862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/01433768.2021.1999021
M. Bailey
{"title":"The Foldcourse and East Anglian Agriculture and Landscape, 1100–1900","authors":"M. Bailey","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2021.1999021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2021.1999021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"42 1","pages":"140 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43287771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/01433768.2021.1999016
A. Harvey-Fishenden, N. Macdonald
ABSTRACT Reservoirs change and control how water moves through the landscape. This article explores a key period in the development of reservoir technology at the turn of the nineteenth century which involved the construction of large reservoirs, such as Rudyard in north Staffordshire, which pre-date similar-size reservoirs for potable water. The creation of larger reservoirs in this period played an important role in the implementation of a resilient stable water supply to the canals, replacing a chaotic system of diverse water supplies to the earliest canals, which left them vulnerable to extreme weather. The development of larger reservoirs took place against a backdrop of changing dynamics in water ownership and entitlement to water, which had implications for the role and legacy of large reservoirs through to the present. Previous studies have concentrated on the economic or technological aspects of this period, with rapid expansion of the canal network. By examining the actions of established canal companies and unpicking the documentary evidence concerning the construction of Rudyard Reservoir, it will be argued that a complex combination of dry weather, competition for water and traffic, technological developments, and changing patterns of water management all contributed in creating a demand for large reservoirs to supply water to arterial canals in England and Wales.
{"title":"The development of early reservoirs to supply water to arterial canals in England and Wales","authors":"A. Harvey-Fishenden, N. Macdonald","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2021.1999016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2021.1999016","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Reservoirs change and control how water moves through the landscape. This article explores a key period in the development of reservoir technology at the turn of the nineteenth century which involved the construction of large reservoirs, such as Rudyard in north Staffordshire, which pre-date similar-size reservoirs for potable water. The creation of larger reservoirs in this period played an important role in the implementation of a resilient stable water supply to the canals, replacing a chaotic system of diverse water supplies to the earliest canals, which left them vulnerable to extreme weather. The development of larger reservoirs took place against a backdrop of changing dynamics in water ownership and entitlement to water, which had implications for the role and legacy of large reservoirs through to the present. Previous studies have concentrated on the economic or technological aspects of this period, with rapid expansion of the canal network. By examining the actions of established canal companies and unpicking the documentary evidence concerning the construction of Rudyard Reservoir, it will be argued that a complex combination of dry weather, competition for water and traffic, technological developments, and changing patterns of water management all contributed in creating a demand for large reservoirs to supply water to arterial canals in England and Wales.","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":" ","pages":"79 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48712482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/01433768.2021.1999033
Carry van Lieshout
{"title":"London’s Lost Rivers: a walker’s guide Volume 2","authors":"Carry van Lieshout","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2021.1999033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2021.1999033","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":" ","pages":"155 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43500744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/01433768.2021.1999012
W. Vletter, T. Spek
ABSTRACT It is very difficult to obtain absolute historical datings of road features found at archaeological excavations. Nevertheless, various physical dating methods have been developed for this purpose, including Optical Stimulated Luminescence (OSL). After a small-scale archaeological campaign, samples from a medieval trading route in the Veluwe area (central Netherlands) on sandy soils have been dated with OSL, in order to compare these with archaeological and historical data of the same route. The absolute datings of tracks of this so-called Harderwijkerweg appeared to correspond largely with the archaeological interpretations and historical sources (datings between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries). The soil profiles also revealed new insights into the diachronical development of the excavated tracks. It was concluded that the combination of archaeological excavation, OSL dating and historical archive research could be a reliable method for the dating and contextualisation of historical roads on Pleistocene sandy soils.
{"title":"Archaeological features and absolute dating of historical road tracks in the North-western European Sand Belt.","authors":"W. Vletter, T. Spek","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2021.1999012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2021.1999012","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It is very difficult to obtain absolute historical datings of road features found at archaeological excavations. Nevertheless, various physical dating methods have been developed for this purpose, including Optical Stimulated Luminescence (OSL). After a small-scale archaeological campaign, samples from a medieval trading route in the Veluwe area (central Netherlands) on sandy soils have been dated with OSL, in order to compare these with archaeological and historical data of the same route. The absolute datings of tracks of this so-called Harderwijkerweg appeared to correspond largely with the archaeological interpretations and historical sources (datings between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries). The soil profiles also revealed new insights into the diachronical development of the excavated tracks. It was concluded that the combination of archaeological excavation, OSL dating and historical archive research could be a reliable method for the dating and contextualisation of historical roads on Pleistocene sandy soils.","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"42 1","pages":"23 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48997699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/01433768.2021.1999017
Jyoti Pandey Sharma
ABSTRACT The article explores the transformation of the Indian subcontinent’s historic gardens as power changed hands from the Mughals to the British, first as the East India Company (henceforth EIC) and subsequently as the Crown, thus altering not only the political scenario but also the subcontinent’s cultural landscape. In the aftermath of the 1857 Indian uprising against colonial rule, the victorious colonial state undertook an urban remodelling programme across the subcontinent’s cities in a bid to stamp its authority. This resulted in the introduction of metropole-inspired forms of urbanity that included leisure. As a cultural import, leisure was spatialised in the subcontinent, like its British counterpart, via the public park. Colonial institutions notably the municipality and Archaeological Survey of India (henceforth ASI) laid out public parks that were referred to as municipal gardens and archaeological gardens respectively. These were either laid out as new ventures or by remodelling Mughal gardens based on metropolitan, notably English garden design ideas. The article argues that colonial interventions transformed Mughal gardens to produce a multi-layered landscape that evoked several but fragmented meanings. Further, it urges an unravelling of the layers of Mughal gardens to appreciate their complexity for charting a holistic approach for their conservation and management. One such venture is examined in detail i.e. the transformation of the seventeenth-century imperial Mughal leisure garden, Hayat Baksh Bagh, in Delhi’s Red Fort, first as a Mughal leisure garden, then as a colonial military space and archaeological garden and finally as a contemporary tourist site. The need to unravel the garden’s many culturally diverse layers is underscored for a more nuanced site interpretation to facilitate its conservation in keeping with contemporary global and national conservation discourses. 1
{"title":"From a Mughal Bagh to a Colonial Archaeological Garden to a UNESCO World Heritage Property and everything else in between: the many lives of Badshah Shahjahan’s Hayat Baksh Bagh","authors":"Jyoti Pandey Sharma","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2021.1999017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2021.1999017","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article explores the transformation of the Indian subcontinent’s historic gardens as power changed hands from the Mughals to the British, first as the East India Company (henceforth EIC) and subsequently as the Crown, thus altering not only the political scenario but also the subcontinent’s cultural landscape. In the aftermath of the 1857 Indian uprising against colonial rule, the victorious colonial state undertook an urban remodelling programme across the subcontinent’s cities in a bid to stamp its authority. This resulted in the introduction of metropole-inspired forms of urbanity that included leisure. As a cultural import, leisure was spatialised in the subcontinent, like its British counterpart, via the public park. Colonial institutions notably the municipality and Archaeological Survey of India (henceforth ASI) laid out public parks that were referred to as municipal gardens and archaeological gardens respectively. These were either laid out as new ventures or by remodelling Mughal gardens based on metropolitan, notably English garden design ideas. The article argues that colonial interventions transformed Mughal gardens to produce a multi-layered landscape that evoked several but fragmented meanings. Further, it urges an unravelling of the layers of Mughal gardens to appreciate their complexity for charting a holistic approach for their conservation and management. One such venture is examined in detail i.e. the transformation of the seventeenth-century imperial Mughal leisure garden, Hayat Baksh Bagh, in Delhi’s Red Fort, first as a Mughal leisure garden, then as a colonial military space and archaeological garden and finally as a contemporary tourist site. The need to unravel the garden’s many culturally diverse layers is underscored for a more nuanced site interpretation to facilitate its conservation in keeping with contemporary global and national conservation discourses. 1","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"42 1","pages":"99 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44414385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/01433768.2021.1999030
J. Bowen
and other middle-class houses. Of course, there would also be fruit trees in cottage gardens but these groups were usually too small to be mapped as a distinct land use. Another type of orchard was linked with large country houses and it is these which are often the best documented, especially in terms of detailed descriptions of the varieties of fruit trees grown. Chapter 2 investigates farmhouse and commercial orchards before the mid-nineteenth century. These were usually about half an acre or an acre in extent, and almost always very close to the farmhouse, allowing owners to keep a close eye on their crops. The book includes several valuable illustrations of these orchards including a detailed map of 1730 of Boxted Farm and its orchard, near Hemel Hempstead, and another Hertfordshire map of 1700 showing hedgerow fruit trees at Flaunden. There is a particularly interesting reconstruction, by Patsy Dallas, of an orchard described by Mary Birkhead at Thwaite, Norfolk, of 1734 showing the large number of varieties grown including Golden Reinet, Old Pearmain, Nonparil and Biefen. In Chapter 3, the authors used the term ‘orchard century’ to label the period 1850–1950 when orchards in Eastern England reached their greatest extent. This is a fascinating chapter which rediscovers Bedfordshire ‘prune country’; this consisted of large orchards of a small dark cooking plum thought to be a variety of damson, which had been grown locally in farm orchards before becoming commercialised. The chapter stresses the importance of county smallholding estates in encouraging the planting of orchards especially after the First World War. The role of individual entrepreneurs such as Alexander Whitehead and his extensive orchards of Cox’s Orange Pippin apples at Cockayne Hatley in Bedfordshire is also brought to life. Later chapters explore orchards associated with country houses and residential institutions, the making of ciders and jams, the modern history of orchards and the role of the commercial nursery industry in the propagation and popularisation of fruit varieties. A highlight of the book is a detailed history of Aspall cider from the arrival of Clement Chevallier from Jersey in 1728 at Aspall Hall near Debenham, to the present day. The book’s evocative cover illustration Fruit Gardens and Orchard is one of John Nash’s 1930 posters produced for the Empire Marketing Board. The volume is beautifully produced by the University of Hertfordshire Press, and has many effective contemporary and historical photographs and maps throughout. Gerry Barnes and Tom Williamson have carefully analysed and synthesised the evidence they have assiduously collected to write an illuminating and thought-provoking book.
{"title":"English Local History: an introduction","authors":"J. Bowen","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2021.1999030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2021.1999030","url":null,"abstract":"and other middle-class houses. Of course, there would also be fruit trees in cottage gardens but these groups were usually too small to be mapped as a distinct land use. Another type of orchard was linked with large country houses and it is these which are often the best documented, especially in terms of detailed descriptions of the varieties of fruit trees grown. Chapter 2 investigates farmhouse and commercial orchards before the mid-nineteenth century. These were usually about half an acre or an acre in extent, and almost always very close to the farmhouse, allowing owners to keep a close eye on their crops. The book includes several valuable illustrations of these orchards including a detailed map of 1730 of Boxted Farm and its orchard, near Hemel Hempstead, and another Hertfordshire map of 1700 showing hedgerow fruit trees at Flaunden. There is a particularly interesting reconstruction, by Patsy Dallas, of an orchard described by Mary Birkhead at Thwaite, Norfolk, of 1734 showing the large number of varieties grown including Golden Reinet, Old Pearmain, Nonparil and Biefen. In Chapter 3, the authors used the term ‘orchard century’ to label the period 1850–1950 when orchards in Eastern England reached their greatest extent. This is a fascinating chapter which rediscovers Bedfordshire ‘prune country’; this consisted of large orchards of a small dark cooking plum thought to be a variety of damson, which had been grown locally in farm orchards before becoming commercialised. The chapter stresses the importance of county smallholding estates in encouraging the planting of orchards especially after the First World War. The role of individual entrepreneurs such as Alexander Whitehead and his extensive orchards of Cox’s Orange Pippin apples at Cockayne Hatley in Bedfordshire is also brought to life. Later chapters explore orchards associated with country houses and residential institutions, the making of ciders and jams, the modern history of orchards and the role of the commercial nursery industry in the propagation and popularisation of fruit varieties. A highlight of the book is a detailed history of Aspall cider from the arrival of Clement Chevallier from Jersey in 1728 at Aspall Hall near Debenham, to the present day. The book’s evocative cover illustration Fruit Gardens and Orchard is one of John Nash’s 1930 posters produced for the Empire Marketing Board. The volume is beautifully produced by the University of Hertfordshire Press, and has many effective contemporary and historical photographs and maps throughout. Gerry Barnes and Tom Williamson have carefully analysed and synthesised the evidence they have assiduously collected to write an illuminating and thought-provoking book.","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":" ","pages":"151 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46454569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/01433768.2021.1999015
S. Law
ABSTRACT Elements of the eighteenth-century water management system at Rufford Abbey, a significant Nottinghamshire estate and once Cistercian monastery, are still visible in its landscape. From estate plans, accounts and correspondence it has been possible to reconstruct an extensive water system developed by Sir George Savile, 7th Baronet, and his estate servants during the baronet’s ownership (1700–1743). This landscape of water was part of a complex demesne landscape encompassing pleasure grounds, spring woods and parkland which fulfilled multiple functions. Central to these was the management of fish. The present paper looks at the many ways in which Sir George improved and extended the fish habitat he inherited and his motives for doing so, weighing them against practices promoted in agricultural treatises of the period. It draws attention to the collaborative nature of this enterprise, involving as it did successive stewards, gardeners, carpenters, at one stage a consultant, and the baronet himself, whose scientific and practical understanding fed into the design process. It concludes that carp husbandry was of enormous significance to the cultural geography and identity of the Rufford Estate in the first half of the eighteenth century and suggests, contrary to prevailing chronologies, that water continued to be managed for the supply of fish well into the eighteenth century.
18世纪的水管理系统在诺丁汉郡重要的庄园和曾经的西多会修道院ruffford Abbey的景观中仍然清晰可见。从遗产规划、账目和信件中，我们可以重建一个广泛的供水系统，该系统是由第七代从男爵乔治·萨维尔爵士(Sir George Savile)和他的庄园仆人在他拥有所有权(1700-1743)期间开发的。这个水景是一个复杂的自留地景观的一部分，包括游乐场、春天的树林和公园，实现了多种功能。其中最重要的是鱼类管理。本文着眼于乔治爵士改善和扩大他继承的鱼类栖息地的许多方法，以及他这样做的动机，并将其与当时农业论文中推广的做法进行权衡。它引起了人们对这个企业的合作性质的关注，因为它涉及到连续的管家，园丁，木匠，在一个阶段的顾问，以及准男爵本人，他们的科学和实用的理解融入了设计过程。它的结论是，在18世纪上半叶，鲤鱼养殖对拉夫福德庄园的文化地理和身份具有巨大的意义，并表明，与流行的年表相反，直到18世纪，水仍在继续管理，以供应鱼类。
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