Contents Editorial Badar Alam Iqbal.........................................................................................v *** Can Africa Run? Industrialisation and Development in Africa Fiona Tregenna .................................................................................................. 1 [Revised Text of the Second Thandika Mkandawire Annual Memorial Lecture ] *** Selected Papers on Covid-19 Pandemic and African Economies Governance Issues and the Covid-19 Pandemic in West Africa: Are There Any Linkages? Félix Fofana N'Zue and Adjoua Math Komenan...................................................33 From Epidemic to Pandemic: Covid-19, Insecurity and Development in the Sahel Tope Shola Akinyetun ..............................................................................................61 Covid-19 Lockdown and the ‘Work-From-Home’ Approach: Effect on Nigerian Academics Tolulope Osinubi, Cleopatra Ibukun and Titus Ojeyinka..............................................87 Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Financial Performance of SMEs in Nigeria: A Study of the South East Geopolitical Zone Stella Ngozi Okoroafor.............................................................................107 Digital Learning Response in the Midst of the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Case of Mauritius Verena Tandrayen-Ragoobur, Boopen Seetanah, Sheereen Fauzel and Viraiyan Teeroovengadum...................................129 Covid-19 Social Relief Programmes and Distribution Mechanisms in East Africa: Lessons Learned Ivan Kagimu...............................................................................159 Are the Covid-19 Pandemic and Public Procurement ‘Strange Bedfellows’? An African Perspective Ismail Abdi Changalima..............................................................175 Effets de la Covid-19 sur les entreprises du secteur informel agricole au Sénégal Sidia Diaouma Badiane, Amadou Tandjigora, Thierno Bachir Sy, Yessoufou et Mamoudou Dème ...................197
{"title":"Full Issue","authors":"None Journal system","doi":"10.57054/ad.v48i2.5087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v48i2.5087","url":null,"abstract":"Contents Editorial Badar Alam Iqbal.........................................................................................v *** Can Africa Run? Industrialisation and Development in Africa Fiona Tregenna .................................................................................................. 1 [Revised Text of the Second Thandika Mkandawire Annual Memorial Lecture ] *** Selected Papers on Covid-19 Pandemic and African Economies Governance Issues and the Covid-19 Pandemic in West Africa: Are There Any Linkages? Félix Fofana N'Zue and Adjoua Math Komenan...................................................33 From Epidemic to Pandemic: Covid-19, Insecurity and Development in the Sahel Tope Shola Akinyetun ..............................................................................................61 Covid-19 Lockdown and the ‘Work-From-Home’ Approach: Effect on Nigerian Academics Tolulope Osinubi, Cleopatra Ibukun and Titus Ojeyinka..............................................87 Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Financial Performance of SMEs in Nigeria: A Study of the South East Geopolitical Zone Stella Ngozi Okoroafor.............................................................................107 Digital Learning Response in the Midst of the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Case of Mauritius Verena Tandrayen-Ragoobur, Boopen Seetanah, Sheereen Fauzel and Viraiyan Teeroovengadum...................................129 Covid-19 Social Relief Programmes and Distribution Mechanisms in East Africa: Lessons Learned Ivan Kagimu...............................................................................159 Are the Covid-19 Pandemic and Public Procurement ‘Strange Bedfellows’? An African Perspective Ismail Abdi Changalima..............................................................175 Effets de la Covid-19 sur les entreprises du secteur informel agricole au Sénégal Sidia Diaouma Badiane, Amadou Tandjigora, Thierno Bachir Sy, Yessoufou et Mamoudou Dème ...................197","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135420365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Covid-19 had social, physical and economic impacts that prompted governments to develop strategies to help their citizens cope with the mandatory lockdowns and curfews. East African countries faced several uncertainties and challenges in assisting their citizens, including a lack of funds to implement large-scale relief programmes, effective identification of eligible beneficiaries and viable distribution channels. Some African countries launched cash transfer and social assistance programmes. However, the size, efficiency and proportion of the population covered varied, leading to increased fraud, corruption and embezzlement. Patronage, political exploitation and partisanship were also prevalent. This article aims to assess the success of the East African Covid-19 cash and social assistance programmes and the mechanisms used and to draw lessons by comparing them with effective programmes outside Africa, in order to better inform the efficient design of future similar programmes. Using a data triangulation research methodology, the article finds that the Covid-19 relief programmes in many East African countries failed due to a lack of up-to-date multidimensional data on people's living standards, income and poverty levels. If East African countries are to implement effective social assistance programmes, they need to develop comprehensive and multi-faceted (resident) data collection systems to guide such programmes.
{"title":"Covid-19 Social Relief Programmes and Distribution Mechanisms in East Africa: Lessons Learned","authors":"Ivan Kagimu","doi":"10.57054/ad.v48i2.5084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v48i2.5084","url":null,"abstract":"Covid-19 had social, physical and economic impacts that prompted governments to develop strategies to help their citizens cope with the mandatory lockdowns and curfews. East African countries faced several uncertainties and challenges in assisting their citizens, including a lack of funds to implement large-scale relief programmes, effective identification of eligible beneficiaries and viable distribution channels. Some African countries launched cash transfer and social assistance programmes. However, the size, efficiency and proportion of the population covered varied, leading to increased fraud, corruption and embezzlement. Patronage, political exploitation and partisanship were also prevalent. This article aims to assess the success of the East African Covid-19 cash and social assistance programmes and the mechanisms used and to draw lessons by comparing them with effective programmes outside Africa, in order to better inform the efficient design of future similar programmes. Using a data triangulation research methodology, the article finds that the Covid-19 relief programmes in many East African countries failed due to a lack of up-to-date multidimensional data on people's living standards, income and poverty levels. If East African countries are to implement effective social assistance programmes, they need to develop comprehensive and multi-faceted (resident) data collection systems to guide such programmes.","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47672039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Tandrayen‐Ragoobur, B. Seetanah, S. Fauzel, Viraiyan Teeroovengadum
This article investigates learners’ perception of their ability to adapt to online learning and the challenges they encountered as well as the opportunities they found in this new e-learning environment, in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic. A comprehensive survey was undertaken using an online questionnaire circulated among male and female students across various faculties at five universities and business schools in Mauritius. The results indicate that Covid-19 was a major disruption in higher education studies. Despite the online learning approach, students enrolled in STEM degrees were more impacted compared to those in non-STEM degrees. Around one-third of the students asserted that online learning was a major challenge, more so for those in the lowest-income group who lacked the necessary digital tools to adapt to this new learning environment. A non-conducive home environment further had a negative bearing on students’ concentration and ability to cope with their studies. We noted that postgraduate students adapt to digital learning better compared to undergraduates. There is thus a need to rethink, revamp and redesign the education system to be prepared for future shocks and build resilience through the application of best practices in the digitalisation of the education system.
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{"title":"Prelim","authors":"Journal system","doi":"10.57054/ad.v48i2.5076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v48i2.5076","url":null,"abstract":"Special Issue on\u0000Covid-19 Pandemic and African Economies\u0000(Including a Revised Text of the Second\u0000Thandika Mkandawire Annual Memorial Lecture)","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42131215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Badiane, Amadou Tandjigora, T. Sy, Adjani Nourou-Dine Yessoufou, M. Deme, Résumé
Cet article porte sur l’effet de la crise de la Covid-19 sur les entreprises informelles du secteur agricole sénégalais. La démarche retenue combine une revue de la littérature et des analyses descriptives avec comme support les données de l’enquête du « Suivi de l’impact de la Covid-19 sur les unités du secteur informel 2020 », de l’Agence nationale de la statistique et de la démographie (ANSD). Les résultats de l’analyse ont permis de renseigner les principaux canaux par lesquels la pandémie a affecté les UPI. Il en ressort que les restrictions liées à la pandémie sont principalement la cause de la fermeture définitive ou temporaire des unités. S’y ajoutent les difficultés d’approvisionnement en matières premières et celles liées à l’écoulement des produits. Cela affecte négativement le chiffre d’affaires de ces entrepreneurs. Cette situation se traduit par une baisse de la production d’au moins 25 pour cent pour 95,1 pour cent des répondants. Par conséquent, la variation à la baisse du personnel, exclusivement des hommes, est notée pour 10 pour cent des UPI. Elle se manifeste en partie par l’adoption de stratégies d’adaptation pour faire face aux effets de la crise. Dans ce sillage, la diversification des produits a constitué pour 46,5 pour cent des unités une approche salutaire.
{"title":"Effets de la Covid-19 sur les entreprises du secteur informel agricole au Sénégal","authors":"S. Badiane, Amadou Tandjigora, T. Sy, Adjani Nourou-Dine Yessoufou, M. Deme, Résumé","doi":"10.57054/ad.v48i2.5086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v48i2.5086","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article porte sur l’effet de la crise de la Covid-19 sur les entreprises informelles du secteur agricole sénégalais. La démarche retenue combine une revue de la littérature et des analyses descriptives avec comme support les données de l’enquête du « Suivi de l’impact de la Covid-19 sur les unités du secteur informel 2020 », de l’Agence nationale de la statistique et de la démographie (ANSD). Les résultats de l’analyse ont permis de renseigner les principaux canaux par lesquels la pandémie a affecté les UPI. Il en ressort que les restrictions liées à la pandémie sont principalement la cause de la fermeture définitive ou temporaire des unités. S’y ajoutent les difficultés d’approvisionnement en matières premières et celles liées à l’écoulement des produits. Cela affecte négativement le chiffre d’affaires de ces entrepreneurs. Cette situation se traduit par une baisse de la production d’au moins 25 pour cent pour 95,1 pour cent des répondants. Par conséquent, la variation à la baisse du personnel, exclusivement des hommes, est notée pour 10 pour cent des UPI. Elle se manifeste en partie par l’adoption de stratégies d’adaptation pour faire face aux effets de la crise. Dans ce sillage, la diversification des produits a constitué pour 46,5 pour cent des unités une approche salutaire.","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41405066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Africa remains the least industrialised region in the world. Yet industrialisation is critical for growth and catching up, as well as for development more broadly. This article begins by discussing industrialisation in Africa through the lens of Thandika Mkandawire’s writings on the subject, within the context of his broader thinking on development. In particular, it reflects on his perspectives on structural change and industrialisation; the phases of industrialisation and deindustrialisation in Africa; the political economy of industrialisation in Africa; social policy and industrialisation; and trade and regional integration. The author provides an analysis of some key issues pertaining to industrial development and policy in Africa and argues that the weaknesses of industrialisation in Africa, and the periodic reversals through premature deindustrialisation, have not only hampered economic growth and development, but have also influenced the political economy of African countries, with wider social and political effects. Similarly, state capacity for industrial policy is built through ‘learning by doing’ in the actual practice of industrial policy. Amongst the key topical issues discussed in the article for industrialisation in Africa are upgrading and technological progress, regional integration, and the greening of industrialisation. A vision is put forward for ‘Transformative Industrialisation for Africa’ (TIfA).
{"title":"Can Africa Run? Industrialisation and Development in Africa","authors":"F. Tregenna","doi":"10.57054/ad.v48i2.5078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v48i2.5078","url":null,"abstract":"Africa remains the least industrialised region in the world. Yet industrialisation is critical for growth and catching up, as well as for development more broadly. This article begins by discussing industrialisation in Africa through the lens of Thandika Mkandawire’s writings on the subject, within the context of his broader thinking on development. In particular, it reflects on his perspectives on structural change and industrialisation; the phases of industrialisation and deindustrialisation in Africa; the political economy of industrialisation in Africa; social policy and industrialisation; and trade and regional integration. The author provides an analysis of some key issues pertaining to industrial development and policy in Africa and argues that the weaknesses of industrialisation in Africa, and the periodic reversals through premature deindustrialisation, have not only hampered economic growth and development, but have also influenced the political economy of African countries, with wider social and political effects. Similarly, state capacity for industrial policy is built through ‘learning by doing’ in the actual practice of industrial policy. Amongst the key topical issues discussed in the article for industrialisation in Africa are upgrading and technological progress, regional integration, and the greening of industrialisation. A vision is put forward for ‘Transformative Industrialisation for Africa’ (TIfA). ","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47298052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is a well-established that the promotion of regional development always results in a higher degree of socioeconomic development, for every country or region, whether they are developed, developing or least-developed economies. African economies are no exception to this rule. This idea is even more valid and more relevant for the ongoing economic and social development (two faces of the same coin) of African economies, where there is greater room for accelerating the pace of growth and development. The role of Africa in the global economy and its contribution has been growing year after year. According to calculations by the African Development Bank (ADB), the growth rate of the aggregate real GDP of African economies was predicted to reach 4.0 per cent in 2019 and 4.1 per cent in 2020. Although these growth rates are still lower than those witnessed by emerging economies, namely China and India, it is believed that African economies will nevertheless exceed the average growth rate in other developing countries and emerging economies.1 To reach their objectives of attaining quantitative development (higher GDP) and qualitative development (improvement in standard of living and quality of life), African states will have to take integrated and systematic measures aimed at solving the persistent and alarming problems of the continent, such as accelerating the pace of development of the economy, trade and the social sector. Major challenges are still faced by African nations, namely poverty, hunger, disease, lack of education, underdeveloped infrastructures (hard and soft), increasing dependence on resource exports, and the influence of foreign monopolies. The emerging economies, especially the non-African BRICS countries (including Brazil, Russia, India, and China), in their turn, have been showing increasing interest in the African region in recent years. At the 2022 BRICS Summit, these nations emphasised the need for and significance of achieving progress through collaboration between developing countries, especially global South cooperation, in terms of trade and investment flow, which is the sine qua non for the acceleration of the pace of growth and development. Two emerging economies—China and India—must play the role of promoters, not rivals. When working for economic and social development for the continent, developed and developing countries must establish backward and forward linkages with African countries. The developed countries of the global North must keep in mind the newly emerging trends of African development, which include the delegation of authority to supranational organisations (the African Union and other regional institutions), ecologically sustainable development of human capital and the infrastructure, formation of the ICT market, development of Big Data and AI, and other equally important processes. Why a Special Issue? The general rule on development highlighted above was recently interrupted by the Covid-19 cri
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"B. Iqbal","doi":"10.57054/ad.v48i2.5071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v48i2.5071","url":null,"abstract":"It is a well-established that the promotion of regional development always results in a higher degree of socioeconomic development, for every country or region, whether they are developed, developing or least-developed economies. African economies are no exception to this rule. This idea is even more valid and more relevant for the ongoing economic and social development (two faces of the same coin) of African economies, where there is greater room for accelerating the pace of growth and development. \u0000 The role of Africa in the global economy and its contribution has been growing year after year. According to calculations by the African Development Bank (ADB), the growth rate of the aggregate real GDP of African economies was predicted to reach 4.0 per cent in 2019 and 4.1 per cent in 2020. Although these growth rates are still lower than those witnessed by emerging economies, namely China and India, it is believed that African economies will nevertheless exceed the average growth rate in other developing countries and emerging economies.1 \u0000 To reach their objectives of attaining quantitative development (higher GDP) and qualitative development (improvement in standard of living and quality of life), African states will have to take integrated and systematic measures aimed at solving the persistent and alarming problems of the continent, such as accelerating the pace of development of the economy, trade and the social sector. Major challenges are still faced by African nations, namely poverty, hunger, disease, lack of education, underdeveloped infrastructures (hard and soft), increasing dependence on resource exports, and the influence of foreign monopolies. \u0000The emerging economies, especially the non-African BRICS countries (including Brazil, Russia, India, and China), in their turn, have been showing increasing interest in the African region in recent years. At the 2022 BRICS Summit, these nations emphasised the need for and significance of achieving progress through collaboration between developing countries, especially global South cooperation, in terms of trade and investment flow, which is the sine qua non for the acceleration of the pace of growth and development. Two emerging economies—China and India—must play the role of promoters, not rivals. \u0000When working for economic and social development for the continent, developed and developing countries must establish backward and forward linkages with African countries. The developed countries of the global North must keep in mind the newly emerging trends of African development, which include the delegation of authority to supranational organisations (the African Union and other regional institutions), ecologically sustainable development of human capital and the infrastructure, formation of the ICT market, development of Big Data and AI, and other equally important processes. \u0000Why a Special Issue? \u0000The general rule on development highlighted above was recently interrupted by the Covid-19 cri","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42296010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article investigates the effect of the Covid-19 lockdown and the ‘work- from-home’ approach on academic activities in Nigeria, using bivariate and multivariable regression. The results show that factors such as inadequate power supply, electricity access, workspace and access to research materials, health status and care for children and the elderly during the Covid-19 lockdown were significantly associated with a decline in the time devoted to academic work. On the other hand, virtual teaching or learning and the ability to work from home more often had positive and statistically significant effects on weekly work hours. The study also finds that Covid-19 lockdowns had a stronger negative effect on female researchers than their male counterparts. The implication is that a prolonged lockdown will harm the education system in Nigeria by negatively affecting research outcomes in terms of weekly work hours. Thus, the recommendations emanating from the findings are discussed in the article.
{"title":"Covid-19 Lockdown and the ‘Work-From-Home’ Approach: The Effect on Nigerian Academics","authors":"T. Osinubi, C. Ibukun, T. Ojeyinka","doi":"10.57054/ad.v48i2.5081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v48i2.5081","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the effect of the Covid-19 lockdown and the ‘work- from-home’ approach on academic activities in Nigeria, using bivariate and multivariable regression. The results show that factors such as inadequate power supply, electricity access, workspace and access to research materials, health status and care for children and the elderly during the Covid-19 lockdown were significantly associated with a decline in the time devoted to academic work. On the other hand, virtual teaching or learning and the ability to work from home more often had positive and statistically significant effects on weekly work hours. The study also finds that Covid-19 lockdowns had a stronger negative effect on female researchers than their male counterparts. The implication is that a prolonged lockdown will harm the education system in Nigeria by negatively affecting research outcomes in terms of weekly work hours. Thus, the recommendations emanating from the findings are discussed in the article.","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44641703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article contributes to a better understanding of the possible interaction between the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic in the ECOWAS countries and the state of governance. More specifically, it determines the relationship between governance and the number of Covid-19 confirmed cases by the end of September 2021, the relationship between tourist arrivals and external debt and the number of confirmed cases. The data was collected over 2020 and 2021. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to assess the strength of association between the variables and possible causation respectively. The study found positive and significant correlation between all the governance variables, except for political stability. There was a strong association between tourist arrivals, external debt, and infection rates. Governance did not significantly impact the infection rate, whereas the number of tourists and per capita external debt did so significantly. It is therefore recommended that more stringent actions be taken to reinforce safety measures at all entry points in the ECOWAS region and that development partners look closely at the reliability of the numbers of confirmed cases to ensure th t the data collected is not manipulated simply to attract foreign resources.
{"title":"Governance Issues and the Covid-19 Pandemic in West Africa: Are There Any Linkages?","authors":"Felix Fofana N’Zué, Adjoua Math Komenan","doi":"10.57054/ad.v48i2.5079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v48i2.5079","url":null,"abstract":"This article contributes to a better understanding of the possible interaction between the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic in the ECOWAS countries and the state of governance. More specifically, it determines the relationship between governance and the number of Covid-19 confirmed cases by the end of September 2021, the relationship between tourist arrivals and external debt and the number of confirmed cases. The data was collected over 2020 and 2021. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to assess the strength of association between the variables and possible causation respectively. The study found positive and significant correlation between all the governance variables, except for political stability. There was a strong association between tourist arrivals, external debt, and infection rates. Governance did not significantly impact the infection rate, whereas the number of tourists and per capita external debt did so significantly. It is therefore recommended that more stringent actions be taken to reinforce safety measures at all entry points in the ECOWAS region and that development partners look closely at the reliability of the numbers of confirmed cases to ensure th t the data collected is not manipulated simply to attract foreign resources.","PeriodicalId":39851,"journal":{"name":"Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44094120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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