This research was aimed at locating and mapping the geographical regions where the cases of breast cancer among the female population of Mexico have been most prevalent, analyzing the predominant geographic factors and establishing if the relationship between these and the different environmental aspects may be conditioning the presence and development of this neoplasm. The delimitation was based primarily on the analysis of the temporal evolution of mortality and morbidity rates of this disease since 2000, by state, which allowed the identification of twelve entities that sustained the highest rates throughout twelve years, as well as the municipalities where the most relevant data of this disease were recorded during that period. Likewise, the twelve states with the lowest rates were delimited in this respect, to review which municipalities of these states presented the most significant mortality and morbidity data and to review in the subsequent analysis, the coincidences or divergences presented by both antagonistic spaces. In total, one hundred twenty municipalities were selected for the analysis of environmental factors that have been identified in various sources as potential sources of risk in the development of breast cancer. The variables analyzed are: contaminated surface waters, contaminated soils, contaminated groundwater, polluting industries and air pollution from thermoelectric plants and how they have been spatially and statistically expressed in the target municipalities. The methodology was based on the analysis of the spatial behavior of the variables indicated and was complemented with the application of the multiple regression models in the target or occurrence municipalities. Considering the statistical data of breast cancer and the selected variables, the relationship resulted positive in three variables: industries, contaminated groundwater and contaminated soils.
Some of the most relevant results were: First, according with the indicators currently used by the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) regarding the severely contaminated water surface: five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (DQO) and The total suspended solids (SST), coincided the presence of them in seventy-four of the target municipalities that equal 61.6%. Second, by analyzing the COD index separately, as it shows contamination by industrial discharges and agricultural activity, it turned out that eighty-six sites (74%) contaminated with this indicator of a total of 116 points recorded by CONAGUA are located in the Municipalities. Concerning the presence of groundwater (aquifers) contaminated mainly with nitrates in concentrations greater than 45 mg / l; in the counts of spatial analysis, it is observed that in seventy-five of the target municipalities (65%), this variable is present. Another relevant result was to review the location of thermoelectric plants generating electric energy that run on fuels that affect ai
{"title":"Geografía del cáncer de mama en México","authors":"María del Rocío Castrezana Campos","doi":"10.14350/rig.56879","DOIUrl":"10.14350/rig.56879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research was aimed at locating and mapping the geographical regions where the cases of breast cancer among the female population of Mexico have been most prevalent, analyzing the predominant geographic factors and establishing if the relationship between these and the different environmental aspects may be conditioning the presence and development of this neoplasm. The delimitation was based primarily on the analysis of the temporal evolution of mortality and morbidity rates of this disease since 2000, by state, which allowed the identification of twelve entities that sustained the highest rates throughout twelve years, as well as the municipalities where the most relevant data of this disease were recorded during that period. Likewise, the twelve states with the lowest rates were delimited in this respect, to review which municipalities of these states presented the most significant mortality and morbidity data and to review in the subsequent analysis, the coincidences or divergences presented by both antagonistic spaces. In total, one hundred twenty municipalities were selected for the analysis of environmental factors that have been identified in various sources as potential sources of risk in the development of breast cancer. The variables analyzed are: contaminated surface waters, contaminated soils, contaminated groundwater, polluting industries and air pollution from thermoelectric plants and how they have been spatially and statistically expressed in the target municipalities. The methodology was based on the analysis of the spatial behavior of the variables indicated and was complemented with the application of the multiple regression models in the target or occurrence municipalities. Considering the statistical data of breast cancer and the selected variables, the relationship resulted positive in three variables: industries, contaminated groundwater and contaminated soils.</p><p>Some of the most relevant results were: First, according with the indicators currently used by the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) regarding the severely contaminated water surface: five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (DQO) and The total suspended solids (SST), coincided the presence of them in seventy-four of the target municipalities that equal 61.6%. Second, by analyzing the COD index separately, as it shows contamination by industrial discharges and agricultural activity, it turned out that eighty-six sites (74%) contaminated with this indicator of a total of 116 points recorded by CONAGUA are located in the Municipalities. Concerning the presence of groundwater (aquifers) contaminated mainly with nitrates in concentrations greater than 45 mg / l; in the counts of spatial analysis, it is observed that in seventy-five of the target municipalities (65%), this variable is present. Another relevant result was to review the location of thermoelectric plants generating electric energy that run on fuels that affect ai","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.56879","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117084331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Masanori Murata , Javier Delgado Campos , Manuel Suárez Lastra
According to available data (2007), the subway of Mexico City transports 13.5% of total passengers; less than any other means of transportation, such as collective taxis (44.9%) or private cars (22.1%) do. This tendency has not changed in 2015. To explain this low mobility, factors such as home-to-station walking distance, station location and density, socio-economic variables, (income, education, sex, age, motive, automobile property), transshipment ability and waiting time were examined.
The analysis revealed: i) that subway users are willing to travel a distance of up to 800 meters in order to arrive to a train station, ii) the resultant buffer of the subway stations is considered an area of influence but it covers only 16.6% of the metropolitan surface area, iii) area known as “walkable” was also considered iv) density of stations is one third of the one at Tokyo and nine times less than at the municipality of Paris. These characteristics are a serious problem for a costly system that still influences the urban structure of the city. Mexico city's subway system register daily: 4.1 million trips as round trips and 2.2 millions one-way trips related to work, school, shopping or entertainment. This next step was to analyze the daily trips from the periphery of the city toward the center that reach up to 1.5 million users, and cause the saturation to seven of the available final stations. In this condition, we have the second hypothesis that there are different logics of decision for the subway use between the “walkable” and periphery citizens.
In the first place, citizens normally choose the subway over other means of transportation aforementioned, (collective taxi, private car, suburban bus or taxi) after taking travel time budget into consideration. In the second place, the amount of passengers who can finish their trips at the station was compared to the amount of passengers who cannot. The analysis showed how the deficient coordination of transportation added to the poor urban planning concentrating only shopping and study areas around the stations affect the population. Therefore, some subway passengers can finish their trips at the stations, while others have to, not just add another means of transportations, but also the walking distance and the waiting time. These issues are associated to the transfer times, “walkable” environment, urban planning and station facilities, such as moving walkway and elevators. Therefore, the users have four options: a) take the subway at least one time in the course of their trips b) choose another means of transportation; c) finish their journeys at the subway stations or d) add another means of transportation after the subway use. Then the logistic regression is applied twice to test the probabilities.
Through the first regression, the obtained value of pseudo R square of Negelkerke (0.38) shows that -contrary to other cities-, passengers use the subway in order to get to work (1
{"title":"¿Por qué la gente no usa el Metro? Efectos del transporte en la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México1","authors":"Masanori Murata , Javier Delgado Campos , Manuel Suárez Lastra","doi":"10.14350/rig.56661","DOIUrl":"10.14350/rig.56661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>According to available data (2007), the subway of Mexico City transports 13.5% of total passengers; less than any other means of transportation, such as collective taxis (44.9%) or private cars (22.1%) do. This tendency has not changed in 2015. To explain this low mobility, factors such as home-to-station walking distance, station location and density, socio-economic variables, (income, education, sex, age, motive, automobile property), transshipment ability and waiting time were examined.</p><p>The analysis revealed: i) that subway users are willing to travel a distance of up to 800 meters in order to arrive to a train station, ii) the resultant buffer of the subway stations is considered an area of influence but it covers only 16.6% of the metropolitan surface area, iii) area known as “walkable” was also considered iv) density of stations is one third of the one at Tokyo and nine times less than at the municipality of Paris. These characteristics are a serious problem for a costly system that still influences the urban structure of the city. Mexico city's subway system register daily: 4.1 million trips as round trips and 2.2 millions one-way trips related to work, school, shopping or entertainment. This next step was to analyze the daily trips from the periphery of the city toward the center that reach up to 1.5 million users, and cause the saturation to seven of the available final stations. In this condition, we have the second hypothesis that there are different logics of decision for the subway use between the “walkable” and periphery citizens.</p><p>In the first place, citizens normally choose the subway over other means of transportation aforementioned, (collective taxi, private car, suburban bus or taxi) after taking travel time budget into consideration. In the second place, the amount of passengers who can finish their trips at the station was compared to the amount of passengers who cannot. The analysis showed how the deficient coordination of transportation added to the poor urban planning concentrating only shopping and study areas around the stations affect the population. Therefore, some subway passengers can finish their trips at the stations, while others have to, not just add another means of transportations, but also the walking distance and the waiting time. These issues are associated to the transfer times, “walkable” environment, urban planning and station facilities, such as moving walkway and elevators. Therefore, the users have four options: a) take the subway at least one time in the course of their trips b) choose another means of transportation; c) finish their journeys at the subway stations or d) add another means of transportation after the subway use. Then the logistic regression is applied twice to test the probabilities.</p><p>Through the first regression, the obtained value of pseudo R square of Negelkerke (0.38) shows that -contrary to other cities-, passengers use the subway in order to get to work (1","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.56661","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131056414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, the main concept of landscape are two. The first is the definition that the Dictionary of the Royal Academy of Language provides: “part of a territory that can be observed from a certain place”, where it can be seen that the main verb which supports the definition is observe, it is, making use of the sense of sight. The second meaning is the one proposed by The European Landscape Convention. “ any part of the territory as it is perceived by the population whose character will be the action and the interaction of natural and/or humans”. The definition (taken by unesco or la Carta Mexicana del Paisaje) it relates nature and culture and concern the way and the environment where people live. It also integrates attributes such as territory, citizen's perceptions and the historical character, genetic and dynamic. This explicit mention of perception blends with the visual component in the landscape that we are discussing.
This work tackles the visual treatment in the cartography landscape, revises the previous epistemological records of the subject and dedicates one section to those referred to Mexico, a country barely familiar with this type of analysis despite its abundant production in applied studies of landscape and interesting theoretical- conceptual contributions.
In order to incorporate visual landscape studies in Mexican territorial management policies, it has been selected an indirect and quantitative method that analyzes the landscape on the basis of the various elements that compose it and breaking down it according to criteria that try to be objective.
This has an important key: the modernization of the visual variable in the landscape. When we refer to this, it is mentioned the analysis executed on a territory related to its possibilities to be observed and to set down those spaces that are more seen than others, which areas are more visually understandable; definitely
Visibility to the territorial studies.
Although the utility of the visibility maps covers various lines of research and application, it is in landscape studies with purposes to the territorial planning where it has had the most development and acceptance from the scientific point of view.
In search of these reflections, the article focuses on the applied case analysis of the landscapes of the basin of the Chiquito river (Morelia, Michoacán).
The phases of this study are: A) Delimitation of the landscape visual units according to the function of the concept “visual basin”, those territorial units where the following landscapes analysis will be developed. B) Establishment of the different kinds of landscapes, known as the result of the biotic and abiotic elements combination that put together the landscape, without to taking into account if they are natural or anthropic. C) Anthropic visibility studies, both intrinsic (according to the topographic determinant) and visual accessibility (according to th
在这部作品中，景观的主要概念有两个。第一个是英国皇家语言学院词典提供的定义:“可以从某个地方观察到的领土的一部分”，可以看出，支持这个定义的主要动词是observe，它是利用视觉。第二种含义是《欧洲景观公约》提出的。“领土的任何部分，因为它的性质将是自然和/或人类的行动和相互作用的人口所感知的”。该定义(由联合国教科文组织或la Carta Mexicana del Paisaje采用)涉及自然和文化，并关注人们生活的方式和环境。它还整合了地域、公民感知和历史特征、遗传和动态等属性。这种明确提到的感知与我们正在讨论的景观中的视觉成分混合在一起。这本书处理了地图景观的视觉处理，修订了之前关于该主题的认识论记录，并专门用一节来介绍墨西哥，尽管墨西哥在景观应用研究方面有着丰富的成果和有趣的理论概念贡献，但该国对这种类型的分析几乎不熟悉。为了将视觉景观研究纳入墨西哥领土管理政策，选择了一种间接和定量的方法，在构成景观的各种元素的基础上分析景观，并根据客观的标准对其进行分解。这其中有一个重要的关键:景观中视觉变量的现代化。当我们提到这一点时，它提到了在一个领土上执行的分析，这与它被观察的可能性有关，并设定了那些比其他区域更容易看到的空间，哪些区域在视觉上更容易理解;当然，领土研究的可见性。虽然可见度图的用途涵盖了各种研究和应用领域，但从科学的角度来看，它在以领土规划为目的的景观研究中得到了最大的发展和认可。为了寻找这些反思，本文着重于对奇基多河流域景观的应用案例分析(莫雷利亚，Michoacán)。本研究的阶段是:A)根据“视觉流域”概念的功能划分景观视觉单元，这些领土单元将发展以下景观分析。B)建立不同种类的景观，被称为生物和非生物元素组合在一起的结果，而不考虑它们是自然的还是人为的。C)人为能见度研究，包括内在的(根据地形决定因素)和视觉可达性(根据观众人数)，将分析扩大到负面影响的可见性。D)景观纳入领土系统的重要质量分析，如景观的质量、脆弱性和能力，以及它们各自的价值和分区。——景观的品质:景观组成特征的卓越程度，是指在寻求视觉资源的保存和保持其本质和结构的过程中，不被改变或破坏的成果。-景观的脆弱性:吸收不同环境成分的能力，例如，它们吸收人类活动或受到视觉干扰的潜力。-景观的能力:特定景观在不危及其保存的情况下，在当前或未来举办活动或行动的适宜性。在这种情况下，对基基多河流域的适宜性进行了分析，以期达到一定的保护效果。换句话说，确定哪些景观单位应受保护，以保持其现有的视觉和环境特征。所有这些都以制图的方式表达，工作比例尺为1:25 000。综上所述，根据其高质量和脆弱性价值，值得注意一些景观保护的建议。另一方面，有景观单元的提议，在需要的情况下，可以坚持与领土事件的行动，而不会造成严重的景观损失。
{"title":"El componente visual en la cartografía del paisaje. Aptitud paisajística para la protección en la cuenca del río Chiquito (Morelia, Michoacán)","authors":"Iván Franch-Pardo , Luis Cancer-Pomar","doi":"10.14350/rig.54730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.54730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, the main concept of landscape are two. The first is the definition that the Dictionary of the Royal Academy of Language provides: “part of a territory that can be observed from a certain place”, where it can be seen that the main verb which supports the definition is observe, it is, making use of the sense of sight. The second meaning is the one proposed by The European Landscape Convention. “ any part of the territory as it is perceived by the population whose character will be the action and the interaction of natural and/or humans”. The definition (taken by <span>unesco</span> or la Carta Mexicana del Paisaje) it relates nature and culture and concern the way and the environment where people live. It also integrates attributes such as territory, citizen's perceptions and the historical character, genetic and dynamic. This explicit mention of perception blends with the visual component in the landscape that we are discussing.</p><p>This work tackles the visual treatment in the cartography landscape, revises the previous epistemological records of the subject and dedicates one section to those referred to Mexico, a country barely familiar with this type of analysis despite its abundant production in applied studies of landscape and interesting theoretical- conceptual contributions.</p><p>In order to incorporate visual landscape studies in Mexican territorial management policies, it has been selected an indirect and quantitative method that analyzes the landscape on the basis of the various elements that compose it and breaking down it according to criteria that try to be objective.</p><p>This has an important key: the modernization of the visual variable in the landscape. When we refer to this, it is mentioned the analysis executed on a territory related to its possibilities to be observed and to set down those spaces that are more seen than others, which areas are more visually understandable; definitely</p><p>Visibility to the territorial studies.</p><p>Although the utility of the visibility maps covers various lines of research and application, it is in landscape studies with purposes to the territorial planning where it has had the most development and acceptance from the scientific point of view.</p><p>In search of these reflections, the article focuses on the applied case analysis of the landscapes of the basin of the Chiquito river (Morelia, Michoacán).</p><p>The phases of this study are: A) Delimitation of the landscape visual units according to the function of the concept “visual basin”, those territorial units where the following landscapes analysis will be developed. B) Establishment of the different kinds of landscapes, known as the result of the biotic and abiotic elements combination that put together the landscape, without to taking into account if they are natural or anthropic. C) Anthropic visibility studies, both intrinsic (according to the topographic determinant) and visual accessibility (according to th","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.54730","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92352881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zenia María Saavedra Díaz , María Perevochtchikova
Since the specific problem of deforestation on an international level, they have created compensation mechanisms for ecosystem services, which have recently been increasing interest in the academic and government sectors, however, a lack of information on their potential effects is detected, especially from the aspects of integrative approach and spatial. Therefore, this work presents the case study of the community of San Miguel and Santo Tomas Ajusco, located on the suburbs of México City, because the community has participated in the federal program payments for hydrological environmental services (phes) since 2004. Based on the construction of longitudinal profiles (which are incorporated thematic geographic information layers) we analyzed if there is correspondence between the potential of ecosystem services and enrolled in the program areas. In addition, the effectiveness of the program regarding deforestation detected in the area was observed. For the profiling, it is noticed the exercise of combining the different layers selected for analysis, forming a two-dimensional model that allows us to appreciate the altitudinal gradient of the area with its biophysical components (vegetation and land use, soil science, geology and landforms highlights) with information environmental Services (ES). This facilitates the analysis of all these variables and has the advantage that it can be adapted to the number of variables we have, since they must only be incorporated to the profile (with pretreatment data).
The profiles helped to identify whether registered in the phes program areas correspond to the most important areas for the provision of environmental services; however, a complementary work was developed consisting of a map which would bring together the most important areas for the contribution of es; This was generated by applying the statistical model of Jenks’ Natural Breaks “(which allows to discriminate classes by the similarity of values that compose them), in the layers of ES that it had (potential infiltration, carbon stock in forests, surface runoff and provision of habitat), establishing quantitative 5 for each category. The criterion model allow standardize classes; therefore, quantitative categories were matched to (very low, low, medium, high and very high) qualitative categories. Then the “high” and “very high” categories were selected and merged into a map with software tools Arc. map 10.1. denominating as “high priority areas for ecosystem services”.
ES mapping was deployed with phes polygons and correspondence between sites on phes and areas with greatest potential for ES (except for an area of 236.7 hectares) was found. However, in many cases, the highest values of es not correspond to water resources, as they are more associated with vegetation and biodiversity (carbon stock in forestsand provision of habitat), which
{"title":"Evaluación ambiental integrada de áreas inscritas en el programa federal de Pago por Servicios Ambientales Hidrológicos. Caso de estudio: Ajusco, México","authors":"Zenia María Saavedra Díaz , María Perevochtchikova","doi":"10.14350/rig.56437","DOIUrl":"10.14350/rig.56437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Since the specific problem of deforestation on an international level, they have created compensation mechanisms for ecosystem services, which have recently been increasing interest in the academic and government sectors, however, a lack of information on their potential effects is detected, especially from the aspects of integrative approach and spatial. Therefore, this work presents the case study of the community of San Miguel and Santo Tomas Ajusco, located on the suburbs of México City, because the community has participated in the federal program payments for hydrological environmental services (<span>phes</span>) since 2004. Based on the construction of longitudinal profiles (which are incorporated thematic geographic information layers) we analyzed if there is correspondence between the potential of ecosystem services and enrolled in the program areas. In addition, the effectiveness of the program regarding deforestation detected in the area was observed. For the profiling, it is noticed the exercise of combining the different layers selected for analysis, forming a two-dimensional model that allows us to appreciate the altitudinal gradient of the area with its biophysical components (vegetation and land use, soil science, geology and landforms highlights) with information environmental Services (ES). This facilitates the analysis of all these variables and has the advantage that it can be adapted to the number of variables we have, since they must only be incorporated to the profile (with pretreatment data).</p><p>The profiles helped to identify whether registered in the <span>phes</span> program areas correspond to the most important areas for the provision of environmental services; however, a complementary work was developed consisting of a map which would bring together the most important areas for the contribution of <span>es</span>; This was generated by applying the statistical model of Jenks’ Natural Breaks “(which allows to discriminate classes by the similarity of values that compose them), in the layers of ES that it had (potential infiltration, carbon stock in forests, surface runoff and provision of habitat), establishing quantitative 5 for each category. The criterion model allow standardize classes; therefore, quantitative categories were matched to (very low, low, medium, high and very high) qualitative categories. Then the “high” and “very high” categories were selected and merged into a map with software tools Arc. <span>map</span> 10.1. denominating as “high priority areas for ecosystem services”.</p><p>ES mapping was deployed with <span>phes</span> polygons and correspondence between sites on <span>phes</span> and areas with greatest potential for ES (except for an area of 236.7 hectares) was found. However, in many cases, the highest values of <span>es</span> not correspond to water resources, as they are more associated with vegetation and biodiversity (carbon stock in forestsand provision of habitat), which","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.56437","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129713033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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