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« L’histoire de l’eau » et la dynamique politique, sociale et culturelle du Nord du Cameroun “水的历史”与喀麦隆北部的政治、社会和文化动态
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.57054/ad.v48i1.3036
S. Armel
This article presents the role and place of water in the history of societies in northern Cameroon. It aims to show the importance of water as an object of study to understand the organisation, the dynamics and the evolution of these societies. This article is based on interviews, life stories, observation of the relationships that societies have with water and the use of written data (archives, reports, scientific works, etc.). The compilation of all these sources allowed to outline a 'history of water' in the northern part of Cameroon. Thus, water is at the origin of migrations and the choice of settlement sites for populations. It occupies an essential place in social organisation, cultural practices and symbolises political power. Initially a common good for societies, it has become a source of conflict between individuals and communities.
本文介绍了水在喀麦隆北部社会史上的作用和地位。它旨在展示水作为研究对象的重要性,以了解这些社会的组织、动态和演变。本文基于访谈、生活故事、对社会与水的关系的观察以及书面数据(档案、报告、科学著作等)的使用。所有这些来源的汇编可以勾勒出喀麦隆北部的“水的历史”。因此,水是人口迁徙和定居地点选择的来源。它在社会组织、文化实践中占有重要地位,象征着政治权力。它最初是社会的共同利益,但现在已成为个人和社区之间冲突的根源。
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引用次数: 0
Effective Knowledge Transmission and Learning in Agriculture: Evidence from a Randomised Training Experiment in Ethiopia 农业中的有效知识传播和学习:来自埃塞俄比亚随机培训实验的证据
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.57054/ad.v48i1.3039
H. Mesfin, Y. Tessema, N. Tirivayi, Eleonora E M Nillesen
In this article, we discuss a study to identify an effective agricultural knowledge transfer channel for smallholder farmers in Ethiopia, using a randomised training experiment together with focus group discussions, key informant interviews and a survey. We also examine the factors that determine learning among smallholder farmers. Our results revealed that involving extension agents and model farmers leads to above-average knowledge transfer. However, learning from extension agents is significantly more effective than learning from model farmers. Additionally, we found that trust, effort, and locus of control are important determinants of learning. On the other hand, we found no evidence that farmers exert more effort when they are trained by extension agents, hence this rules out effort as a mechanism for higher learning from the extension agents. Based on these results, we conclude that, on average, the extension agent system is more effective at conveying agricultural knowledge than model farmers are and that policy-makers can use the two channels as complements rather than substitutes.
在本文中,我们讨论了一项研究,旨在确定埃塞俄比亚小农的有效农业知识转移渠道,采用随机培训实验、焦点小组讨论、关键线人访谈和调查。我们还研究了影响小农学习的因素。研究结果表明,推广代理人和模范农民的参与导致了高于平均水平的知识转移。然而,向推广人员学习要比向模范农民学习有效得多。此外,我们发现信任、努力和控制点是学习的重要决定因素。另一方面,我们没有发现证据表明农民在接受推广代理人的培训时付出了更多的努力,因此这排除了努力是一种从推广代理人那里获得更高学习的机制。基于这些结果,我们得出结论,平均而言,推广代理系统比模范农民更有效地传播农业知识,政策制定者可以将这两个渠道作为补充而不是替代。
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引用次数: 0
Communal Governance and Transnationalism: A Case Study of the Nigerien Forex Trading Community in Benin City 社区治理与跨国主义——以贝宁城尼日利亚外汇交易社区为例
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.57054/ad.v48i1.3032
Martha Sambe, O. Olakpe, Rafeeat Aliyu
Migrant community associations are well-structured and often engage in political transnationalism with their countries of origin. Nigerien migrants in Benin City, Edo State, occupy a dominant position in the unofficial foreign exchange market. Their communal governance structures reveal interesting parallels in the way the migrants govern themselves in relation to their status and the local nationals they work with. The politics within the migrant association suggest that, even in the absence of status, migrants are able to govern and protect their interests while contributing to the societies they find themselves in. This article looks at examples of Nigerien transnationalism in Nigeria at the micro level to reveal a complex network of communal governance. By studying the organisational lives of the Nigerien migrant community, we aim to understand how this group contributes to the maintenance f ties with Niger and enables their integration into their host community.
移民社区协会结构良好,经常与原籍国进行政治跨国主义。埃多州贝宁城的尼日利亚移民在非官方外汇市场上占据主导地位。他们的社区治理结构揭示了移民管理自己的方式与他们的身份和与他们共事的当地国民之间有趣的相似之处。移民协会内部的政治表明,即使没有地位,移民也能够治理和保护自己的利益,同时为他们所处的社会做出贡献。本文从微观层面审视尼日利亚跨民族主义的例子,以揭示一个复杂的社区治理网络。通过研究尼日利亚移民社区的组织生活,我们旨在了解这一群体如何为维护与尼日尔的关系做出贡献,并使他们能够融入所在社区。
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引用次数: 0
Why Nigerian agbada fabric is (often) imported, while Indian sari fabric is local: a comparative history of textile manufacturing 为什么尼日利亚的阿格巴达面料(经常)是进口的,而印度的沙丽面料是当地的:纺织品制造的比较历史
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.57054/ad.v48i1.3031
Y. B. Kamara
In the 1980s, both India and Nigeria had textile sectors that satisfied their large domestic demand. Today, however, Nigeria imports most of its textiles, including identity-imbued fabrics, while India is a major textiles producer. This article proposes three explanatory factors for this divergence based on a review of secondary sources. From independence, Indian policy placed greater emphasis on supporting craft and small-scale textile production, whereas the craft sector in Nigeria was neglected. Nigeria’s indigenisation of industry strategies failed to achieve endogenous processes in the textile industry, whereas the Indian textile sector was characterised by high Indian ownership and endogenous skills and technologies that rendered the sector resilient to shocks. Lastly, while both countries adopted import-substituting industrialisation strategies, the Nigerian textile sector benefited from little trade protection as smuggling greatly undermined the protection in place.
在20世纪80年代,印度和尼日利亚都有满足其巨大国内需求的纺织部门。然而,今天,尼日利亚的大部分纺织品都是进口的,包括具有身份特征的织物,而印度是一个主要的纺织品生产国。本文在回顾二手资料的基础上,提出了这种差异的三个解释因素。自独立以来,印度的政策更加强调支持手工业和小规模纺织品生产,而尼日利亚的手工业部门则被忽视。尼日利亚的产业战略本土化未能实现纺织业的内生过程,而印度纺织部门的特点是印度人拥有的所有权高,以及内生的技能和技术,使该部门能够抵御冲击。最后,虽然两国都采取了进口替代的工业化战略,但尼日利亚纺织业受益于很少的贸易保护,因为走私极大地破坏了现有的保护。
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引用次数: 0
La RSE stratégique dans le secteur minier au Sénégal : incubateur d’inclusion de genre et de développement communautaire ? 塞内加尔矿业部门的战略企业社会责任:性别包容和社区发展的孵化器?
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.57054/ad.v48i1.3037
B. Doucouré
La responsabilité sociale/sociétale de l’entreprise (RSE) dite stratégique est une démarche de plus en plus plébiscitée à travers certains réseaux socioprofessionnels au Sénégal, y compris dans le secteur minier et extractif. Cet article pose la question de savoir si ce type de RSE favorise, notamment au niveau local/communautaire, l’inclusion de genre, d’une part, et, d’autre part, le développement. L’analyse, basée sur des cas empiriques, montre une contribution mitigée des initiatives de RSE stratégique à l’accomplissement de l’égalité/équité de genre et du développement au niveau communautaire. Parmi les principales causes de ce constat, se trouvent : les limites dans le dialogue et le processus de concertation/inclusion, la durée limitée de la plupart des initiatives et leur capacité à produire des effets et impacts durables, les préjugés et l s stéréotypes dans la répartition des rôles sociaux des sexes et de genre, etc.
所谓的战略企业社会责任(CSR)是塞内加尔某些社会专业网络(包括采矿和采掘部门)越来越流行的一种方法。本文提出了一个问题,即这种类型的企业社会责任是否一方面促进性别包容,另一方面促进发展,特别是在地方/社区一级。基于实证案例的分析表明,战略企业社会责任倡议对在社区一级实现两性平等/公平和发展的贡献参差不齐。造成这种情况的主要原因包括:对话和协商/包容进程的局限性、大多数倡议的持续时间有限及其产生持久影响和影响的能力、性别和社会角色分配中的偏见和陈规定型观念等。
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引用次数: 0
Les facteurs historiques de la demande en tissus identitaires au Nigeria et en Inde, 尼日利亚和印度身份织物需求的历史因素,
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-10 DOI: 10.57054/ad.v47i4.2979
Jocelyne Boussari, Annick Guiba-Guibal, Y. Kamara
Cet article montre comment à partir d’un repère anthropologique identique – un attachement aux modes vestimentaires non occidentales – l’Inde et le Nigeria ont évolué selon des trajectoires historiques divergentes en ce qui concerne la demande en tissus identitaires. En Inde, cette demande est largement focalisée sur des tissus produits en Inde, tandis qu’au Nigeria, elle est tournée surtout vers des tissus d’origine étrangère, comme le wax, le bazin et la dentelle. Mobilisant un cadre conceptuel théorique présentant les effets possibles résultant de contacts entre des peuples, cet article analyse les facteurs qui ont déterminé les trajectoires de demande dans les deux pays. Les tissus importés dans le cadre de la traite transatlantique au Nigeria ont exercé une forte fascination sur les consommateurs nigérians. Initialement, l’apanage des rois et des chefs locaux, les tissus importés sont dotés d’un prestige qui perdura. En Inde, la production textile était déjà fortement implantée et ce sont les tissus indiens qui ont plutôt exercé une fascination sur les consommateurs européens et africains. En outre, dans sa marche vers l’indépendance, l’Inde a positionné la question textile comme un axe majeur, avec un discours nationaliste qui se traduisait aussi sur le plan vestimentaire et était lié à la production artisanale. 
本文展示了印度和尼日利亚如何从一个相同的人类学参考点——对非西方服装时尚的依恋——演变为对身份织物需求的不同历史轨迹。在印度,这种需求主要集中在印度生产的面料上,而在尼日利亚,这种需求主要集中在外国来源的面料上,如蜡、巴赞和蕾丝。本文利用一个理论概念框架,阐述了人与人之间接触可能产生的影响,分析了决定两国需求轨迹的因素。作为跨大西洋贸易的一部分进口到尼日利亚的织物吸引了尼日利亚消费者。最初,进口面料属于当地国王和酋长,具有持久的威望。在印度,纺织品生产已经牢固确立,正是印度面料吸引了欧洲和非洲消费者。此外,在走向独立的过程中,印度将纺织品问题定位为一个主要焦点,民族主义话语也转化为服装,并与手工艺品生产联系在一起。
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引用次数: 0
Prelim 预备考试
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-10 DOI: 10.57054/ad.v47i4.2974
None Africa Development
Prelim
预备考试
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引用次数: 0
Cover Page 封面页
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-10 DOI: 10.57054/ad.v47i4.2973
None Africa Development
Cover Page
封面页
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引用次数: 0
Modernisation minière, fragmentation sociale et création des anormaux en République démocratique du Congo 刚果民主共和国的采矿现代化、社会分裂和异常现象的产生
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-10 DOI: 10.57054/ad.v47i4.2982
Emery Mushagalusa Mudinga, Janvier Kilosho Buraye, A. Bashizi
L’article part du cas d’étude de la chefferie de Luhwindja – une collectivité située à l’est de la RDC – où, depuis l’année 2005, est mis en oeuvre un programme de modernisation minière à travers la multinationale canadienne dénommée Banro. Au-delà de ses effets sur les conditions de vie des populations locales et leur environnement, l’article rend compte de la manière dont la modernisation minière a reconfiguré les dynamiques sociales locales et transformé le rapport des populations locales à l’autorité. D’où l’on déduit le caractère d’une modernité insécurisée. Se basant sur les entretiens, les discussions en groupe, l’observation et l’expérience des auteurs, l’étude renseigne que la modernisation minière, en ayant promu l’investissement privé et attiré des entreprises capitalistes dans les régions minières en RDC, ces dernières ont déstructuré les équilibres de pouvoir existant dans l’arène locale, et ce, par la répression et l’instrumentalisation des luttes sociales locales existantes. C’est cette logique de diviser pour régner – susceptible de contribuer et de renforcer la fragmentation sociale – qui a alors rendu possible le processus de modernisation minière malgré toutes les stratégies de résistance des populations dans les zones concernées en République démocratique du Congo. 
本文以Luhwindja酋长为例,Luhwindja是刚果民主共和国东部的一个社区,自2005年以来,加拿大跨国公司Banro一直在那里实施采矿现代化项目。除了对当地居民的生活条件和环境的影响外,本文还描述了采矿现代化如何重新配置当地的社会动态,并改变了当地居民与当局的关系。由此可以推断出不安全的现代性的特征。基于访谈、小组讨论、研究报告作者的观察和体验,折射出现代化,已晋升为吸引私人投资和采矿企业资本家在刚果民主共和国境内的矿区,后者已被现有的权力平衡的竞技场中,当地现有地方执法机关和社会斗争的工具化。正是这种分而治之的逻辑- -可能助长和加剧社会分裂- -使采矿现代化进程成为可能,尽管刚果民主共和国受影响地区的人民采取了各种抵抗战略。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of Agricultural Extension Service on the Uptake of Various Agricultural Technologies in Ethiopia 农业推广服务对埃塞俄比亚各种农业技术吸收的影响
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-10 DOI: 10.57054/ad.v47i4.2978
Mesfin Hiwot, N. Tirivayi, Eleonora E M Nillesen, Y. Tessema
Many governments provide a free agricultural extension service that aims to link farmers to scientific knowledge and yield-enhancing technologies. However, the impact of this service in achieving its aim has been unclear. This study focuses on Ethiopia to explore the impact of the agricultural extension service on farmers’ utilisation of various agricultural technologies. Using a large and representative data set, the study applies an instrumental variable method, along with other robustness checks, and finds that the impact of the extension service is heterogeneous to the type of farm technologies. The study finds that the agricultural extension service has a positive impact on chemical fertiliser and crop rotation use, but a negative impact on organic fertiliser use, and no impact on pesticide, herbicide and fungicide use. Based on these results, policy-makers interested in promoting the utilisation of organic fertiliser need to retrain the extension agents and redirect their efforts towards recommending organic fertilisers as much as they do chemical fertilisers and crop rotation. 
许多政府提供免费的农业推广服务,旨在将农民与科学知识和提高产量的技术联系起来。然而,这项服务在实现其目标方面的影响尚不清楚。本研究以埃塞俄比亚为研究对象,探讨农业推广服务对农民利用各种农业技术的影响。本研究使用一个大型且具有代表性的数据集,采用工具变量方法,以及其他鲁棒性检查,并发现推广服务的影响对农业技术类型是异构的。研究发现,农业推广服务对化肥和轮作使用有积极影响,但对有机肥使用有消极影响,对农药、除草剂和杀菌剂使用无影响。基于这些结果,对促进有机肥使用感兴趣的决策者需要对推广人员进行再培训,并将他们的努力转向推荐有机肥料,就像推荐化学肥料和作物轮作一样。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement
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