Alberto Méndez Méndez , Arturo García Romero , Manuel Antonio Serrano de la Cruz Santos-Olmo , Verónica Ibarra García
Proposals for local economic development are frequently addressed without having a previous diagnosis on social feasibility, which in many cases leads to excessive time, effort and resources invested in project development, or to the failure of these projects in the early years of operation. This is a recurring issue in rural communities of several countries where, given the urgency to address short-term needs, resources are used without proper planning, consensus or optimal social participation of the local population, all of which translates into resource-use models characterized by a low sustainability. Given this issue and considering that alternative tourism may be a good opportunity for local development without compromising the principles of sustainable development, this study assessed the social feasibility of alternative tourism in a small rural town with an adequate natural and cultural tourism potential. The project was conducted in the municipality of Atlautla, located in the Popocatepetl volcano's western slope in central Mexico. The study area corresponds to a temperate mountain ecosystem that, due to its ecological potential and complex biological and anthropic interrelations, displays an interesting landscape mosaic, which sets the grounds for a large variety of tourist attractions.
The study considered that the social feasibility of tourism depends on three major factors: the local population's perception on tourist potential, the willingness and interest to participate in tourism activities and projects, and the organization and collaboration level within the community. First, 29 tourist attractions were identified and classified based on the diversity of landscape across the study area, through visits scheduled on the basis of the availability of key informants and their recommendations. These attractions were mapped and classified according to the typology of the Inter-American Tourism Training Center (CICATUR) of the Organization of American States (OAS). Tourist attractions were inventoried by applying an original method based on the use of indicators with a format that includes three basic landscape components (biotic, geomorphological and cultural) and three assessment criteria (landscape, environmental and educational-academic). The social feasibility of tourism regarding the 29 attractions identified and field-assessed was undertaken by conducting random surveys and interviews that involved different social parties. Surveys were designed based on 17 indicators that address the three dimensions mentioned for social feasibility. For their part, interviews were designed and conducted with key community informants (political and religious leaders, and representatives of several government levels). The results obtained revealed that local inhabitants have a fairly clear perception of the territory's tourist potential, especially as regards the mountains, and addressing leisure and relaxation objectives. With reg
{"title":"Determinantes sociales de la viabilidad del turismo alternativo en Atlautla, una comunidad rural del Centro de México","authors":"Alberto Méndez Méndez , Arturo García Romero , Manuel Antonio Serrano de la Cruz Santos-Olmo , Verónica Ibarra García","doi":"10.14350/rig.48297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.48297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Proposals for local economic development are frequently addressed without having a previous diagnosis on social feasibility, which in many cases leads to excessive time, effort and resources invested in project development, or to the failure of these projects in the early years of operation. This is a recurring issue in rural communities of several countries where, given the urgency to address short-term needs, resources are used without proper planning, consensus or optimal social participation of the local population, all of which translates into resource-use models characterized by a low sustainability. Given this issue and considering that alternative tourism may be a good opportunity for local development without compromising the principles of sustainable development, this study assessed the social feasibility of alternative tourism in a small rural town with an adequate natural and cultural tourism potential. The project was conducted in the municipality of Atlautla, located in the Popocatepetl volcano's western slope in central Mexico. The study area corresponds to a temperate mountain ecosystem that, due to its ecological potential and complex biological and anthropic interrelations, displays an interesting landscape mosaic, which sets the grounds for a large variety of tourist attractions.</p><p>The study considered that the social feasibility of tourism depends on three major factors: the local population's perception on tourist potential, the willingness and interest to participate in tourism activities and projects, and the organization and collaboration level within the community. First, 29 tourist attractions were identified and classified based on the diversity of landscape across the study area, through visits scheduled on the basis of the availability of key informants and their recommendations. These attractions were mapped and classified according to the typology of the Inter-American Tourism Training Center (CICATUR) of the Organization of American States (OAS). Tourist attractions were inventoried by applying an original method based on the use of indicators with a format that includes three basic landscape components (biotic, geomorphological and cultural) and three assessment criteria (landscape, environmental and educational-academic). The social feasibility of tourism regarding the 29 attractions identified and field-assessed was undertaken by conducting random surveys and interviews that involved different social parties. Surveys were designed based on 17 indicators that address the three dimensions mentioned for social feasibility. For their part, interviews were designed and conducted with key community informants (political and religious leaders, and representatives of several government levels). The results obtained revealed that local inhabitants have a fairly clear perception of the territory's tourist potential, especially as regards the mountains, and addressing leisure and relaxation objectives. With reg","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.48297","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91658316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyzes the social conditions that produce vulnerability to landslides in two neighborhoods of Teziutlan, Puebla. The goal is to elicit the logic of action that influences vulnerability of these communities, using the concept of risk habitus derived from Bourdieu’s theoretical perspective. This framework provides an analytic framework to understand the social logic and every day decision-making processes that relate to risk perceptions and responses of the residents of these landslide-prone settlements. The methods involved the quantitative interpretation of linkages among variables related to residents’ social, cultural and symbolic capitals, which were collected through two complementary surveys. The selected variables focused on previous disaster experiences and social learning, as well as cooperation networks assessment (solidarity between neighbors, trust in local authorities, experience with disaster situations, perception of risk and attachment to place) in each community. The findings show that individuals’ judgments of their own vulnerability are based on their perceptions of preparedness to face a risk situation; it does not matter the actual hazard level to which they are exposed. This relates to their high level of trust in local authorities and the belief that these authorities will help them in a disaster situation. On the other hand, both neighborhoods are certain about suffering future damages in similar conditions than previous disaster events, even though they have very different objective levels of hazard exposure. In both cases, they strongly believe in their capacity or respond to a landslide, despite that neither of them has invested time or resources in preparedness.
{"title":"The production of vulnerability to landslides: the risk habitus in two landslide-prone neighborhoods in Teziutlán, Mexico","authors":"Bertha Hernandez Aguilar , Naxhelli Ruiz Rivera","doi":"10.14350/rig.50663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.50663","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the social conditions that produce vulnerability to landslides in two neighborhoods of Teziutlan, Puebla. The goal is to elicit the logic of action that influences vulnerability of these communities, using the concept of risk habitus derived from Bourdieu’s theoretical perspective. This framework provides an analytic framework to understand the social logic and every day decision-making processes that relate to risk perceptions and responses of the residents of these landslide-prone settlements. The methods involved the quantitative interpretation of linkages among variables related to residents’ social, cultural and symbolic capitals, which were collected through two complementary surveys. The selected variables focused on previous disaster experiences and social learning, as well as cooperation networks assessment (solidarity between neighbors, trust in local authorities, experience with disaster situations, perception of risk and attachment to place) in each community. The findings show that individuals’ judgments of their own vulnerability are based on their perceptions of preparedness to face a risk situation; it does not matter the actual hazard level to which they are exposed. This relates to their high level of trust in local authorities and the belief that these authorities will help them in a disaster situation. On the other hand, both neighborhoods are certain about suffering future damages in similar conditions than previous disaster events, even though they have very different objective levels of hazard exposure. In both cases, they strongly believe in their capacity or respond to a landslide, despite that neither of them has invested time or resources in preparedness.","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.50663","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91696014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exposición fotográfica: “Pescar en el Vizcaíno. Imágenes desde la geografía de un paisaje mexicano”, Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., 15 de febrero-4 de marzo 2016","authors":"Araceli Jiménez Pelcastre","doi":"10.14350/rig.56671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.56671","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.56671","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91695968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Primer Seminario Internacional: “Representaciones cartográficas de ciudades en la investigación”, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco y Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México Centro Histórico, Cd. Mx., 2-4 mayo 2016","authors":"Consuelo Córdoba Flores","doi":"10.14350/rig.56673","DOIUrl":"10.14350/rig.56673","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.56673","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116759069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
lidar data provide high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (dems), but some artifacts affect their accuracy and precision. This includes the dems generated by the Mexican National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Instituto Nacional de Estadisitica y Geografia, inegi), especially lidar Digital Terrain Models (dtms) related to the bare earth surface. These artifacts correspond to triangular facets observed in different small and scattered areas, as well as on the surface of the rivers. When dense gallery forests are present, river surfaces have a high roughness also associated with multiple triangular facets. The treatments developed in this research mitigate and/or eliminate these drawbacks and improve the lidardtms. Calculations based on the elevation Root Mean Square Roughness and the elevation Root Mean Square Error confirm that the method presented here allows dtm products to be improved in order to realize accurate simulations and precise measurements.
激光雷达数据提供高分辨率的数字高程模型(dem)，但一些人为因素会影响其准确性和精度。这包括墨西哥国家统计和地理研究所(Instituto Nacional de Estadisitica y Geografia, inegi)生成的dem，特别是与裸地表面相关的激光雷达数字地形模型(dtms)。这些人工制品对应于在不同的小而分散的区域以及河流表面观察到的三角形面。当存在茂密的廊道森林时，河流表面也具有与多个三角形面相关的高粗糙度。本研究开发的治疗方法减轻和/或消除了这些缺点，并改善了激光雷达成像。基于高程均方根粗糙度和高程均方根误差的计算证实，本文提出的方法可以对dtm产品进行改进，以实现精确的模拟和精确的测量。
{"title":"LiDAR DTM: artifacts, and correction for river altitudes","authors":"Jean-François Parrot , Carolina Ramírez Núñez","doi":"10.14350/rig.47372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.47372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>l</span>i<span>dar</span> data provide high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (<span>dem</span>s), but some artifacts affect their accuracy and precision. This includes the <span>dem</span>s generated by the Mexican National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Instituto Nacional de Estadisitica y Geografia, <span>inegi</span>), especially <span>l</span>i<span>dar</span> Digital Terrain Models (<span>dtm</span>s) related to the bare earth surface. These artifacts correspond to triangular facets observed in different small and scattered areas, as well as on the surface of the rivers. When dense gallery forests are present, river surfaces have a high roughness also associated with multiple triangular facets. The treatments developed in this research mitigate and/or eliminate these drawbacks and improve the <span>l</span>i<span>dar</span> <span>dtm</span>s. Calculations based on the elevation Root Mean Square Roughness and the elevation Root Mean Square Error confirm that the method presented here allows <span>dtm</span> products to be improved in order to realize accurate simulations and precise measurements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.47372","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91695964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The State of Michoacan, as well as a handful of other hot spot regions worldwide, harbors an outstanding overlap between natural and cultural richness as a result of intermingle climatic geological, geographical and ecological conditions. Presently both, natural and cultural heritages are jeopardized at most hot spots worldwide and policy makers seek urgently for robust base line information to restore and eventually reorient development. Spatially explicit base line data bases have been recognized as critical in order to facilitate design and implementation of public policies. In this sense, dynamics of native land cover/vegetation patterns (natural units) have helped in enormously to provide base line information and predict outcomes. A rather critical issue relies in developing replicable and robust methods to predict natural units, as a direct response of climatic, geological and geomorphological data (physical units). Often natural units are used as spatial criteria to delineate physical units, yet these latter are regarded as the responsible variables for delimiting natural units. This tautological thought has been largely neglected in most scientific literature in Mexico when constructing cartographic outputs.
In this article, we argue that native land cover/vegetation patterns are the response variable of physical attributes at a meso-scale level. Hence, the objective of this investigation was to predict native land cover/vegetation patterns based upon climatic, geological, geomorphological and ecological attributes hierarchically intermingled. The contribution was made in order to developing a robust and replicable method accordingly to current available information worldwide. The research took place in Michoacan state as it is regarded a typical hotspot comprising geo-ecological complex features. To illustrate this further, Michoacan harbors over 800 tree species which overpasses the number of species of all Western Europe. Prediction modeling was with the aid of a geographic information system. Decisions rules were based upon Boolean logic giving special attention to emerging bioclimatic zoning techniques. The later consists in providing gradients of temperature and precipitation along seasonal threshold values so that sound matching between physical and natural units is found. In addition, an innovative aspect regards the cartographic expression of these gradients of temperature and precipitation here referred as termotype and ombrotypes respectively.
Outcomes demonstrated that prediction of native land cover/vegetation patterns was feasible within a geo-ecologically complex region as Michoacan. In addition, dissecting attributes of the landscape hierarchically organized proved to be a robust and replicable method to reconstruct native vegetation patterns at places currently covered by anthropogenic activities. Tropical seasonally dry forests covers most surface still covers most surface (28.52% of the
{"title":"Componentes del paisaje como predictores de cubiertas de vegetación: estudio de caso del estado de Michoacán, México","authors":"Luis Fernando Gopar-Merino , Alejandro Velázquez","doi":"10.14350/rig.46688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.46688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The State of Michoacan, as well as a handful of other hot spot regions worldwide, harbors an outstanding overlap between natural and cultural richness as a result of intermingle climatic geological, geographical and ecological conditions. Presently both, natural and cultural heritages are jeopardized at most hot spots worldwide and policy makers seek urgently for robust base line information to restore and eventually reorient development. Spatially explicit base line data bases have been recognized as critical in order to facilitate design and implementation of public policies. In this sense, dynamics of native land cover/vegetation patterns (natural units) have helped in enormously to provide base line information and predict outcomes. A rather critical issue relies in developing replicable and robust methods to predict<span></span> natural units, as a direct response of climatic, geological and geomorphological data (physical units). Often natural units are used as spatial criteria to delineate physical units, yet these latter are regarded as the responsible variables for delimiting natural units. This tautological thought has been largely neglected in most scientific literature in Mexico when constructing cartographic outputs.</p><p>In this article, we argue that native land cover/vegetation patterns are the response variable of physical attributes at a meso-scale level. Hence, the objective of this investigation was to predict native land cover/vegetation patterns based upon climatic, geological, geomorphological and ecological attributes hierarchically intermingled. The contribution was made in order to developing a robust and replicable method accordingly to current available information worldwide. The research took place in Michoacan state as it is regarded a typical hotspot comprising geo-ecological complex features. To illustrate this further, Michoacan harbors over 800 tree species which overpasses the number of species of all Western Europe. Prediction modeling was with the aid of a geographic information system. Decisions rules were based upon Boolean logic giving special attention to emerging bioclimatic zoning techniques. The later consists in providing gradients of temperature and precipitation along seasonal threshold values so that sound matching between physical and natural units is found. In addition, an innovative aspect regards the cartographic expression of these gradients of temperature and precipitation here referred as termotype and ombrotypes respectively.</p><p>Outcomes demonstrated that prediction of native land cover/vegetation patterns was feasible within a geo-ecologically complex region as Michoacan. In addition, dissecting attributes of the landscape hierarchically organized proved to be a robust and replicable method to reconstruct native vegetation patterns at places currently covered by anthropogenic activities. Tropical seasonally dry forests covers most surface still covers most surface (28.52% of the","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.46688","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91695965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José López García , Jorge Prado Molina , Lilia Manzo Delgado , Armando Peralta Higuera
A multiannual series of high-resolution small-format aerial digital photography was employed to assess changes in the forest canopy density in a temperate forest. A combination of conventional and adapted techniques of photogrammetry and photo interpretation was used, establishing a specific method. This method has been proved in a twelve-year period (1999-2011) in the core zone of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, in the states of Mexico and Michoacán, in Mexico, employing orthorectified mosaics as base maps to evaluate biennial changes. Photographs were assessed through traditional photointerpretation marking changes on acetates, located over the paper prints, creating new polygons. These were transferred to the orthomosaic directly through the computer screen using the acetates and at least three control points, complying with the principle of radial triangulation. Forest was separated into the following canopy density classes: closed, semi-closed, semi-open, open, and deforested. Accuracy assessment in forest canopy density classification was estimated by field sampling, and employing error matrices being 95%. Since 2003, this method has been used to determine appropriate payment for environmental services. This payment together with an intense interaction with the communities has led to a reduction in forest degradation and deforestation in the core zone.
{"title":"Monitoring changes of forest canopy density in a temperature forest using high-resolution aerial digital photography","authors":"José López García , Jorge Prado Molina , Lilia Manzo Delgado , Armando Peralta Higuera","doi":"10.14350/rig.47360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.47360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A multiannual series of high-resolution small-format aerial digital photography was employed to assess changes in the forest canopy density in a temperate forest. A combination of conventional and adapted techniques of photogrammetry and photo interpretation was used, establishing a specific method. This method has been proved in a twelve-year period (1999-2011) in the core zone of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, in the states of Mexico and Michoacán, in Mexico, employing orthorectified mosaics as base maps to evaluate biennial changes. Photographs were assessed through traditional photointerpretation marking changes on acetates, located over the paper prints, creating new polygons. These were transferred to the orthomosaic directly through the computer screen using the acetates and at least three control points, complying with the principle of radial triangulation. Forest was separated into the following canopy density classes: closed, semi-closed, semi-open, open, and deforested. Accuracy assessment in forest canopy density classification was estimated by field sampling, and employing error matrices being 95%. Since 2003, this method has been used to determine appropriate payment for environmental services. This payment together with an intense interaction with the communities has led to a reduction in forest degradation and deforestation in the core zone.<span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.47360","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90031684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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