Background African countries face multiple developmental, economic, social and industrial transformation hurdles, especially in the era of sustainable development and sensitivity to environmental damage. As late-comer industrialisers, there is some catching up to do, but they need to navigate complex, international, legal and institutional agreements that early industrialisers did not face. Given the environmental concerns, it is not surprising that the development thrusts encouraged are in agriculture and not in heavy industry. At the same time, many African countries are grappling food security, rural–urban and cross-border migration, and social, economic with industrial transformation challenges (Mkandawire 2001; Bruijn, Van Dijk and Foeken 2001; Diop 2008; Tsikata 2009; Patnaik, Moyo and Shivji 2011; Sall et al. 2011; Cheru and Modi 2013; Hall, Scoones and Tsikata 2015; Cross and Cliffe 2017; Bredeloup 2015; Jha, Chambati and Ossome 2021; Adesina 2021). This special issue brings together a broad range of papers exploring some of the myriad complexities faced by African countries. It focuses on Senegal and Zimbabwe, a western and a southern Africa country. The choice of countries was purposive as the editors had active networks in Zimbabwe and Senegal, and bringing together two...
{"title":"Introduction: Agrarian Change, Food Security, Migration and Sustainable Development in Senegal and Zimbabwe","authors":"Rama Salla Dieng, Geoffrey Banda, W. Chambati","doi":"10.57054/ad.v47i3.2671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i3.2671","url":null,"abstract":"Background \u0000African countries face multiple developmental, economic, social and industrial transformation hurdles, especially in the era of sustainable development and sensitivity to environmental damage. As late-comer industrialisers, there is some catching up to do, but they need to navigate complex, international, legal and institutional agreements that early industrialisers did not face. Given the environmental concerns, it is not surprising that the development thrusts encouraged are in agriculture and not in heavy industry. At the same time, many African countries are grappling food security, rural–urban and cross-border migration, and social, economic with industrial transformation challenges (Mkandawire 2001; Bruijn, Van Dijk and Foeken 2001; Diop 2008; Tsikata 2009; Patnaik, Moyo and Shivji 2011; Sall et al. 2011; Cheru and Modi 2013; Hall, Scoones and Tsikata 2015; Cross and Cliffe 2017; Bredeloup 2015; Jha, Chambati and Ossome 2021; Adesina 2021). This special issue brings together a broad range of papers exploring some of the myriad complexities faced by African countries. It focuses on Senegal and Zimbabwe, a western and a southern Africa country. The choice of countries was purposive as the editors had active networks in Zimbabwe and Senegal, and bringing together two...","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41583110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the adoption of Staple Crops Processing Zones (SCPZs) and Agro- Processing Zones (APZs) by Western countries and Asia, it is time for Zimbabwe to follow suit in order to address food insecurity challenges that the country has been facing since the year 2000. This article examines the possibility, rationality, utility, practicality and mechanics of designing and implementing SCPZs in Zimbabwe’s identified agro-processing nodes in order to boost and integrate food productivity, processing and marketing whilst restoring local food systems. Methodologically, the study utilises secondary data sources, drawing comparisons and valuable lessons from cases of successful SCPZs implementation in Europe, China and Asia. The agricultural development theory provides the theoretical framework that anchors the study, whilst the SCPZs as well as the food security rural-urban migration nexus constitute the conceptual frames of analysis. The research findings suggest that although there are multiple threats to food security in Zimbabwe, the adoption and implementation of SCPZs equally present significant opportunities for boosting food security and restoring local food systems through value chain developments. The study findings are key in informing the format, structure, design and operational modalities of SCPZs as a strategy for boosting food security and restoring local food systems in Zimbabwe.
{"title":"Staple Crops Processing Zones, Food Security and Restoration of Local Food Systems in Zimbabwe","authors":"Clayton Hazvinei Vhumbunu","doi":"10.57054/ad.v47i3.2680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i3.2680","url":null,"abstract":"With the adoption of Staple Crops Processing Zones (SCPZs) and Agro- Processing Zones (APZs) by Western countries and Asia, it is time for Zimbabwe to follow suit in order to address food insecurity challenges that the country has been facing since the year 2000. This article examines the possibility, rationality, utility, practicality and mechanics of designing and implementing SCPZs in Zimbabwe’s identified agro-processing nodes in order to boost and integrate food productivity, processing and marketing whilst restoring local food systems. Methodologically, the study utilises secondary data sources, drawing comparisons and valuable lessons from cases of successful SCPZs implementation in Europe, China and Asia. The agricultural development theory provides the theoretical framework that anchors the study, whilst the SCPZs as well as the food security rural-urban migration nexus constitute the conceptual frames of analysis. The research findings suggest that although there are multiple threats to food security in Zimbabwe, the adoption and implementation of SCPZs equally present significant opportunities for boosting food security and restoring local food systems through value chain developments. The study findings are key in informing the format, structure, design and operational modalities of SCPZs as a strategy for boosting food security and restoring local food systems in Zimbabwe. ","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43695571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Serious inequalities in asset distribution in many developing countries consistently remain a key driver of household food insecurity, high unemployment, poverty and, ultimately, rural outmigration. Yet, the employment-retaining capacity of agriculture and its counter to rural-urban, including international, migration has been proven in many contexts. The 2000 land reform programme in Zimbabwe saw between 12 and18 per cent of women gaining access to land in their own right. Using a transformative social policy approach, the article explores the extent to which land reform as a social policy instrument enhanced household food security and rural incomes and opened new employment opportunities for beneficiaries relative to non-land reform beneficiary households. Highlighting the migration-social-policy nexus, I argue for land reform as a restraint to not only rural-urban but also international migration. Data gathered through a mixed methods ethnographic approach, combining in-depth interviews and surveys, and analysed using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, indicates that access to agricultural land and water can not only reduce but reverse rural to urban, including economically driven, international, migration. This suggests that continuous agrarianisation, in the Zimbabwean context, remains one plausible pathway to tackle the triple challenges of household food insecurity, unemployment and rural outmigration.
{"title":"The Food Security, Employment and Migration Nexus in Zimbabwe Post-land Reform: A Gender Perspective","authors":"Newman Tekwa","doi":"10.57054/ad.v47i3.2681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i3.2681","url":null,"abstract":"Serious inequalities in asset distribution in many developing countries consistently remain a key driver of household food insecurity, high unemployment, poverty and, ultimately, rural outmigration. Yet, the employment-retaining capacity of agriculture and its counter to rural-urban, including international, migration has been proven in many contexts. The 2000 land reform programme in Zimbabwe saw between 12 and18 per cent of women gaining access to land in their own right. Using a transformative social policy approach, the article explores the extent to which land reform as a social policy instrument enhanced household food security and rural incomes and opened new employment opportunities for beneficiaries relative to non-land reform beneficiary households. Highlighting the migration-social-policy nexus, I argue for land reform as a restraint to not only rural-urban but also international migration. Data gathered through a mixed methods ethnographic approach, combining in-depth interviews and surveys, and analysed using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, indicates that access to agricultural land and water can not only reduce but reverse rural to urban, including economically driven, international, migration. This suggests that continuous agrarianisation, in the Zimbabwean context, remains one plausible pathway to tackle the triple challenges of household food insecurity, unemployment and rural outmigration.","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45948232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdou Kadry Mané, Ibrahima Diombaty, Ndèye Sokhna Cissé, I. Bâ, E. H. B. Ba, Mouhamadou Mountaga Diallo
La mobilité transfrontalière a toujours été une ressource qu’utilise la population en vue d’améliorer ses conditions de vie. L’exploitation de la culture d’anacarde dans le Fogny-Kombo, est, au-delà d’une stratégie d’adaptation aux aléas climatiques et de reconstruction d’un territoire balkanisé, un phénomène d’illustration de la relation mobilité/sécurité alimentaire. Le cumul des facteurs naturels (rareté des pluies, la salinisation des terres) et socio anthropique (le fort taux de scolarisation et d’exode rural) ont rendu impossible le développement des cultures céréalières et arachidières. Dans ce contexte, grâce à la filière anacarde, la population du Fogny-Komboarrive à une sécurité alimentaire. En réalité, les mobilités transfrontalières constituent un facteur essentiel du grand essor de cette arboriculture, garant d’un équilibre alimentaire. Pour analyser la relation sécurité alimentaire/mobilité transfrontalière dans le Fogny-Kombo, une méthodologie mixte à la fois qualitative et le quantitative est convoquée. Ainsi, au-delà de la littérature, 50 producteurs ont été mobilisés pour répondre au guide d’entretien semi-directif. Le résultat tiré de cet exercice montre une relation réelle entre les mobilités transfrontalières et le développement de la filière anacarde, source de sécurité alimentaire en Fogny-Kombo.
{"title":"Les dynamiques transfrontalières et la sécurité alimentaire au Sénégal : la filière anacarde dans le Fogny-Kombo (Commune de Kataba 1)","authors":"Abdou Kadry Mané, Ibrahima Diombaty, Ndèye Sokhna Cissé, I. Bâ, E. H. B. Ba, Mouhamadou Mountaga Diallo","doi":"10.57054/ad.v47i3.2674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i3.2674","url":null,"abstract":" La mobilité transfrontalière a toujours été une ressource qu’utilise la population en vue d’améliorer ses conditions de vie. L’exploitation de la culture d’anacarde dans le Fogny-Kombo, est, au-delà d’une stratégie d’adaptation aux aléas climatiques et de reconstruction d’un territoire balkanisé, un phénomène d’illustration de la relation mobilité/sécurité alimentaire. Le cumul des facteurs naturels (rareté des pluies, la salinisation des terres) et socio anthropique (le fort taux de scolarisation et d’exode rural) ont rendu impossible le développement des cultures céréalières et arachidières. Dans ce contexte, grâce à la filière anacarde, la population du Fogny-Komboarrive à une sécurité alimentaire. En réalité, les mobilités transfrontalières constituent un facteur essentiel du grand essor de cette arboriculture, garant d’un équilibre alimentaire. Pour analyser la relation sécurité alimentaire/mobilité transfrontalière dans le Fogny-Kombo, une méthodologie mixte à la fois qualitative et le quantitative est convoquée. Ainsi, au-delà de la littérature,\u000050 producteurs ont été mobilisés pour répondre au guide d’entretien semi-directif. Le résultat tiré de cet exercice montre une relation réelle entre les mobilités transfrontalières et le développement de la filière anacarde, source de sécurité alimentaire en Fogny-Kombo. ","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45442400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Senegal, the growth of horticulture has been particularly rapid in the last decade or so, partly coinciding with the 2007–2008 ‘land rush’ and a boom in agricultural investment. This article analyses the implications of the rise in foreign direct investment (FDI) in the horticultural sector in northern Senegal. Specifically, it examines FDI’s effects on labour migration and the social reproduction of rural classes of labour through an intersectional feminist and gendered lens. It argues that invisibilised ‘care chains’ that overly burden women, and communities of solidarities, play a crucial role in the social reproduction of horticultural workers, most specifically migrant workers, and provide a subsidy to agrarian capital. Yet, capitalist development does not always translate to better wages and more inclusive laws and policies for horticultural wage workers and providers of caring labour who are adversely incorporated in these political economies. As a result, this requires further attention from policy-makers and political leaders. Using a combination of working-life histories and survey data gathered through two rounds of fieldwork over two years, and secondary data from relevant databases, this article focuses on the River Valley Region and Louga to analyse the emerging challenges of labour migration, social reproduction and caring labour in rural Senegal.
{"title":"‘Adversely Incorporated yet Moving up the Social Ladder?’: Labour Migrants Shifting the Gaze from Agricultural Investment Chains to ‘Care Chains’ in Capitalist Social Reproduction in Senegal","authors":"Rama Salla Dieng","doi":"10.57054/ad.v47i3.2678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i3.2678","url":null,"abstract":"In Senegal, the growth of horticulture has been particularly rapid in the last decade or so, partly coinciding with the 2007–2008 ‘land rush’ and a boom in agricultural investment. This article analyses the implications of the rise in foreign direct investment (FDI) in the horticultural sector in northern Senegal. Specifically, it examines FDI’s effects on labour migration and the social reproduction of rural classes of labour through an intersectional feminist and gendered lens. It argues that invisibilised ‘care chains’ that overly burden women, and communities of solidarities, play a crucial role in the social reproduction of horticultural workers, most specifically migrant workers, and provide a subsidy to agrarian capital. Yet, capitalist development does not always translate to better wages and more inclusive laws and policies for horticultural wage workers and providers of caring labour who are adversely incorporated in these political economies. As a result, this requires further attention from policy-makers and political leaders. Using a combination of working-life histories and survey data gathered through two rounds of fieldwork over two years, and secondary data from relevant databases, this article focuses on the River Valley Region and Louga to analyse the emerging challenges of labour migration, social reproduction and caring labour in rural Senegal. ","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43839074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Le Sénégal, pays sahélien, est confronté aux conséquences néfastes de la variabilité climatique du fait de son économie essentiellement agricole très tributaire des conditions climatiques. Ce phénomène se répercute immanquablement sur la production agricole et l’économie, compromettant ainsi la sécurité alimentaire. Dans la région de Matam, le changement climatique est une menace sensible et plusieurs faits l’illustrent : la baisse de la pluviométrie, des pluies plus intenses et de plus courte durée, une augmentation de la température, etc. Les impacts négatifs sont également multiples : désertification, perte des terres arables et de pâturage, réduction de la disponibilité de l’eau pour les activités productrices. L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser l’impact de la variabilité climatique dans la région et les différentes stratégies de résilience développées par la population pour y faire face. La méthodologie adoptée consiste d’abord à analyser la variabilité interannuelle ainsi que le caractère aride de la zone. Puis la méthode aléatoire simple a été utilisée pour effectuer l’enquête diagnostique relative à la résilience des activités agropastorales. Les résultats ont montré l’irrégularité interannuelle des précipitations et confirment le caractère aride de la région impactant sur les rendements agricoles et sur le couvert végétal. Les résultats ont également montré que l’agriculture reste en grande partie extensive et marquée par la poussée de la riziculture irriguée, avec un début de modernisation
{"title":"Résilience à la variabilité climatique et perspectives des activités agropastorales dans la région de Matam, nord du Sénégal","authors":"Djibrirou Daouda Ba, Tégaye Diop","doi":"10.57054/ad.v47i3.2673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i3.2673","url":null,"abstract":"Le Sénégal, pays sahélien, est confronté aux conséquences néfastes de la variabilité climatique du fait de son économie essentiellement agricole très tributaire des conditions climatiques. Ce phénomène se répercute immanquablement sur la production agricole et l’économie, compromettant ainsi la sécurité alimentaire. Dans la région de Matam, le changement climatique est une menace sensible et plusieurs faits l’illustrent : la baisse de la pluviométrie, des pluies plus intenses et de plus courte durée, une augmentation de la température, etc. Les impacts négatifs sont également multiples : désertification, perte des terres arables et de pâturage, réduction de la disponibilité de l’eau pour les activités productrices. L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser l’impact de la variabilité climatique dans la région et les différentes stratégies de résilience développées par la population pour y faire face. La méthodologie adoptée consiste d’abord à analyser la variabilité interannuelle ainsi que le caractère aride de la zone. Puis la méthode aléatoire simple a été utilisée pour effectuer l’enquête diagnostique relative à la résilience des activités agropastorales. Les résultats ont montré l’irrégularité interannuelle des précipitations et confirment le caractère aride de la région impactant sur les rendements agricoles et sur le couvert végétal. Les résultats ont également montré que l’agriculture reste en grande partie extensive et marquée par la poussée de la riziculture irriguée, avec un début de modernisation ","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43346090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Zimbabwe, persistent political and economic problems have instigated and exacerbated food insecurity over the past two decades. Low food production, combined with high levels of inflation, a stagnating economy and increasing food prices, have worsened the plight of consumers in the country. High levels of poverty in the rural areas continue to influence rural-urban migrations, but most migrants to the city generally face deprivation, especially in peri-urban areas such as Epworth, where most migrants prefer to settle owing to its semi-formal nature. How then, do the poor in these peri-urban areas feed themselves amidst high urban poverty levels? Using data collected from different surveys between 2008 and 2016, the article explores four major strategies adopted by households to cope with food insecurity: reliance on urban farming; dependence on rural remittances; utilisation by urban residents of employment opportunities in the surrounding farms; and participation in, as well as dependence on, informality. A more nuanced appreciation of these survival strategies will engender an informed theoretical understanding on how to leverage these linkages to create resilient food systems in peri-urban areas.
{"title":"Food Security in Epworth, Zimbabwe: Leveraging Rural-urban Linkages for Resilient Food Systems in Peri-urban Areas","authors":"G. Tawodzera","doi":"10.57054/ad.v47i3.2684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i3.2684","url":null,"abstract":"In Zimbabwe, persistent political and economic problems have instigated and exacerbated food insecurity over the past two decades. Low food production, combined with high levels of inflation, a stagnating economy and increasing food prices, have worsened the plight of consumers in the country. High levels of poverty in the rural areas continue to influence rural-urban migrations, but most migrants to the city generally face deprivation, especially in peri-urban areas such as Epworth, where most migrants prefer to settle owing to its semi-formal nature. How then, do the poor in these peri-urban areas feed themselves amidst high urban poverty levels? Using data collected from different surveys between 2008 and 2016, the article explores four major strategies adopted by households to cope with food insecurity: reliance on urban farming; dependence on rural remittances; utilisation by urban residents of employment opportunities in the surrounding farms; and participation in, as well as dependence on, informality. A more nuanced appreciation of these survival strategies will engender an informed theoretical understanding on how to leverage these linkages to create resilient food systems in peri-urban areas. ","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43235900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cet article pose la problématique de la durabilité des systèmes halieutiques dans le contexte de l’exploitation des ressources pétrolières et gazières au Sénégal (Sangomar offshore, Cayar offshore et Saint-Louis offshore). Ces ressources stratégiques s’insèrent, voire s’incrustent dans des territoires de fortes traditions halieutiques. Lesquels ont su jouer un rôle déterminant dans la sécurité des ménages sénégalais en leur assurant la sécurité alimentaire et l’équilibre social, en sus de l’équilibre de la balance commerciale. Mais sont-ils suffisamment préparés pour résister aux mutations d’origine pétro-gazière tout en assurant la stabilité des systèmes halieutiques traditionnels ? Cette question commence à prendre forme dans les territoires de pêche de la Grande-Côte (Cayar et Saint-Louis) déjà infléchis par la crise halieutique issue des effets combinés du changement climatique et des pressions anthropiques sur les ressources. Ces territoires connaissent une baisse de leur production halieutique, à laquelle s’ajoutent la mise au chômage technique des acteurs de la pêche et la migration clandestine des jeunes pêcheurs vers l’Europe. Dans un tel contexte, une mise en prospective de ces systèmes halieutiques s’impose pour, d’une part, identifier des mécanismes de durabilité relatifs au maintien de leur vocation halieutique, et, d’autre part, élaborer des stratégies de diversification économique.
{"title":"La durabilité des systèmes halieutiques sénégalais dans un contexte d’exploitation des hydrocarbures : réflexion géographique à partir des territoires de la Grande-Côte","authors":"Rougyatou Ka, B. Bâ, Mouhamadou Mawlid Diakhaté","doi":"10.57054/ad.v47i3.2672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i3.2672","url":null,"abstract":" \u0000 Cet article pose la problématique de la durabilité des systèmes halieutiques dans le contexte de l’exploitation des ressources pétrolières et gazières au Sénégal (Sangomar offshore, Cayar offshore et Saint-Louis offshore). Ces ressources stratégiques s’insèrent, voire s’incrustent dans des territoires de fortes traditions halieutiques. Lesquels ont su jouer un rôle déterminant dans la sécurité des ménages sénégalais en leur assurant la sécurité alimentaire et l’équilibre social, en sus de l’équilibre de la balance commerciale. Mais sont-ils suffisamment préparés pour résister aux mutations d’origine pétro-gazière tout en assurant la stabilité des systèmes halieutiques traditionnels ? Cette question commence à prendre forme dans les territoires de pêche de la Grande-Côte (Cayar et Saint-Louis) déjà infléchis par la crise halieutique issue des effets combinés du changement climatique et des pressions anthropiques sur les ressources. Ces territoires connaissent une baisse de leur production halieutique, à laquelle s’ajoutent la mise au chômage technique des acteurs de la pêche et la migration clandestine des jeunes pêcheurs vers l’Europe. Dans un tel contexte, une mise en prospective de ces systèmes halieutiques s’impose pour, d’une part, identifier des mécanismes de durabilité relatifs au maintien de leur vocation halieutique, et, d’autre part, élaborer des stratégies de diversification économique. ","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41294645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article focuses on some of the historical innovation institutional infrastructures in Zimbabwe that supported the genesis of a vibrant maize sector, and analyses institutions for technology, policy, skills, knowledge development and attendant financing mechanisms. We discuss the country’s maize innovation ecosystems, focusing on the technological capabilities in breeding and extension services, the architecture of financial institutions to support agriculture, and bridging institutions that supported technology adoption and innovation diffusion. In the process, we highlight elements of co-evolution, co-specialisation, collaboration and linkages amongst innovation communities for maize over a period spanning the pre- and post-independence eras. Our discussion covers the uneven colonial institutional, technological and financial support availed to white commercial farmers and how the shift in focus of government policy and support post-independence, resulted in the centre of gravity shifting to communal farmers, who now contribute the bulk of maize production. We discuss the critical roles played by Agritex (a technology broker and accelerator) and a state procurement agent (the Grain Marketing Board) as a market creator and signalling tool, as well as how specialised agriculture financing by state and commercial banks supported the rise of maize as a food security crop. Our key argument is that there were focused knowledge and technology flows between government research institutions, the private sector and others, such as the Seed Maize Association, which was involved in seed multiplication and marketing to the white commercial farmers pre-independence. This relationship shifted after independence in order to support small-scale commercial farmers, who were mainly black farmers.
{"title":"Evolution of Zimbabwe’s Maize Innovation Ecosystems: Building an Institutional Innovation Infrastructure that Supports Food Security","authors":"Geoffrey Banda","doi":"10.57054/ad.v47i3.2679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i3.2679","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on some of the historical innovation institutional infrastructures in Zimbabwe that supported the genesis of a vibrant maize sector, and analyses institutions for technology, policy, skills, knowledge development and attendant financing mechanisms. We discuss the country’s maize innovation ecosystems, focusing on the technological capabilities in breeding and extension services, the architecture of financial institutions to support agriculture, and bridging institutions that supported technology adoption and innovation diffusion. In the process, we highlight elements of co-evolution, co-specialisation, collaboration and linkages amongst innovation communities for maize over a period spanning the pre- and post-independence eras. Our discussion covers the uneven colonial institutional, technological and financial support availed to white commercial farmers and how the shift in focus of government policy and support post-independence, resulted in the centre of gravity shifting to communal farmers, who now contribute the bulk of maize production. We discuss the critical roles played by Agritex (a technology broker and accelerator) and a state procurement agent (the Grain Marketing Board) as a market creator and signalling tool, as well as how specialised agriculture financing by state and commercial banks supported the rise of maize as a food security crop. Our key argument is that there were focused knowledge and technology flows between government research institutions, the private sector and others, such as the Seed Maize Association, which was involved in seed multiplication and marketing to the white commercial farmers pre-independence. This relationship shifted after independence in order to support small-scale commercial farmers, who were mainly black farmers. ","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48160158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
La ville de Ziguinchor, qui s’est construite sur un mariage de raison avec la petite paysannerie, connaît depuis quelques années des transformations urbaines importantes affectant l’ensemble de l’espace rural. Celles-ci se manifestent par une augmentation rapide de la population, créant ainsi des besoins inédits, notamment en termes d’emploi, de mobilité, de logement et d’alimentation. Ces transformations conduisent à une prédation foncière, facilitée par l’interférence de normes et de gouvernances mal identifiées, et se traduisent également par l’occupation des derniers espaces agricoles locaux. Ces espaces agricoles de vallées, de bas-fonds et de plateaux s’imposent comme lieux de production alimentaire de proximité, mais aussi comme lieux de construction de logements, d’équipements et d’infrastructures de la ville. De fait, on assiste à une mutation progressive de ces espaces qui deviennent des lotissements résidentiels, en dépit de l’urgence de se nourrir. Cet article met l’accent sur une thématique transversale, celle de l’alimentation dans une ville avant tout dominée par des projets urbains. Il s’intéresse particulièrement aux mutations des espaces agricoles et à la précarité foncière des familles d’agriculteurs, qui amènent à s’interroger sur la place de l’agriculture dans le développement territorial, mais aussi sur la capacité à cultiver localement, notamment des productions alimentaires pour les populations.
{"title":"Mutation des espaces agricoles et quête de sécurité alimentaire dans les interfaces urbaines-rurales du Sénégal : étude de cas de Ziguinchor","authors":"S. O. Diédhiou, I. Cissé, Alioune Badara Dabo","doi":"10.57054/ad.v47i3.2675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i3.2675","url":null,"abstract":" La ville de Ziguinchor, qui s’est construite sur un mariage de raison avec la petite paysannerie, connaît depuis quelques années des transformations urbaines importantes affectant l’ensemble de l’espace rural. Celles-ci se manifestent par une augmentation rapide de la population, créant ainsi des besoins inédits, notamment en termes d’emploi, de mobilité, de logement et d’alimentation. Ces transformations conduisent à une prédation foncière, facilitée par l’interférence de normes et de gouvernances mal identifiées, et se traduisent également par l’occupation des derniers espaces agricoles locaux. Ces espaces agricoles de vallées, de bas-fonds et de plateaux s’imposent comme lieux de production alimentaire de proximité, mais aussi comme lieux de construction de logements, d’équipements et d’infrastructures de la ville. De fait, on assiste à une mutation progressive de ces espaces qui deviennent des lotissements résidentiels, en dépit de l’urgence de se nourrir. Cet article met l’accent sur une thématique transversale, celle de l’alimentation dans une ville avant tout dominée par des projets urbains. Il s’intéresse particulièrement aux mutations des espaces agricoles et à la précarité foncière des familles d’agriculteurs, qui amènent à s’interroger sur la place de l’agriculture dans le développement territorial, mais aussi sur la capacité à cultiver localement, notamment des productions alimentaires pour les populations. ","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48524240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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