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What is scientific knowledge produced by Large Language Models? 大型语言模型产生的科学知识是什么?
Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.17726/philit.2024.1.6
P. N. Baryshnikov
This article examines the nature of scientific knowledge generated by Large Language Models (LLMs) and assesses their impact on scientific discoveries and the philosophy of science. LLMs, such as GPT‑4, are advanced deep learning algorithms capable of performing various natural language processing tasks, including text generation, translation, and data analysis. The study aims to explore how these technologies influence the scientific research process, questioning the classification and validity of AI‑assisted scientific discoveries. The methodology involves a comprehensive review of existing literature on the application of LLMs in various scientific fields, coupled with an analysis of their ethical implications. Key findings highlight the benefits of LLMs, including accelerated research processes, enhanced accuracy, and the ability to integrate interdisciplinary knowledge. However, challenges such as issues of reliability, the ethical responsibility of AI‑generated content, and environmental concerns are also discussed. The paper concludes that while LLMs significantly contribute to scientific advancements, their use necessitates a reevaluation of traditional concepts in the philosophy of science and the establishment of new ethical guidelines to ensure transparency, accountability, and integrity in AI‑assisted research. This balanced approach aims to harness the potential of LLMs while addressing the ethical and practical challenges they present.
本文探讨了大型语言模型(LLM)生成的科学知识的性质,并评估了它们对科学发现和科学哲学的影响。GPT-4 等 LLM 是先进的深度学习算法,能够执行各种自然语言处理任务,包括文本生成、翻译和数据分析。本研究旨在探讨这些技术如何影响科学研究过程,质疑人工智能辅助科学发现的分类和有效性。研究方法包括全面回顾有关 LLM 在各个科学领域应用的现有文献,并分析其伦理意义。主要研究结果强调了 LLMs 的好处,包括加快研究进程、提高准确性和整合跨学科知识的能力。不过,论文也讨论了一些挑战,如可靠性问题、人工智能生成内容的伦理责任以及环境问题。本文的结论是,尽管 LLM 对科学进步做出了重大贡献,但使用 LLM 需要重新评估科学哲学中的传统概念,并制定新的伦理准则,以确保人工智能辅助研究的透明度、问责制和完整性。这种平衡的方法旨在利用 LLMs 的潜力,同时应对它们带来的伦理和实际挑战。
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引用次数: 0
A new way of finding analogues as an opportunity to study language, thinking and build artificial intelligence systems 寻找类比的新方法是研究语言、思维和构建人工智能系统的契机
Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.17726/philit.2024.1.5
A. B. Khomyakov, P. Chizhik
The article presents a new method for obtaining analogues of words, characterized by simplicity and the absence of the need for preliminary training on large data as in existing methods. In the method under study, analogues are determined by their syntactic predicates using methods of distributive semantics. In the study, analogues of adjectives, nouns and verbs were obtained and analyzed. This made it possible to obtain a result that is not inferior to the results obtained using the most popular neural network approach as word2vec when qualitatively comparing analogues. The demonstrated method shows that obtaining analogues is possible using methods of distributive semantics using a more interpretable method, which opens up the possibility of studying semantic analogy. This method also allows you to identify analogues on a specific topic. Based on the experimental results obtained, an original definition of analogues and cognitive schemes is formulated. The article also analyzes and substantiates the possibility of a new approach for creating artificial intelligence systems based on the researched method. According to the authors, this provides significant advantages for the creation of such systems. In particular, the proposed method allows for broader generalizations over orders of magnitude smaller data, as well as learning during use, which is not possible for neural networks.
文章介绍了一种获取词语类比的新方法,这种方法的特点是简单,而且不像现有方法那样需要对大量数据进行初步训练。在所研究的方法中,类比词是通过句法谓词使用分配语义学方法确定的。在研究中,获得并分析了形容词、名词和动词的类比。因此,在对类比进行定性比较时,所获得的结果并不亚于使用最流行的神经网络方法 word2vec 所获得的结果。所演示的方法表明,使用分配语义学的方法可以获得类比结果,而使用的方法更具可解释性,这为研究语义类比提供了可能性。这种方法还可以识别特定主题的类比。基于所获得的实验结果,文章对类比和认知方案进行了原创性定义。文章还分析并论证了基于该研究方法创建人工智能系统的新方法的可能性。作者认为,这为创建此类系统提供了显著优势。特别是,所提出的方法可以对数量级更小的数据进行更广泛的归纳,并在使用过程中进行学习,而这是神经网络无法做到的。
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引用次数: 0
Quantitative analysis of olfactory vocabulary based on the example of Russian, English and German languages 以俄语、英语和德语为例,对嗅觉词汇进行定量分析
Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.17726/philit.2024.1.2
L. A. Bukreeva, L. Velis
In this research work, an analysis of collocations associated with the concepts of “smell”, “aroma”, “stench” and “stench” in the Russian and English languages was carried out using quantitative methods and automatic language processing on the basis of the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NCRL), corpus English (COCA) and the Mannheim Corpus for German. The obtained statistical indicators make it possible to identify the peculiarities of the use of adjectives, verbs and nouns that reflect the attitude to olfactory experience in English, Russian and German. The results allow us to compare descriptions of odors in different cultures and identify trends in the assessment of olfactory impressions. Patterns in the compatibility of olfactory vocabulary also indicate the tendency of keywords to acquire a positive or negative emotional connotation due to collocates.
在这项研究工作中,以俄语国家语料库(NCRL)、英语语料库(COCA)和德语曼海姆语料库为基础,采用定量方法和自动语言处理技术,对俄语和英语中与 "嗅觉"、"香气"、"臭气 "和 "恶臭 "概念相关的搭配进行了分析。所获得的统计指标使我们有可能确定英语、俄语和德语中反映嗅觉体验态度的形容词、动词和名词使用的特殊性。通过这些结果,我们可以比较不同文化中对气味的描述,并确定嗅觉印象评估的趋势。嗅觉词汇的兼容性模式也表明了关键词因同义词而获得积极或消极情感内涵的趋势。
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引用次数: 0
The mapping of social networks and computer technology in the star wars universe in 1977-2023: a historical retrospective 1977-2023 年星球大战宇宙中社交网络和计算机技术的映射:历史回顾
Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.17726/philit.2024.1.1
K. V. Kasparyan, M. Rutkovskaya, I. N. Kolesnikov
This article is devoted to the study of the specific features of the display of social networks and computer technologies in the late 70s of the XX – early 20s of the XXI century in the fantastic Star Wars universe created by American filmmaker D. Lucas. In this scientific work, the authors argue for the relevance and scientific novelty of the problem under consideration. The study examines the peculiarities of the influence of social networks and computer technologies in modern conditions. The article provides a justification for the need to analyze the reflection of this issue in fantasy art as an auxiliary factor in the development of the prognostic function of science. This paper provides a reasoned explanation of the choice of the Star Wars universe as an object of research, taking into account its importance in the fantasy genre, as well as in order to refute stereotypes according to which Star Wars is a collection of entertainment materials in which there is completely no semantic load. The authors analyze the fundamental differences in the coverage of the studied problem in such genres of art as literature and cinema in the context of Star Wars. The article examines the features of the evolution of the display of cybernetic technologies and communication network platforms in the Star Wars universe in the mid‑1970s – early 2020s, as a reflection of the real development of scientific and technological progress, as well as an example of the impact of political, socio‑economic and moral factors on the use of online platforms and computer technology during the period under study. In this article, using the example of the Star Wars universe, the features of the transformation of the role of specialists in the field of high technology through the prism of the attitude of artists to them – more specifically, writers and cinematographers – are also considered. The article also examines the moral and ethical aspect of the use of computer technology and social networks, considered by artists who have made a significant contribution to the development of the fantastic epic of Star Wars.
本文致力于研究二十世纪七十年代末至二十一世纪初美国电影导演卢卡斯(D. Lucas)创作的奇幻《星球大战》宇宙中社交网络和计算机技术的具体展示特征。在这部科学著作中,作者论证了所研究问题的相关性和科学新颖性。该研究探讨了现代条件下社会网络和计算机技术影响的特殊性。文章论证了在幻想艺术中分析反映这一问题的必要性,认为幻想艺术是发展科学预言功能的辅助因素。考虑到《星球大战》宇宙在奇幻流派中的重要性,本文对选择《星球大战》宇宙作为研究对象做出了合理解释,同时也是为了驳斥那些认为《星球大战》是一个完全没有语义负载的娱乐素材集的刻板印象。作者以《星球大战》为背景,分析了所研究的问题在文学和电影等艺术流派中涵盖范围的根本差异。文章研究了 20 世纪 70 年代中期至 20 世纪 20 年代初《星球大战》宇宙中网络技术和通信网络平台的展示演变特点,以此反映科技进步的真实发展,并举例说明研究期间政治、社会经济和道德因素对网络平台和计算机技术使用的影响。本文还以《星球大战》宇宙为例,通过艺术家(更具体地说是作家和电影摄影师)对高科技领域的态度这一棱镜,探讨了高科技领域专家角色转变的特点。文章还探讨了计算机技术和社交网络的使用所涉及的道德和伦理问题,这些问题是那些为《星球大战》这部奇幻史诗的发展做出了重要贡献的艺术家们所考虑的。
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引用次数: 0
The Concept of Recursion in Cognitive Studies. Part I: From Mathematics to Cognition 认知研究中的递归概念。第一部分:从数学到认知
Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.17726/philit.2024.1.4
I. F. Mikhailov
The paper discusses different approaches to the concept of recursion and its evolution from mathematics to cognitive studies. Such approaches are observed as: self‑embedded structures, multiple hierarchical levels using the same rule, and embedding structures within structures. The paper also discusses the concept of meta‑recursion. Examining meta‑recursion may enable understanding of the ability to apply recursive processes to multilayered hierarchies, with recursive procedures acting as generators. These types of recursive processes could be the fundamental elements of general cognition. The paper also briefly discusses the role of probability in current recursive approaches to cognition. It is conjenctured that the hierarchical mechanism of cognition demonstrates a kind of meta‑recursion in the sense that recursive neural loops may support some primitive recursive cognitive processes, which in turn account for recursiveness of language grammars, space orientation, social cognition, etc. The study indicates that using multiple approaches to understand the phenomenon of recursion can provide a more complete understanding of the complexity of recursion, as it plays a significant role in fields like language, mathematics, and cognitive science.
本文讨论了递归概念的不同方法及其从数学到认知研究的演变。这些方法包括:自嵌结构、使用相同规则的多层次结构以及结构内嵌结构。本文还讨论了元递归的概念。通过研究元递归,可以了解将递归过程应用于多层次层次结构的能力,而递归过程则充当生成器。这些类型的递归过程可能是一般认知的基本要素。本文还简要讨论了概率在当前递归认知方法中的作用。论文认为,认知的层次机制展示了一种元递归,即递归神经环路可能支持一些原始的递归认知过程,而这些过程又反过来解释了语言语法、空间定向、社会认知等的递归性。研究表明,使用多种方法来理解递归现象,可以更全面地了解递归的复杂性,因为递归在语言、数学和认知科学等领域发挥着重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Large language models and their role in modern scientific discoveries 大型语言模型及其在现代科学发现中的作用
Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.17726/philit.2024.1.3
V. Y. Filimonov
Today, large language models are very powerful, informational and analytical tools that significantly accelerate most of the existing methods and methodologies for processing informational processes. Scientific information is of particular importance in this capacity, which gradually involves the power of large language models. This interaction of science and qualitative new opportunities for working with information lead us to new, unique scientific discoveries, their great quantitative diversity. There is an acceleration of scientific research, a reduction in the time spent on its implementation – the freed up time can be spent both on solving new scientific problems and on scientific creativity, which, although it may not necessarily lead to a specific solution to a particular scientific problem, but is able to demonstrate the beauty of science in various disciplinary areas. As a result, the interaction of large language models and scientific information is at the same time a research for solutions to scientific problems, scientific problems, and scientific creativity. Solving scientific problems requires the ability to efficiently process big data, which cannot be done without an effective method – one of the significant methods was the Transformer architecture, introduced in 2017 and comprehensively integrated into the GPT‑3 model, which, as of September 2020, was the largest and most advanced language model in the world. Therefore, GPT‑3 can be called the basis of most scientific developments carried out in the context of using large language models. The interaction of science and large language models has become a factor in the emergence of a large number of questions, among which are: «Is the result of data analysis new knowledge?», «What are the prospects for scientific creativity in the era of big computing?». Currently, these issues are extremely important, because they allow us to develop the foundations for effective human‑computer interaction. Therefore, this study analyzes the issues presented.
如今,大型语言模型是非常强大的信息和分析工具,它大大加快了处理信息过程的大多数现有方法和方法论。在这方面,科学信息尤为重要,它逐渐涉及到大型语言模型的力量。科学与处理信息的定性新机遇之间的这种互动,使我们获得了新的、独特的科学发现及其巨大的定量多样性。科学研究的速度加快了,用于实施研究的时间减少了--腾出的时间既可以用于解决新的科学问题,也可以用于科学创造,虽然不一定能找到特定科学问题的具体解决方案,但却能在各个学科领域展示科学之美。因此,大语言模型与科学信息的互动同时也是对科学问题解决方案、科学问题和科学创造力的研究。解决科学问题需要高效处理大数据的能力,而高效处理大数据离不开有效的方法--其中一个重要方法就是2017年推出的Transformer架构,并全面集成到GPT-3模型中,截至2020年9月,GPT-3是世界上最大、最先进的语言模型。因此,GPT-3 可以说是在使用大型语言模型背景下进行的大多数科学发展的基础。科学与大型语言模型的互动已成为大量问题出现的一个因素,其中包括"数据分析的结果是新知识吗?"、"在大计算时代,科学创造力的前景如何?目前,这些问题极为重要,因为它们使我们能够为有效的人机交互奠定基础。因此,本研究对提出的问题进行了分析。
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引用次数: 0
Neural network methods for vowel classification in the vocalic systems with the [ATR] (Advanced Tongue Root) contrast 使用[ATR](高级舌根)对比在发声系统中进行元音分类的神经网络方法
Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.17726/philit.2023.2.4
N. V. Makeeva
The paper aims to discuss the results of testing a neural network which classifies the vowels of the vocalic system with the [ATR] (Advanced Tongue Root) contrast based on the data of Akebu (Kwa family). The acoustic nature of the [ATR] feature is yet understudied. The only reliable acoustic correlate of [ATR] is the magnitude of the first formant (F1) which can be also modulated by tongue height, resulting in significant overlap between high [-ATR] vowels and mid [+ATR] vowels. Other acoustic metrics which had been associated with the [ATR], such as F1 bandwidth (B1), relative intensity of F1 to F2 (A1-A2), etc., are typically inconsistent across vowel types and speakers. The values of four metrics – F1, F2, A1-A2, B1 – were used for training and testing the neural network. We tested four versions of the model differing in the presence of the fifth variable encoding the speaker and the number of hidden layers. The models which included the variable encoding the speaker achieved slightly higher accuracy, whereas the precision and recall metrics of the three-layer model were generally higher than those with two hidden layers.
本文旨在讨论基于 Akebu(Kwa 语系)数据对神经网络进行测试的结果,该网络利用 [ATR](高级舌根)对比对发声系统的元音进行分类。ATR]特征的声学性质尚未得到充分研究。与[ATR]声学相关的唯一可靠指标是第一共振(F1)的大小,它也会受到舌高的调节,从而导致高[-ATR]元音和中[+ATR]元音之间的显著重叠。其他与[ATR]相关的声学指标,如 F1 带宽(B1)、F1 与 F2 的相对强度(A1-A2)等,在不同元音类型和说话者之间通常是不一致的。F1、F2、A1-A2、B1 这四个指标的值被用于训练和测试神经网络。我们测试了四种不同版本的模型,它们的区别在于是否存在编码说话人的第五个变量以及隐藏层的数量。包含对说话者进行编码的变量的模型准确率略高,而三层模型的精确度和召回率指标则普遍高于有两个隐藏层的模型。
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引用次数: 0
Emotional intelligence and the second language acquisition in virtual learning environment 情商与虚拟学习环境中的第二语言学习
Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.17726/philit.2023.2.1
N. V. Bhatti
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences has been further developed to focus on the research of human cognitive activities. Thus, the concept of emotional intelligence, which is the topic of the current paper, was introduced by John D. Mayer, Peter Salovey and ‎Daniel Goleman. General intelligence can be defined as the capacity to carry out abstract reasoning to understand meanings, to recognize the similarities and differences between two concepts and to make generalizations. Emotional intelligence is not a part of general intelligence. Emotional intelligence can be defined as an ability of a human to perceive oneself and interact with others with the help of obtained and processed emotional information. Language acquisition is mediated by the necessity to communicate with others. Consequently, the ability to manage the process of communication is of utmost importance in learning a language. Virtual learning environment reduces dramatically the immediate interaction of the participants of the process of education. It undoubtedly affects the process of acquisition and demands to reconsider the distribution of different learning activities.
加德纳的多元智能理论得到了进一步的发展,侧重于人类认知活动的研究。因此,情商的概念,也就是本文的主题,是由约翰?梅尔(John D. Mayer)、彼得-萨洛维(Peter Salovey)和丹尼尔-戈尔曼(Daniel Goleman)提出的。一般智力可以定义为进行抽象推理以理解含义、识别两个概念之间的异同和进行概括的能力。情商不是一般智力的一部分。情商可以定义为人借助获得和处理的情感信息来认识自己和与他人互动的能力。语言的习得是以与他人交流的必要性为中介的。因此,管理交流过程的能力对语言学习至关重要。虚拟学习环境大大减少了教育过程参与者之间的直接互动。这无疑会影响学习过程,并要求重新考虑不同学习活动的分配。
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引用次数: 0
Artificial Intelligence and Emotions 人工智能与情感
Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.17726/philit.2023.2.3
M. N. Korsakova-Krein
The development of the mind follows the path of biological evolution towards the accumulation and transmission of information with increasing efficiency. In addition to the cognitive constants of speech (Solntsev, 1974), which greatly improved the transmission of information, people have created computing devices, from the abacus to the quantum computer. The capabilities of computers classified as artificial intelligence are developing at a rapid pace. However, at the present stage, artificial intelligence (AI) lacks an emotion module, and this makes AI fundamentally different from human intelligence, since the life of the mind in humans cannot be separated from their feelings (Damasio, 2010; Panksepp, 1997). Consciousness itself is formed through the sensory and motor systems, that is, it is embodied (Foglia & Wilson, 2013), which means that our mental life is inseparable from our sensory motor experience (Wellsby & Pexman, 2014). Evolutionarily, our minds rely on ancient survival mechanisms that influence our decisions and choices. Hence, for example, the question whether the choice of Artificial Intelligence will always be favorable for humanity.
思维的发展遵循着生物进化的轨迹,以越来越高的效率积累和传递信息。除了语言的认知常量(索伦采夫,1974 年)极大地提高了信息传输效率之外,人们还创造了从算盘到量子计算机的计算设备。被归类为人工智能的计算机能力正在飞速发展。然而,现阶段的人工智能(AI)缺乏情感模块,这使得人工智能与人类智能有着本质的区别,因为人类的思维生活离不开情感(达马西奥,2010;潘克塞普,1997)。意识本身是通过感觉和运动系统形成的,也就是说,它是具身的(Foglia & Wilson, 2013),这意味着我们的精神生活与我们的感觉运动体验密不可分(Wellsby & Pexman, 2014)。在进化过程中,我们的思维依赖于古老的生存机制,这些机制影响着我们的决策和选择。因此,举例来说,人工智能的选择是否永远对人类有利,就是一个问题。
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引用次数: 0
Mind, body, intelligence amd language in the era of cognitive technologies. Brief overview of the MBIL 2023 conference 认知技术时代的心灵、身体、智能和语言。MBIL 2023 会议简介
Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.17726/philit.2023.2.10
P. N. Baryshnikov
Science as a social institution today is experiencing a phase of profound transformation. Objects, methods, research technological tools, methods of institutional communication and mechanisms for commercializing new knowledge are changing. The creation of new interdisciplinary communication platforms is more relevant today than ever before. This review pro[1]vides key information about the First Conference «Mind, Body, Intelligence, Language in the Age of Cognitive Technologies». The organizers created an event that brought together IT developers, academic researchers, and business representatives.
今天,科学作为一种社会制度正在经历深刻的变革。研究对象、方法、研究技术工具、机构交流方法和新知识商业化机制都在发生变化。今天,创建新的跨学科交流平台比以往任何时候都更具现实意义。本评论提供了有关第一届 "认知技术时代的心灵、身体、智能和语言 "会议的重要信息。主办方举办了一场汇聚信息技术开发人员、学术研究人员和企业代表的盛会。
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引用次数: 0
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Philosophical Problems of IT & Cyberspace (PhilIT&C)
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