Pub Date : 1996-03-01DOI: 10.1017/s1752756200593867
S. Edwards, E. Anssems, R. Horrell, P. A. Ness, J. Eddison
Nose ringing of outdoor sows is widely practiced to reduce pasture damage, but may have both short and longer term implications for animal welfare. This study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of different forms of nose ring and the extent of behavioural modification which they caused.Six groups of 5 sows were allocated between three treatments: unrung (U), rung with three traditional boss-rings through the upper rim of the nasal disc (TR) or rung with a single bull-ring through the nasal septum (BR). Groups were placed in adjacent paddocks on undamaged grass leys at a stocking rate of 38 sows/ha. Pasture damage was assessed weekly by measuring proportions of grass, bare earth and overturned earth in 20 half-metre square quadrats per paddock on a fixed sampling pattern.
{"title":"The effect of nose ringing of outdoor sows on foraging behaviour and pasture damage","authors":"S. Edwards, E. Anssems, R. Horrell, P. A. Ness, J. Eddison","doi":"10.1017/s1752756200593867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200593867","url":null,"abstract":"Nose ringing of outdoor sows is widely practiced to reduce pasture damage, but may have both short and longer term implications for animal welfare. This study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of different forms of nose ring and the extent of behavioural modification which they caused.Six groups of 5 sows were allocated between three treatments: unrung (U), rung with three traditional boss-rings through the upper rim of the nasal disc (TR) or rung with a single bull-ring through the nasal septum (BR). Groups were placed in adjacent paddocks on undamaged grass leys at a stocking rate of 38 sows/ha. Pasture damage was assessed weekly by measuring proportions of grass, bare earth and overturned earth in 20 half-metre square quadrats per paddock on a fixed sampling pattern.","PeriodicalId":396702,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134156879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-03-01DOI: 10.1017/s1752756200593156
H. F. Grundy, D. Chapple, K. Wheeler
Recent work on the agronomy and the genetic make-up of a new strain of lupin, which could be grown on almost half the agricultural land in England and Wales, has resulted in improvements in the yield and protein content of lupins. The protein content of lupins, at 37 % of the dry matter, is higher than that of either peas or beans and therefore lupins could be an important source of home-grown protein. There is little information available on the potential of new strains of lupins as a protein source in the feed of ruminants, particularly in conjunction with forage maize.
{"title":"Lupins : Comparison with soya bean as a protein source for young beef cattle","authors":"H. F. Grundy, D. Chapple, K. Wheeler","doi":"10.1017/s1752756200593156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200593156","url":null,"abstract":"Recent work on the agronomy and the genetic make-up of a new strain of lupin, which could be grown on almost half the agricultural land in England and Wales, has resulted in improvements in the yield and protein content of lupins. The protein content of lupins, at 37 % of the dry matter, is higher than that of either peas or beans and therefore lupins could be an important source of home-grown protein. There is little information available on the potential of new strains of lupins as a protein source in the feed of ruminants, particularly in conjunction with forage maize.","PeriodicalId":396702,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134318083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-03-01DOI: 10.1017/s1752756200592102
C. Ferris, F. Gordon, D. C. Patterson, C. Mayne
The genetic merit of the UK dairy herd is increasing rapidly and this trend is likely to continue for the forseeable future. With cows of higher milk yield potential and higher nutrient requirements, feeding systems developed in the past with medium genetic merit animals, may now need to be adapted to meet the needs of high genetic merit animals if nutrition x genotype interactions exist. This would be particularly true to increasing proportion of concentrates in grass silage based diets. This study was undertaken to compare the milk yield responses of high and medium merit dairy cows.
{"title":"The responses of high and medium merit dairy cows to diets differing in grass silage: concentrate ratios, during early lactation","authors":"C. Ferris, F. Gordon, D. C. Patterson, C. Mayne","doi":"10.1017/s1752756200592102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200592102","url":null,"abstract":"The genetic merit of the UK dairy herd is increasing rapidly and this trend is likely to continue for the forseeable future. With cows of higher milk yield potential and higher nutrient requirements, feeding systems developed in the past with medium genetic merit animals, may now need to be adapted to meet the needs of high genetic merit animals if nutrition x genotype interactions exist. This would be particularly true to increasing proportion of concentrates in grass silage based diets. This study was undertaken to compare the milk yield responses of high and medium merit dairy cows.","PeriodicalId":396702,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131483780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-03-01DOI: 10.1017/s1752756200593259
D. Chapple, M. Davies, N. Pickard
The export of live calves to be reared for veal in Continental Europe has raised animal welfare issues for calves transported over long distances for finishing in continental production systems which use veal-crates. Veal production systems which are designed to be welfare-friendly, and do not involve the live export of calves from the UK could help to resolve current consumer objections, and also stimulate an increase in domestic veal production and consumption.To compare the performance and suitability for veal production of three breeds of heifer calves, when reared in the UK on a welfare-friendly veal system.
{"title":"A comparison of breeds for UK veal production","authors":"D. Chapple, M. Davies, N. Pickard","doi":"10.1017/s1752756200593259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200593259","url":null,"abstract":"The export of live calves to be reared for veal in Continental Europe has raised animal welfare issues for calves transported over long distances for finishing in continental production systems which use veal-crates. Veal production systems which are designed to be welfare-friendly, and do not involve the live export of calves from the UK could help to resolve current consumer objections, and also stimulate an increase in domestic veal production and consumption.To compare the performance and suitability for veal production of three breeds of heifer calves, when reared in the UK on a welfare-friendly veal system.","PeriodicalId":396702,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132650996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-03-01DOI: 10.1017/s1752756200593107
M. Araghi, M. Curran, G. Pollott
In 1989, ten Suffolk breeders co-operated to establish a nucleus flock at Wye College. The group is known as the Wye Suffolk Improvement Group (WSIG). The members each contributed 5-10 pedigree ewes to use as the initial nucleus flock. Eighty-nine ewes were delivered to the College by the various participants. The objective of this study was to obtain estimates of the heritabilities of live animal traits, used to improve carcass traits, and phenotypic and genotypic correlation estimates between them in the Suffolk lambs in the south of England.
{"title":"Estimation of genetic parameters in a Suffolk sheep group breeding scheme","authors":"M. Araghi, M. Curran, G. Pollott","doi":"10.1017/s1752756200593107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200593107","url":null,"abstract":"In 1989, ten Suffolk breeders co-operated to establish a nucleus flock at Wye College. The group is known as the Wye Suffolk Improvement Group (WSIG). The members each contributed 5-10 pedigree ewes to use as the initial nucleus flock. Eighty-nine ewes were delivered to the College by the various participants. The objective of this study was to obtain estimates of the heritabilities of live animal traits, used to improve carcass traits, and phenotypic and genotypic correlation estimates between them in the Suffolk lambs in the south of England.","PeriodicalId":396702,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131412843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-03-01DOI: 10.1017/s1752756200593600
J. Wilkinson, J. Hill, C. Livesey, B. A. Stark, M. Curran, I. Lean, J. Hall
Addition of sewage sludge to grassland may be reflected in ingestion of lead by animals with implications for the human food chain. The research reported here was part of a series of experiments conducted to investigate the possible risk to the health of livestock and humans associated with the use of sewage sludge in agriculture. The transfer of several elements to the body tissues of lambs was examined, including that of cadmium, copper, zinc and lead. The results for lead are reported in this paper.Weaned Kent lambs (6/treatment, 20 to 45 kg liveweight) were given dried grass ad libitum (Trial 1, indoor feeding) either as the sole feed (C) or with 100 g/kg DM of one of two soils (CM, sandy -pH 6.18; or RM, a calcareous loam - pH 7.55) which had been amended historically with sewage sludge and which contained 102 (CM) and 130 (RM) mg Pb/kg DM.
{"title":"Sewage sludge as a potential source of lead in liver, kidney and muscle tissues of growing lambs","authors":"J. Wilkinson, J. Hill, C. Livesey, B. A. Stark, M. Curran, I. Lean, J. Hall","doi":"10.1017/s1752756200593600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200593600","url":null,"abstract":"Addition of sewage sludge to grassland may be reflected in ingestion of lead by animals with implications for the human food chain. The research reported here was part of a series of experiments conducted to investigate the possible risk to the health of livestock and humans associated with the use of sewage sludge in agriculture. The transfer of several elements to the body tissues of lambs was examined, including that of cadmium, copper, zinc and lead. The results for lead are reported in this paper.Weaned Kent lambs (6/treatment, 20 to 45 kg liveweight) were given dried grass ad libitum (Trial 1, indoor feeding) either as the sole feed (C) or with 100 g/kg DM of one of two soils (CM, sandy -pH 6.18; or RM, a calcareous loam - pH 7.55) which had been amended historically with sewage sludge and which contained 102 (CM) and 130 (RM) mg Pb/kg DM.","PeriodicalId":396702,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science","volume":"186 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133793699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-03-01DOI: 10.1017/s1752756200592679
D. Pullar, A. Wrathall
Use of the gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue, buserelin has been shown to be effective reducing embryo mortality, by a luteoprotective mechanism, in reproductively normal dairy cows. Drew and Peters, (1991) increased mean pregnancy rates to AI from 53.4 to 65.4% in dairy herds by a buserelin treatment, given 10-12 post service. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether buserelin can also have a beneficial effect on pregnancy rate, in normal and known problem suckler cows.Seventy-eight Hereford x Friesian cows (from 0-4 parities) were used. Forty were considered reproductively normal ('normal' cows) having calved each year from their first season and currently with a 10 week old calf at-foot; while 38 had a history of reproductive disorders ('suspect' cows) and had not calved in the previous 15 months (May 1994 to July 1995).
{"title":"The effect of treatment with a gonadotrophin releasing hormone on the fertility of beef cows","authors":"D. Pullar, A. Wrathall","doi":"10.1017/s1752756200592679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200592679","url":null,"abstract":"Use of the gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue, buserelin has been shown to be effective reducing embryo mortality, by a luteoprotective mechanism, in reproductively normal dairy cows. Drew and Peters, (1991) increased mean pregnancy rates to AI from 53.4 to 65.4% in dairy herds by a buserelin treatment, given 10-12 post service. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether buserelin can also have a beneficial effect on pregnancy rate, in normal and known problem suckler cows.Seventy-eight Hereford x Friesian cows (from 0-4 parities) were used. Forty were considered reproductively normal ('normal' cows) having calved each year from their first season and currently with a 10 week old calf at-foot; while 38 had a history of reproductive disorders ('suspect' cows) and had not calved in the previous 15 months (May 1994 to July 1995).","PeriodicalId":396702,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115360634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-03-01DOI: 10.1017/s1752756200592965
J. Hyslop, G. Stefánsdóttir, D. Cuddeford
Previous work as shown that incubation sequence has no effect on the degradation profile of feeds in the rumen of cattle and sheep. However, compared to the rumen the equine caecum is small, digesta passage rate through it is fast and total digesta volumes can vary widely. Consequently, this experiment examines the effect of bag incubation sequence on degradation co-efficients in situ in the equine caecum.Four caecally fistulated Welsh cross pony geldings (approx LW 250 kg) were offered ad libitum grass hay (DM: 938, CP: 70; NDF: 728) plus 30 g/h/d of a horse mineral supplement. Duplicate incubation bags (monofilament polyester, 6.5 x 20 cm, 41 um pores, 16 mg/cm2 sample size) containing a commercial horse concentrate (DM: 918, CP:151, NDF: 403) were incubated in the caecum for fixed times according to both a forward (0,3,5,16,8,24,48) or reverse (48,24,8,16,5,3,0) incubation sequence.
{"title":"The effect of incubation sequence on in situ degradation of concentrate feed components in the caecum of ponies","authors":"J. Hyslop, G. Stefánsdóttir, D. Cuddeford","doi":"10.1017/s1752756200592965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200592965","url":null,"abstract":"Previous work as shown that incubation sequence has no effect on the degradation profile of feeds in the rumen of cattle and sheep. However, compared to the rumen the equine caecum is small, digesta passage rate through it is fast and total digesta volumes can vary widely. Consequently, this experiment examines the effect of bag incubation sequence on degradation co-efficients in situ in the equine caecum.Four caecally fistulated Welsh cross pony geldings (approx LW 250 kg) were offered ad libitum grass hay (DM: 938, CP: 70; NDF: 728) plus 30 g/h/d of a horse mineral supplement. Duplicate incubation bags (monofilament polyester, 6.5 x 20 cm, 41 um pores, 16 mg/cm2 sample size) containing a commercial horse concentrate (DM: 918, CP:151, NDF: 403) were incubated in the caecum for fixed times according to both a forward (0,3,5,16,8,24,48) or reverse (48,24,8,16,5,3,0) incubation sequence.","PeriodicalId":396702,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124319955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-03-01DOI: 10.1017/s1752756200592564
S. Edwards, D. Fraser
Following on from the previous paper, this paper could be subtitled 'The welfare of the sow, her litter, the stockperson, the farmer and the bank manager'. There are many different considerations involved in assessing a farrowing system and, in some cases, these can lead to conflicting conclusions.As reviewed in the previous paper, the animals have a set of requirements for optimal welfare. For the sow, these include the ability to exhibit certain hormonally regulated behaviour patterns including pre-farrowing ambulation and nest building. For the piglet, although longer term issues of behavioural development exist, the immediate welfare challenge is to stay alive and healthy in a situation fraught with dangers (Fraser, 1990). This requires environmental measures which reduce the likelihood of crushing, hypothermia, starvation and infection. Increasingly, as sow prolificacy has become a goal of genetic selection, it is also dependant on inputs of skilled stockpeople (English, 1993).
{"title":"Options for housing the sow and litter","authors":"S. Edwards, D. Fraser","doi":"10.1017/s1752756200592564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200592564","url":null,"abstract":"Following on from the previous paper, this paper could be subtitled 'The welfare of the sow, her litter, the stockperson, the farmer and the bank manager'. There are many different considerations involved in assessing a farrowing system and, in some cases, these can lead to conflicting conclusions.As reviewed in the previous paper, the animals have a set of requirements for optimal welfare. For the sow, these include the ability to exhibit certain hormonally regulated behaviour patterns including pre-farrowing ambulation and nest building. For the piglet, although longer term issues of behavioural development exist, the immediate welfare challenge is to stay alive and healthy in a situation fraught with dangers (Fraser, 1990). This requires environmental measures which reduce the likelihood of crushing, hypothermia, starvation and infection. Increasingly, as sow prolificacy has become a goal of genetic selection, it is also dependant on inputs of skilled stockpeople (English, 1993).","PeriodicalId":396702,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124563045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-03-01DOI: 10.1017/s1752756200594319
Arg Wylie, J. Mcevoy, P. McGrattan, DJ Devlin
Portal blood flow (PF) is central to the quantitative characterisation of dietary nutrient uptake. Dilution of PAH (p-aminohippurate) is unsuited to rapidly changing flow and visceral studies often use frequent-feeding to encourage “steady-state” digestion and absorption and minimise postprandial PF variation. Such data is of limited value to understanding nutrient flux and visceral responses to conventional feeding (once/twice daily) eg. insulin levels did not differ on similar ME intakes of frequently-fed (12x2h) forage or concentrates (Reynolds and Tyrrell, 1991) whereas in steers fed once daily, insulin was higher (P<0.10) postprandially on a concentrate diet (Thorp et al., 1996). Transit-time ultrasound (TTU) gives real-time, continuous flow but the steer portal vein was regarded as anatomically unsuitable for TTU (Huntington et al., 1990) with PF of less than half those by PAH (20 vs 42ml/min/kg LW). The current study was initiated to monitor temporal PF changes by TTU in steers fed once-daily.
门静脉血流(PF)是定量表征膳食营养摄取的核心。多环芳烃(对氨基马粪酸)的稀释不适合快速变化的流量，内脏研究通常使用频繁喂食来促进“稳态”消化和吸收，并尽量减少餐后PF的变化。这些数据对于理解营养通量和对常规喂养(每天1次/ 2次)的内脏反应的价值有限。在相同代谢能摄入量下，频繁喂食(12x2h)的饲料或精料的胰岛素水平没有差异(Reynolds和Tyrrell, 1991)，而在每天喂食一次的精料饲粮中，餐后胰岛素水平较高(P<0.10) (Thorp等，1996)。瞬时超声(TTU)可提供实时、连续的血流，但从解剖学角度来看，转向门静脉不适合TTU (Huntington等人，1990)，其PF小于PAH的一半(20 vs 42ml/min/kg LW)。目前的研究是为了监测每天喂食一次的牛的时间PF变化。
{"title":"Transit time ultrasound measurement of portal blood flow in cattle","authors":"Arg Wylie, J. Mcevoy, P. McGrattan, DJ Devlin","doi":"10.1017/s1752756200594319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200594319","url":null,"abstract":"Portal blood flow (PF) is central to the quantitative characterisation of dietary nutrient uptake. Dilution of PAH (p-aminohippurate) is unsuited to rapidly changing flow and visceral studies often use frequent-feeding to encourage “steady-state” digestion and absorption and minimise postprandial PF variation. Such data is of limited value to understanding nutrient flux and visceral responses to conventional feeding (once/twice daily) eg. insulin levels did not differ on similar ME intakes of frequently-fed (12x2h) forage or concentrates (Reynolds and Tyrrell, 1991) whereas in steers fed once daily, insulin was higher (P<0.10) postprandially on a concentrate diet (Thorp et al., 1996). Transit-time ultrasound (TTU) gives real-time, continuous flow but the steer portal vein was regarded as anatomically unsuitable for TTU (Huntington et al., 1990) with PF of less than half those by PAH (20 vs 42ml/min/kg LW). The current study was initiated to monitor temporal PF changes by TTU in steers fed once-daily.","PeriodicalId":396702,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114847312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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