This article presents the role and place of water in the history of societies in northern Cameroon. It aims to show the importance of water as an object of study to understand the organisation, the dynamics and the evolution of these societies. This article is based on interviews, life stories, observation of the relationships that societies have with water and the use of written data (archives, reports, scientific works, etc.). The compilation of all these sources allowed to outline a 'history of water' in the northern part of Cameroon. Thus, water is at the origin of migrations and the choice of settlement sites for populations. It occupies an essential place in social organisation, cultural practices and symbolises political power. Initially a common good for societies, it has become a source of conflict between individuals and communities.
{"title":"« L’histoire de l’eau » et la dynamique politique, sociale et culturelle du Nord du Cameroun","authors":"S. Armel","doi":"10.57054/ad.v48i1.3036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v48i1.3036","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the role and place of water in the history of societies in northern Cameroon. It aims to show the importance of water as an object of study to understand the organisation, the dynamics and the evolution of these societies. This article is based on interviews, life stories, observation of the relationships that societies have with water and the use of written data (archives, reports, scientific works, etc.). The compilation of all these sources allowed to outline a 'history of water' in the northern part of Cameroon. Thus, water is at the origin of migrations and the choice of settlement sites for populations. It occupies an essential place in social organisation, cultural practices and symbolises political power. Initially a common good for societies, it has become a source of conflict between individuals and communities.","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49303566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Mesfin, Y. Tessema, N. Tirivayi, Eleonora E M Nillesen
In this article, we discuss a study to identify an effective agricultural knowledge transfer channel for smallholder farmers in Ethiopia, using a randomised training experiment together with focus group discussions, key informant interviews and a survey. We also examine the factors that determine learning among smallholder farmers. Our results revealed that involving extension agents and model farmers leads to above-average knowledge transfer. However, learning from extension agents is significantly more effective than learning from model farmers. Additionally, we found that trust, effort, and locus of control are important determinants of learning. On the other hand, we found no evidence that farmers exert more effort when they are trained by extension agents, hence this rules out effort as a mechanism for higher learning from the extension agents. Based on these results, we conclude that, on average, the extension agent system is more effective at conveying agricultural knowledge than model farmers are and that policy-makers can use the two channels as complements rather than substitutes.
{"title":"Effective Knowledge Transmission and Learning in Agriculture: Evidence from a Randomised Training Experiment in Ethiopia","authors":"H. Mesfin, Y. Tessema, N. Tirivayi, Eleonora E M Nillesen","doi":"10.57054/ad.v48i1.3039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v48i1.3039","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we discuss a study to identify an effective agricultural knowledge transfer channel for smallholder farmers in Ethiopia, using a randomised training experiment together with focus group discussions, key informant interviews and a survey. We also examine the factors that determine learning among smallholder farmers. Our results revealed that involving extension agents and model farmers leads to above-average knowledge transfer. However, learning from extension agents is significantly more effective than learning from model farmers. Additionally, we found that trust, effort, and locus of control are important determinants of learning. On the other hand, we found no evidence that farmers exert more effort when they are trained by extension agents, hence this rules out effort as a mechanism for higher learning from the extension agents. Based on these results, we conclude that, on average, the extension agent system is more effective at conveying agricultural knowledge than model farmers are and that policy-makers can use the two channels as complements rather than substitutes.","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44017113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Migrant community associations are well-structured and often engage in political transnationalism with their countries of origin. Nigerien migrants in Benin City, Edo State, occupy a dominant position in the unofficial foreign exchange market. Their communal governance structures reveal interesting parallels in the way the migrants govern themselves in relation to their status and the local nationals they work with. The politics within the migrant association suggest that, even in the absence of status, migrants are able to govern and protect their interests while contributing to the societies they find themselves in. This article looks at examples of Nigerien transnationalism in Nigeria at the micro level to reveal a complex network of communal governance. By studying the organisational lives of the Nigerien migrant community, we aim to understand how this group contributes to the maintenance f ties with Niger and enables their integration into their host community.
{"title":"Communal Governance and Transnationalism: A Case Study of the Nigerien Forex Trading Community in Benin City","authors":"Martha Sambe, O. Olakpe, Rafeeat Aliyu","doi":"10.57054/ad.v48i1.3032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v48i1.3032","url":null,"abstract":"Migrant community associations are well-structured and often engage in political transnationalism with their countries of origin. Nigerien migrants in Benin City, Edo State, occupy a dominant position in the unofficial foreign exchange market. Their communal governance structures reveal interesting parallels in the way the migrants govern themselves in relation to their status and the local nationals they work with. The politics within the migrant association suggest that, even in the absence of status, migrants are able to govern and protect their interests while contributing to the societies they find themselves in. This article looks at examples of Nigerien transnationalism in Nigeria at the micro level to reveal a complex network of communal governance. By studying the organisational lives of the Nigerien migrant community, we aim to understand how this group contributes to the maintenance f ties with Niger and enables their integration into their host community.","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47610422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the 1980s, both India and Nigeria had textile sectors that satisfied their large domestic demand. Today, however, Nigeria imports most of its textiles, including identity-imbued fabrics, while India is a major textiles producer. This article proposes three explanatory factors for this divergence based on a review of secondary sources. From independence, Indian policy placed greater emphasis on supporting craft and small-scale textile production, whereas the craft sector in Nigeria was neglected. Nigeria’s indigenisation of industry strategies failed to achieve endogenous processes in the textile industry, whereas the Indian textile sector was characterised by high Indian ownership and endogenous skills and technologies that rendered the sector resilient to shocks. Lastly, while both countries adopted import-substituting industrialisation strategies, the Nigerian textile sector benefited from little trade protection as smuggling greatly undermined the protection in place.
{"title":"Why Nigerian agbada fabric is (often) imported, while Indian sari fabric is local: a comparative history of textile manufacturing","authors":"Y. B. Kamara","doi":"10.57054/ad.v48i1.3031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v48i1.3031","url":null,"abstract":"In the 1980s, both India and Nigeria had textile sectors that satisfied their large domestic demand. Today, however, Nigeria imports most of its textiles, including identity-imbued fabrics, while India is a major textiles producer. This article proposes three explanatory factors for this divergence based on a review of secondary sources. From independence, Indian policy placed greater emphasis on supporting craft and small-scale textile production, whereas the craft sector in Nigeria was neglected. Nigeria’s indigenisation of industry strategies failed to achieve endogenous processes in the textile industry, whereas the Indian textile sector was characterised by high Indian ownership and endogenous skills and technologies that rendered the sector resilient to shocks. Lastly, while both countries adopted import-substituting industrialisation strategies, the Nigerian textile sector benefited from little trade protection as smuggling greatly undermined the protection in place.","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46467921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
La responsabilité sociale/sociétale de l’entreprise (RSE) dite stratégique est une démarche de plus en plus plébiscitée à travers certains réseaux socioprofessionnels au Sénégal, y compris dans le secteur minier et extractif. Cet article pose la question de savoir si ce type de RSE favorise, notamment au niveau local/communautaire, l’inclusion de genre, d’une part, et, d’autre part, le développement. L’analyse, basée sur des cas empiriques, montre une contribution mitigée des initiatives de RSE stratégique à l’accomplissement de l’égalité/équité de genre et du développement au niveau communautaire. Parmi les principales causes de ce constat, se trouvent : les limites dans le dialogue et le processus de concertation/inclusion, la durée limitée de la plupart des initiatives et leur capacité à produire des effets et impacts durables, les préjugés et l s stéréotypes dans la répartition des rôles sociaux des sexes et de genre, etc.
{"title":"La RSE stratégique dans le secteur minier au Sénégal : incubateur d’inclusion de genre et de développement communautaire ?","authors":"B. Doucouré","doi":"10.57054/ad.v48i1.3037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v48i1.3037","url":null,"abstract":"La responsabilité sociale/sociétale de l’entreprise (RSE) dite stratégique est une démarche de plus en plus plébiscitée à travers certains réseaux socioprofessionnels au Sénégal, y compris dans le secteur minier et extractif. Cet article pose la question de savoir si ce type de RSE favorise, notamment au niveau local/communautaire, l’inclusion de genre, d’une part, et, d’autre part, le développement. L’analyse, basée sur des cas empiriques, montre une contribution mitigée des initiatives de RSE stratégique à l’accomplissement de l’égalité/équité de genre et du développement au niveau communautaire. Parmi les principales causes de ce constat, se trouvent : les limites dans le dialogue et le processus de concertation/inclusion, la durée limitée de la plupart des initiatives et leur capacité à produire des effets et impacts durables, les préjugés et l s stéréotypes dans la répartition des rôles sociaux des sexes et de genre, etc.","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48421327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cet article montre comment à partir d’un repère anthropologique identique – un attachement aux modes vestimentaires non occidentales – l’Inde et le Nigeria ont évolué selon des trajectoires historiques divergentes en ce qui concerne la demande en tissus identitaires. En Inde, cette demande est largement focalisée sur des tissus produits en Inde, tandis qu’au Nigeria, elle est tournée surtout vers des tissus d’origine étrangère, comme le wax, le bazin et la dentelle. Mobilisant un cadre conceptuel théorique présentant les effets possibles résultant de contacts entre des peuples, cet article analyse les facteurs qui ont déterminé les trajectoires de demande dans les deux pays. Les tissus importés dans le cadre de la traite transatlantique au Nigeria ont exercé une forte fascination sur les consommateurs nigérians. Initialement, l’apanage des rois et des chefs locaux, les tissus importés sont dotés d’un prestige qui perdura. En Inde, la production textile était déjà fortement implantée et ce sont les tissus indiens qui ont plutôt exercé une fascination sur les consommateurs européens et africains. En outre, dans sa marche vers l’indépendance, l’Inde a positionné la question textile comme un axe majeur, avec un discours nationaliste qui se traduisait aussi sur le plan vestimentaire et était lié à la production artisanale.
{"title":"Les facteurs historiques de la demande en tissus identitaires au Nigeria et en Inde,","authors":"Jocelyne Boussari, Annick Guiba-Guibal, Y. Kamara","doi":"10.57054/ad.v47i4.2979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i4.2979","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article montre comment à partir d’un repère anthropologique identique – un attachement aux modes vestimentaires non occidentales – l’Inde et le Nigeria ont évolué selon des trajectoires historiques divergentes en ce qui concerne la demande en tissus identitaires. En Inde, cette demande est largement focalisée sur des tissus produits en Inde, tandis qu’au Nigeria, elle est tournée surtout vers des tissus d’origine étrangère, comme le wax, le bazin et la dentelle. Mobilisant un cadre conceptuel théorique présentant les effets possibles résultant de contacts entre des peuples, cet article analyse les facteurs qui ont déterminé les trajectoires de demande dans les deux pays. Les tissus importés dans le cadre de la traite transatlantique au Nigeria ont exercé une forte fascination sur les consommateurs nigérians. Initialement, l’apanage des rois et des chefs locaux, les tissus importés sont dotés d’un prestige qui perdura. En Inde, la production textile était déjà fortement implantée et ce sont les tissus indiens qui ont plutôt exercé une fascination sur les consommateurs européens et africains. En outre, dans sa marche vers l’indépendance, l’Inde a positionné la question textile comme un axe majeur, avec un discours nationaliste qui se traduisait aussi sur le plan vestimentaire et était lié à la production artisanale. ","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48422875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prelim","authors":"None Africa Development","doi":"10.57054/ad.v47i4.2974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i4.2974","url":null,"abstract":"Prelim","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136266516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cover Page","authors":"None Africa Development","doi":"10.57054/ad.v47i4.2973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i4.2973","url":null,"abstract":"Cover Page","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136266517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emery Mushagalusa Mudinga, Janvier Kilosho Buraye, A. Bashizi
L’article part du cas d’étude de la chefferie de Luhwindja – une collectivité située à l’est de la RDC – où, depuis l’année 2005, est mis en oeuvre un programme de modernisation minière à travers la multinationale canadienne dénommée Banro. Au-delà de ses effets sur les conditions de vie des populations locales et leur environnement, l’article rend compte de la manière dont la modernisation minière a reconfiguré les dynamiques sociales locales et transformé le rapport des populations locales à l’autorité. D’où l’on déduit le caractère d’une modernité insécurisée. Se basant sur les entretiens, les discussions en groupe, l’observation et l’expérience des auteurs, l’étude renseigne que la modernisation minière, en ayant promu l’investissement privé et attiré des entreprises capitalistes dans les régions minières en RDC, ces dernières ont déstructuré les équilibres de pouvoir existant dans l’arène locale, et ce, par la répression et l’instrumentalisation des luttes sociales locales existantes. C’est cette logique de diviser pour régner – susceptible de contribuer et de renforcer la fragmentation sociale – qui a alors rendu possible le processus de modernisation minière malgré toutes les stratégies de résistance des populations dans les zones concernées en République démocratique du Congo.
{"title":"Modernisation minière, fragmentation sociale et création des anormaux en République démocratique du Congo","authors":"Emery Mushagalusa Mudinga, Janvier Kilosho Buraye, A. Bashizi","doi":"10.57054/ad.v47i4.2982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i4.2982","url":null,"abstract":"L’article part du cas d’étude de la chefferie de Luhwindja – une collectivité située à l’est de la RDC – où, depuis l’année 2005, est mis en oeuvre un programme de modernisation minière à travers la multinationale canadienne dénommée Banro. Au-delà de ses effets sur les conditions de vie des populations locales et leur environnement, l’article rend compte de la manière dont la modernisation minière a reconfiguré les dynamiques sociales locales et transformé le rapport des populations locales à l’autorité. D’où l’on déduit le caractère d’une modernité insécurisée. Se basant sur les entretiens, les discussions en groupe, l’observation et l’expérience des auteurs, l’étude renseigne que la modernisation minière, en ayant promu l’investissement privé et attiré des entreprises capitalistes dans les régions minières en RDC, ces dernières ont déstructuré les équilibres de pouvoir existant dans l’arène locale, et ce, par la répression et l’instrumentalisation des luttes sociales locales existantes. C’est cette logique de diviser pour régner – susceptible de contribuer et de renforcer la fragmentation sociale – qui a alors rendu possible le processus de modernisation minière malgré toutes les stratégies de résistance des populations dans les zones concernées en République démocratique du Congo. ","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47660801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mesfin Hiwot, N. Tirivayi, Eleonora E M Nillesen, Y. Tessema
Many governments provide a free agricultural extension service that aims to link farmers to scientific knowledge and yield-enhancing technologies. However, the impact of this service in achieving its aim has been unclear. This study focuses on Ethiopia to explore the impact of the agricultural extension service on farmers’ utilisation of various agricultural technologies. Using a large and representative data set, the study applies an instrumental variable method, along with other robustness checks, and finds that the impact of the extension service is heterogeneous to the type of farm technologies. The study finds that the agricultural extension service has a positive impact on chemical fertiliser and crop rotation use, but a negative impact on organic fertiliser use, and no impact on pesticide, herbicide and fungicide use. Based on these results, policy-makers interested in promoting the utilisation of organic fertiliser need to retrain the extension agents and redirect their efforts towards recommending organic fertilisers as much as they do chemical fertilisers and crop rotation.
{"title":"The Impact of Agricultural Extension Service on the Uptake of Various Agricultural Technologies in Ethiopia","authors":"Mesfin Hiwot, N. Tirivayi, Eleonora E M Nillesen, Y. Tessema","doi":"10.57054/ad.v47i4.2978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i4.2978","url":null,"abstract":"Many governments provide a free agricultural extension service that aims to link farmers to scientific knowledge and yield-enhancing technologies. However, the impact of this service in achieving its aim has been unclear. This study focuses on Ethiopia to explore the impact of the agricultural extension service on farmers’ utilisation of various agricultural technologies. Using a large and representative data set, the study applies an instrumental variable method, along with other robustness checks, and finds that the impact of the extension service is heterogeneous to the type of farm technologies. The study finds that the agricultural extension service has a positive impact on chemical fertiliser and crop rotation use, but a negative impact on organic fertiliser use, and no impact on pesticide, herbicide and fungicide use. Based on these results, policy-makers interested in promoting the utilisation of organic fertiliser need to retrain the extension agents and redirect their efforts towards recommending organic fertilisers as much as they do chemical fertilisers and crop rotation. ","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47559815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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