Pub Date : 2017-04-01Epub Date: 2017-04-22DOI: 10.14350/rig.53915
Neyra Sosa Gutierrez , Alejandro Velazquez , Dante Ariel Ayala-Ortiz , Gerardo Bocco , Luis Fernando Gopar Merino
<div><p>Public policies (<span>pp</span>) are defined as actions designed, implemented and evaluated by governments operating through programs, with the ultimate goal to improve and solve social problems in the short and long term. I theory, <span>pp</span> should be designed considering, among other things, basic social, economic and environmental information of the areas where such programs derived. However, a common deficiency in the design of public policies for the management of forest resources in Mexico is the lack of analysis in the complexity of a territorial context, which directly affects the results of the <span>pp</span>. This variable is relevant in Mexico, due to the great heterogeneity of the territory, so the results in the implementation of programs and projects arising from forest <span>pp</span>, usually lacks of a fundamental theoretical basis for obtaining better results. Thus, the objective of this study is the development of a methodological framework that incorporates the spatial variable to improve the design of forest <span>pp</span> <em>ad hoc</em> to each territory. The Forest Condition Index (<span>fci</span>) was designed and implemented as an instrument to provide a robust spatial reference by assessing forest condition in contrast to the degree of marginalization of municipal entities. The inputs for the <span>fci</span> describes the dynamics of the degree of marginalization and the dynamics of plant cover during the period 2000-2010 of all municipalities in the state of Michoacan, used as a study case. The application of the <span>fci</span> to the 113 municipalities in the state, results in the categorization of municipalities in 4 classes, depicting possible trends between marginalization and forest cover. The largest number of municipalities (31), which represents 35.78% of the state's land, were grouped in class IV, indicating a trend in the increase the index of marginalization and the decrease in forest cover. Only 26 municipalities were located in Class I, revealed a favorable trend with a decreasing rate of marginalization and an increasing on the forest cover. The identified classes, showed that there are significantly differing trends between municipalities, indicating different problems and challenges. We argue that social vulnerability may affect negatively or positively by the availability of forest cover. This consideration is based on the opportunity that sustainable use of the forest represents to access financial resources, and thus impact directly on the social and economic welfare of the population established in areas where forest management is main economic activity. According to the results of the <span>fci</span>, it is necessary to propose an adequate model of <span>pp</span> design, according to the environmental condition of the territory, that allow a gradual increase of forest cover (conceived as the natural capital) and lower rates of marginalization through a model of sustainable us
{"title":"Implementación del Índice de Condición Forestal (icf) como un insumo para el diseño de políticas públicas de corte forestal en México","authors":"Neyra Sosa Gutierrez , Alejandro Velazquez , Dante Ariel Ayala-Ortiz , Gerardo Bocco , Luis Fernando Gopar Merino","doi":"10.14350/rig.53915","DOIUrl":"10.14350/rig.53915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Public policies (<span>pp</span>) are defined as actions designed, implemented and evaluated by governments operating through programs, with the ultimate goal to improve and solve social problems in the short and long term. I theory, <span>pp</span> should be designed considering, among other things, basic social, economic and environmental information of the areas where such programs derived. However, a common deficiency in the design of public policies for the management of forest resources in Mexico is the lack of analysis in the complexity of a territorial context, which directly affects the results of the <span>pp</span>. This variable is relevant in Mexico, due to the great heterogeneity of the territory, so the results in the implementation of programs and projects arising from forest <span>pp</span>, usually lacks of a fundamental theoretical basis for obtaining better results. Thus, the objective of this study is the development of a methodological framework that incorporates the spatial variable to improve the design of forest <span>pp</span> <em>ad hoc</em> to each territory. The Forest Condition Index (<span>fci</span>) was designed and implemented as an instrument to provide a robust spatial reference by assessing forest condition in contrast to the degree of marginalization of municipal entities. The inputs for the <span>fci</span> describes the dynamics of the degree of marginalization and the dynamics of plant cover during the period 2000-2010 of all municipalities in the state of Michoacan, used as a study case. The application of the <span>fci</span> to the 113 municipalities in the state, results in the categorization of municipalities in 4 classes, depicting possible trends between marginalization and forest cover. The largest number of municipalities (31), which represents 35.78% of the state's land, were grouped in class IV, indicating a trend in the increase the index of marginalization and the decrease in forest cover. Only 26 municipalities were located in Class I, revealed a favorable trend with a decreasing rate of marginalization and an increasing on the forest cover. The identified classes, showed that there are significantly differing trends between municipalities, indicating different problems and challenges. We argue that social vulnerability may affect negatively or positively by the availability of forest cover. This consideration is based on the opportunity that sustainable use of the forest represents to access financial resources, and thus impact directly on the social and economic welfare of the population established in areas where forest management is main economic activity. According to the results of the <span>fci</span>, it is necessary to propose an adequate model of <span>pp</span> design, according to the environmental condition of the territory, that allow a gradual increase of forest cover (conceived as the natural capital) and lower rates of marginalization through a model of sustainable us","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":"2017 92","pages":"Pages 74-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.53915","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129437732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-01Epub Date: 2017-04-22DOI: 10.14350/rig.51876
David Loreto , Manuel Esperón-Rodríguez , Víctor L. Barradas
Climate and vegetation coexist in a dynamic equilibrium. However, lack of vegetation can cause local and regional climate changes. Grown-shade coffee agroecosystem provides resources, environmental services and socio-economic benefits. We found that coffee production has decreased but its economical value has increased; however, the socio-economic indicators decreased. High deforestation rate is causing changes in the precipitation patterns and fog frequency, contributing to an environmental and socio-economical crisis in the region. This work presents an analysis of the influence of local and regional climate on the grown-shade coffee in central Veracruz, and the factors involved in land-use change with the respective consequences for the coffee producers.
{"title":"The climatic-environmental significance, status and socioeconomic perspective of the grown-shade coffee agroecosystems in the central mountain region of Veracruz, Mexico","authors":"David Loreto , Manuel Esperón-Rodríguez , Víctor L. Barradas","doi":"10.14350/rig.51876","DOIUrl":"10.14350/rig.51876","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span></span>Climate and vegetation coexist in a dynamic equilibrium. However, lack of vegetation can cause local and regional climate changes. Grown-shade coffee agroecosystem provides resources, environmental services and socio-economic benefits. We found that coffee production has decreased but its economical value has increased; however, the socio-economic indicators decreased. High deforestation rate is causing changes in the precipitation patterns and fog frequency, contributing to an environmental and socio-economical crisis in the region. This work presents an analysis of the influence of local and regional climate on the grown-shade coffee in central Veracruz, and the factors involved in land-use change with the respective consequences for the coffee producers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":"2017 92","pages":"Pages 87-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.51876","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124071295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-01Epub Date: 2017-04-22DOI: 10.14350/rig.51113
Gabriel Legorreta Paulín , Marcus Bursik , José Juan Zamorano Orozco , José Lugo Hubp , Bettina Martinez-Hackert , Jorge V. Bajo Sánchez
<div><p><span></span>Landslides that occur along river systems are very common and have the potential to cause harm to human, to its infrastructure or affect their socio-economic activity. This dynamic is magnified in territories where morphological contrasts are very marked; as in the border between the mountains and subhorizontal land. This is especially true for volcanic terrains where volcanic activity can trigger voluminous landslides along stream systems by sector and flank collapse and where high seasonal rainfall on terrains covered by poorly consolidated materials produces small but hazardous landslides and debris flows that occur continually along stream systems during the volcanic repose periods. Those type of landslides can deliver volumes of hundreds and millions cubic meters that create a potentially hazardous situation for people and property down the valleys. The study of landslides in volcanic terrains through a Geographic Information System (<span>gis</span>) and under a geomorphological criterion, have allowed to develop a comprehensive methodology linked to the development of multi-temporal inventory, with susceptibility and volume estimation of displaced material. The aim of this research is to develop a method (protocol) for landslide susceptibility and landslide volume assessment of potentially unstable volcanic landscapes in order to be helpful in mitigating landslide damages to human settlements. Pico de Orizaba volcano is the highest volcano in Mexico. The volcano has been affected by large flank collapse landslides throughout its geological history. These events have partially destroyed the cone as it happened in Bezymianny volcano and St. Elena volcano. In this volcano, the risk associated with landslide and debris flows, is increased by the growing of human settlements along the hillslopes and by the subsistence agriculture, and deforestation. This situation is favored by a volcanic calm that has lasted 147 years, approximate. These conditions create a dangerous situation for more than 360 000 people living on the southern flank of the volcano Pico de Orizaba, where landslides along the hillslopes and the river system threaten towns like Cordova, Orizaba, Rio Blanco, Nogales and Ciudad Mendoza. Today the most common and dangerous landslides are associated with unconsolidated volcanic deposits and heavy seasonal rains.</p><p>In this paper, the cause, distribution, and link between landslides and the volcanic landscape relief susceptibility are analyzed. Similarly, the volume of displaced material is estimated in order to characterize the landslide instability in volcanic terrains. The Río El Estado watershed on the southwestern flank of Pico de Orizaba volcano is selected to describe and analyze susceptible areas of gravitational processes. The study area allows to show a systematic methodology for landslide mapping and volume calculation in areas with scarce information. The methodology encompasses three main stages o
沿河流系统发生的山体滑坡非常常见，有可能对人类、基础设施或社会经济活动造成伤害。这种动态在形态差异非常明显的地区被放大;就像在山脉和亚水平陆地之间的边界。对于火山地形来说尤其如此，火山活动可以通过扇形和侧翼崩塌引发沿河流系统的大量滑坡，而在火山休止期，由固结不良物质覆盖的地形上的高季节性降雨会产生小型但危险的滑坡和泥石流，这些滑坡和泥石流会沿着河流系统不断发生。这种类型的山体滑坡可以产生数亿立方米的体积，对山谷下面的人和财产造成潜在的危险。通过地理信息系统并根据地貌学标准对火山地带的滑坡进行研究，使我们能够发展出一种综合性的方法，与开发多时间盘存相联系，并对移位物质的易感性和体积进行估计。本研究的目的是开发一种潜在不稳定火山景观的滑坡易感性和滑坡体积评估方法(方案)，以帮助减轻滑坡对人类住区的损害。Pico de Orizaba火山是墨西哥最高的火山。这座火山在其地质历史上一直受到大型侧面崩塌滑坡的影响。Bezymianny火山和圣埃琳娜火山发生的这些事件部分破坏了火山锥。在这座火山，随着山坡上人类住区的增加以及自给农业和森林砍伐的增加，与滑坡和泥石流有关的风险增加了。这种情况得益于持续了大约147年的火山平静。这些条件给生活在Pico de Orizaba火山南侧的36万多人造成了危险的局面，沿着山坡和河流系统的山体滑坡威胁着科尔多瓦、Orizaba、里约热内卢Blanco、Nogales和Ciudad Mendoza等城镇。今天，最常见和最危险的滑坡与松散的火山沉积物和季节性暴雨有关。本文分析了滑坡与火山景观地形易感性的成因、分布及其联系。同样，估计位移物质的体积是为了描述火山地形中滑坡的不稳定性。选择Pico de Orizaba火山西南侧翼的Río El Estado分水岭来描述和分析重力过程的敏感区域。该研究区域为信息匮乏地区的滑坡测绘和体积计算提供了一种系统的方法。该方法包括三个主要的分析阶段。在第一阶段，收集背景信息以提供背景，并建立研究区域内滑坡过程、地貌和体积的一般特征。背景信息包括以下地图:地形、地质、土地利用、气候、坡度、坡度曲率、贡献面积、流向、饱和度、重新分类的坡度、重新分类的坡度和地形。通过检索和切换地理信息系统中的背景信息，可以创建一个基础地图，以协助滑坡数字化。地貌测绘的基础图和理论方面有助于为滑坡测绘提供一个概念基础。滑坡直接数字化进入地理信息系统(gis)，同时，滑坡属性的空间地理数据库(例如:大小、体积、活动、滑坡类型等)被构造。对研究区以前的滑坡填图进行了验证，并将新的滑坡添加到滑坡清单中。一旦滑坡的位置被绘制和评估，类似的潜在滑坡区域就会被归类为单独的地形。在第二阶段，基于航空照片、实地调查和详细测绘，在地貌标准下对火山地形进行分析，并根据美国华盛顿州自然资源部的滑坡灾害区划方案对结果进行调整。对于每一种火山地貌，根据对应于山体滑坡总面积和山体滑坡数量的数值，得出半定量的易感性等级;在两组航空正射影像之间的总时间跨度(14年期间)，它们被归一化。这些归一化变量分别称为滑坡面积率和滑坡频率率。最后，在第三阶段，通过使用经验面积-体积关系估计滑坡向主河输送的物质体积。 研究结果有助于我们了解Pico de Orizaba火山西南侧翼河流系统的长期演化。它们还显示了一种有用的测绘方法，可用于编制清单、评估易感性和估计与火山地形中滑坡有关的体积。
{"title":"Estimación del volumen de los depósitos asociados a deslizamientos a través de geoformas, en el flanco SW del volcán Pico de Orizaba, Puebla-Veracruz","authors":"Gabriel Legorreta Paulín , Marcus Bursik , José Juan Zamorano Orozco , José Lugo Hubp , Bettina Martinez-Hackert , Jorge V. Bajo Sánchez","doi":"10.14350/rig.51113","DOIUrl":"10.14350/rig.51113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span></span>Landslides that occur along river systems are very common and have the potential to cause harm to human, to its infrastructure or affect their socio-economic activity. This dynamic is magnified in territories where morphological contrasts are very marked; as in the border between the mountains and subhorizontal land. This is especially true for volcanic terrains where volcanic activity can trigger voluminous landslides along stream systems by sector and flank collapse and where high seasonal rainfall on terrains covered by poorly consolidated materials produces small but hazardous landslides and debris flows that occur continually along stream systems during the volcanic repose periods. Those type of landslides can deliver volumes of hundreds and millions cubic meters that create a potentially hazardous situation for people and property down the valleys. The study of landslides in volcanic terrains through a Geographic Information System (<span>gis</span>) and under a geomorphological criterion, have allowed to develop a comprehensive methodology linked to the development of multi-temporal inventory, with susceptibility and volume estimation of displaced material. The aim of this research is to develop a method (protocol) for landslide susceptibility and landslide volume assessment of potentially unstable volcanic landscapes in order to be helpful in mitigating landslide damages to human settlements. Pico de Orizaba volcano is the highest volcano in Mexico. The volcano has been affected by large flank collapse landslides throughout its geological history. These events have partially destroyed the cone as it happened in Bezymianny volcano and St. Elena volcano. In this volcano, the risk associated with landslide and debris flows, is increased by the growing of human settlements along the hillslopes and by the subsistence agriculture, and deforestation. This situation is favored by a volcanic calm that has lasted 147 years, approximate. These conditions create a dangerous situation for more than 360 000 people living on the southern flank of the volcano Pico de Orizaba, where landslides along the hillslopes and the river system threaten towns like Cordova, Orizaba, Rio Blanco, Nogales and Ciudad Mendoza. Today the most common and dangerous landslides are associated with unconsolidated volcanic deposits and heavy seasonal rains.</p><p>In this paper, the cause, distribution, and link between landslides and the volcanic landscape relief susceptibility are analyzed. Similarly, the volume of displaced material is estimated in order to characterize the landslide instability in volcanic terrains. The Río El Estado watershed on the southwestern flank of Pico de Orizaba volcano is selected to describe and analyze susceptible areas of gravitational processes. The study area allows to show a systematic methodology for landslide mapping and volume calculation in areas with scarce information. The methodology encompasses three main stages o","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":"2017 92","pages":"Pages 21-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.51113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133120966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Importancia del trabajo comunitario participativo para el establecimiento del geoparque mundial de la unesco mixteca alta, oaxaca, méxico","authors":"Emmaline Montserrat Rosado-González, Xóchitl Ramírez-Miguel","doi":"10.14350/rig.59435","DOIUrl":"10.14350/rig.59435","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":"2017 92","pages":"Pages 144-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.59435","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132798213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><p>The Yucatan Peninsula is included as part of the initiative for the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. In its central area, are located three Protected Natural Areas (PNA): the Biocultural Puuc Reserve (RBP, by its Spanish acronym), the Bala’an K’aax flora and fauna protected area (APB, by its Spanish acronym), Quintana Roo, and the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve (RBC, by its Spanish acronym), Campeche. The Puuc-Chenes region is located in the center of the Yucatan Peninsula - among these PNAs - which included important fragments of vegetation that in the past formed a continuum through the forests of the Yucatan Peninsula, constituting an important link to keep the connectivity of the Mayan forest. However, the expansion of the agricultural frontier is causing the fragmentation of the habitat. In the present study, the structural and functional connectivity of the Puuc-Chenes region is analyzed, based on habitat requirements of the Panthera onca (jaguar) by sex. Both, male and female, prefer tropical forest, however, <em>P. onca</em> males dare to transit in secondary vegetation and inclusively in agricultural areas. Males make inroads to villages more often than females, coming close to, and even crossing roads. P. onca males have a home range of 60 km<sup>2</sup>. In the present study, the ArcMap, FRAGSTATS and IDRISI software were used to analyses the structural and functional connectivity of the landscape, based on the known differences of habitat requirements for <em>P. onca</em> males and females. A vegetation and land use map of the studied area was elaborated, based on Landsat 7 ETM+ images, with 30 m size pixels. The following cover classes were differentiated: tropical forest, secondary forest, agriculture, urban, and water polls, which were validated in the fields. The Puuc-Chenes has an extension of 972 578 ha. Tropical forest was the dominant vegetation cover (49.8%) with the largest patch index covering 19.7% of the total landscape. The landscape had 2 509 fragments, from which 1 254 y 935 corresponded to secondary forest and anthropic patches, respectively. The contagion index was 62.5%, which indicates the existence oflarge and contiguous fragments. The total edge contrast index indicates the degree of landscape connectivity was 43.7%, meaning a medium contrast among the different class fragments. Likewise, forest had the highest area-weighted mean proximity index (PROX_AM de 8 701), confirming that the forest had bigger and less isolated fragments than the rest of the classes. The area of study, still have high value for the conservation of the habitat of the <em>P onca</em>. According to the results, we conclude that the Puuc-Chenes region has intermediate structural landscape connectivity, since a suitable corridor was identified for males and three corridors for both, males and females. Four priority fragments of forest were identified in the Puuc-Chenes landscape to be protected: the Puuc fragment with 1 916 km<sup>2</sup
{"title":"Evaluación de la conectividad del paisaje en la región Puuc-Chenes, México, con base en los requerimientos de hábitat del jaguar (Panthera onca)","authors":"Eduardo Salazar , Jorge Mendoza , Susana Ochoa-Gaona , Víctor Ku-Quej , Mircea Hidalgo-Mihart","doi":"10.14350/rig.52210","DOIUrl":"10.14350/rig.52210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Yucatan Peninsula is included as part of the initiative for the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. In its central area, are located three Protected Natural Areas (PNA): the Biocultural Puuc Reserve (RBP, by its Spanish acronym), the Bala’an K’aax flora and fauna protected area (APB, by its Spanish acronym), Quintana Roo, and the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve (RBC, by its Spanish acronym), Campeche. The Puuc-Chenes region is located in the center of the Yucatan Peninsula - among these PNAs - which included important fragments of vegetation that in the past formed a continuum through the forests of the Yucatan Peninsula, constituting an important link to keep the connectivity of the Mayan forest. However, the expansion of the agricultural frontier is causing the fragmentation of the habitat. In the present study, the structural and functional connectivity of the Puuc-Chenes region is analyzed, based on habitat requirements of the Panthera onca (jaguar) by sex. Both, male and female, prefer tropical forest, however, <em>P. onca</em> males dare to transit in secondary vegetation and inclusively in agricultural areas. Males make inroads to villages more often than females, coming close to, and even crossing roads. P. onca males have a home range of 60 km<sup>2</sup>. In the present study, the ArcMap, FRAGSTATS and IDRISI software were used to analyses the structural and functional connectivity of the landscape, based on the known differences of habitat requirements for <em>P. onca</em> males and females. A vegetation and land use map of the studied area was elaborated, based on Landsat 7 ETM+ images, with 30 m size pixels. The following cover classes were differentiated: tropical forest, secondary forest, agriculture, urban, and water polls, which were validated in the fields. The Puuc-Chenes has an extension of 972 578 ha. Tropical forest was the dominant vegetation cover (49.8%) with the largest patch index covering 19.7% of the total landscape. The landscape had 2 509 fragments, from which 1 254 y 935 corresponded to secondary forest and anthropic patches, respectively. The contagion index was 62.5%, which indicates the existence oflarge and contiguous fragments. The total edge contrast index indicates the degree of landscape connectivity was 43.7%, meaning a medium contrast among the different class fragments. Likewise, forest had the highest area-weighted mean proximity index (PROX_AM de 8 701), confirming that the forest had bigger and less isolated fragments than the rest of the classes. The area of study, still have high value for the conservation of the habitat of the <em>P onca</em>. According to the results, we conclude that the Puuc-Chenes region has intermediate structural landscape connectivity, since a suitable corridor was identified for males and three corridors for both, males and females. Four priority fragments of forest were identified in the Puuc-Chenes landscape to be protected: the Puuc fragment with 1 916 km<sup>2</sup","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":"2017 92","pages":"Pages 101-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.52210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130575111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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