Ralfo Edmundo da Silva Matos , Carlos Fernando Ferreira Lobo , Aguirre Araújo Chaves
The issue of private property and its correlation with the expansion of modernity, with the affirmation of industrial capitalism, and with the consecration of laws and fundamental clauses is age-old and permeates the philosophical approaches from Plato and Aristotle to Morus, Hobbes, and Locke, reaching even authors from the Age of Enlightenment such as Rousseau and Voltaire, among others. The debate over private property is, therefore, a recurring subject that still captures the attention of many research scholars. In Brazil, given the historical record of the dispossessed, the late abolition of slavery (1888), and the sheer size of the country, it is a given fact that owning a household has always been the dream of millions of families. Even today, millions of precarious households shape the physiognomy of Brazilian cities. Nevertheless, recent census data have lead to the conclusion that changes in this scenario have occurred.
In urban Brazil, the growth rate of “owned” and “unowned” households has been greater than demographic growth, especially in the North, Midwest, and Northeast regions of the country. The “unowned” / “owned” proportion has risen in all Sates of the Federal Union, and in many cases, this increase has been remarkable, in excess of 40%. The three regions where the growth rate of “owned” households proved to be higher (North, Northeast, and Midwest) also stand out among those that show the most noticeable increase in the ratio between “owned” and “unowned” households. The results also indicate a strong expansion of “unowned” and rented households in the country. The annual growth reached 3.79% from 2000 to 2010, significantly higher than the growth of the resident population in Brazil, and all states showed positive growth rates. The proportion of “owned” households by city, as compared to the average of “owned” households in Brazil, clearly shows that, in the vast majority of Brazilian cities, the percentage of “owned” households was high in both 2000 and 2010. As regards “unowned” households, it is important to highlight the amount of households managed as real estate for rent. The expansion of this type of real estate may well relativize the supposed advantages of the expansion of household real estate. What should also be noted is the increase in the proportion of rented urban households over this period in all States of the Federal Union. The most significant increases occurred in the North (8.2%), Northeast (6.2%), and Midwest (6.0%) regions of the country. To note, all the states in the North, Midwest, and Northeast regions (except for Ceará), and the states of Espírito Santo and Santa Catarina, are above the mean national growth rate (4.7%). Thus, it can be inferred that where there is an accelerated expansion of “owned” real estate, there is also a simultaneous acceleration of the supply of real estate for rent.
A decline in households deemed inappropriate is also evident. There are d
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José Fernando Aceves Quesada , Gabriel Legorreta Paulín , José Lugo Hubp , Juan Umaña Romero , Héctor Alfredo Legorreta Cuevas
With the aim of raising awareness on the prevention of landslide disasters, this work develops a methodology that incorporates geomorphological mapping into the mapping of landslide susceptibility using Geographic Information Systems (gis) and Multiple Logistic Regression (mlr). In Mexico, some studies have evaluated the stability of hillsides using gis. However, these studies set a general framework and guidance (that includes basic concepts and explanations of landslide classification, triggering mechanisms, criteria, considerations, and analysis for landslide hazard reconnaissance, etc.) for preparing a landslide atlas at state and city levels. So far, these have not developed a practical and standardized approach incorporating geomorphological maps into the landslide inventory using gis. This paper describes the analysis conducted to develop an analytical technique and morphometric analysis for a multi-temporal landslide inventory. Three data management levels are used to create gis thematic layers. For the first level, analogue topographic, geological, land-use, and climate paper are converted to raster format, georeferenced, and incorporated as gis thematic layers. For the second level, five layers are derived from topographic elevation data: slope angles, slope curvature, contributing area, flow direction, and saturation. For the third level, thematic maps are derived from the previous two levels of data: a hypsometric map (heuristically classified to highlight altimetric levels), a reclassified slope map (allowing to highlight differences in relief), and a morphographic map (derived from a heuristic reclassification of the slope map to highlight volcanic landforms). The theoretical aspects of geomorphological mapping contribute to set the conceptual basis to support landslide mapping. The gis thematic layers provide context and establish an overall characterization of landslide processes within the watershed. Through the retrieval and on-off switching of layers in the gis system, a base map is created to assist in the digitizing of landslides and the modeling of susceptibility. A landslide inventory is created from aerial photographs, field investigations, and all the above gis thematic layers. El Estado river watershed on the southwestern flank of Pico de Orizaba volcano has been selected as study area. The watershed is located in the southwestern slope of Citlaltepetl or Pico de Orizaba volcano. Geological (the stream channel of El Estado river erodes Tertiary and Quaternary lavas, disjointed volcanoclastic materials such as pyroclastic flows, fall deposits, lahars deposits, and alluvium) and geomorphological factors (steep slopes, energy relief, and vertical erosion) in combination with high seasonal rainfall (annual rainfall averages 1000-1100 mm/yr at > 4000 m a.s.l. and 927 mm/yr at <1500 m a.s.l.), and
为了提高人们对预防滑坡灾害的认识，这项工作开发了一种方法，该方法使用地理信息系统(gis)和多元逻辑回归(mlr)将地貌测绘纳入滑坡易感性测绘。在墨西哥，一些研究利用地理信息系统评估了山坡的稳定性。然而，这些研究为编制国家级和市级滑坡地图集提供了总体框架和指导(包括滑坡分类的基本概念和解释、触发机制、标准、注意事项、滑坡灾害侦察分析等)。到目前为止，他们还没有开发出一种实用和标准化的方法，利用地理信息系统将地貌图纳入滑坡清单。本文描述了为开发一种分析技术而进行的分析和多时间滑坡清单的形态计量分析。三个数据管理级别用于创建gis主题层。在第一级，模拟地形、地质、土地利用和气候文件被转换为栅格格式、地理参考，并合并为gis主题层。对于第二层，从地形高程数据导出五个层:坡度角、坡度曲率、贡献面积、流向和饱和度。第三个层次的专题地图是由前两个层次的数据派生而来的:一个半高程地图(启发式分类以突出高程水平)，一个重新分类的坡度图(允许突出地形差异)，和一个地貌图(从斜坡图的启发式重新分类派生以突出火山地貌)。地貌填图的理论研究为滑坡填图提供了理论基础。地理信息系统专题层提供了流域内滑坡过程的背景和总体特征。通过gis系统中各层的检索和开关，创建了一个基础地图，以协助滑坡的数字化和易感性的建模。滑坡清单是根据航空照片、实地调查和所有上述gis专题层创建的。选取Pico de Orizaba火山西南侧的El Estado河流域作为研究区域。该分水岭位于Citlaltepetl或Pico de Orizaba火山的西南坡。地质因素(El Estado河的河道侵蚀了第三纪和第四纪熔岩、火山碎屑流、瀑布沉积物、火山泥流沉积物和冲积物等断裂的火山碎屑物质)和地貌因素(陡坡、能量起伏和垂直侵蚀)，以及高季节性降雨(年平均降雨量为1000-1100毫米/年);4000 m A.S.L.和1500 m A.S.L.的927 mm/年)，以及高度的风化，使研究区容易发生滑坡。为了评估滑坡的易感性，对滑坡库存图和地貌学制图(高程、坡度和地貌)进行了审查，并进行了实地工作。在研究区域，绘制了100多个滑坡的地图。浅层滑坡(包括泥石流和泥石流)是主要类型。浅层滑坡主要发生在覆盖着火山灰和火山碎屑沉积物的山丘上。第二大滑坡过程包括岩石坠落(发生在河流侵蚀熔岩流和火山泥流的地方)和深层滑坡(发生在火山灰和火山碎屑沉积物中，熔岩流起到滑动面的作用)。同时，利用标准化gis数据集构建滑坡空间地理数据库。相关属性记录在地理数据集中。这些包括1)质量消耗过程，2)观测的确定性水平，3)照片识别日期，4)滑坡大小，5)滑坡活动，6)滑坡部分(头部，疏散区，沉积物)，7)斜坡形状，8)现场坡度，9)从10米数字高程模型(dem)测量的地图坡度，10)滑坡传递，11)土地利用，12)滑坡开始的高程，13)航空照片识别号码，14)滑坡区域，15)研究人员评论。每个属性都通过gis系统中的地理数据集域进行标准化。利用这些信息，在gis平台上使用mlr对滑坡易感性进行建模。MLR用于研究陆地滑动与几个自变量(高程、坡度、贡献面积、土地利用、地质和地形曲率)之间的关系，以创建敏感性图。在具有6个自变量的情况下，多logistic模型敏感性图倾向于在10 m像素分辨率下过度预测滑坡。然而，该模型在统计上是有效的，能够预测79.81%的现有滑坡。 滑坡清单和易感性测绘技术的实施证明了该方法在墨西哥其他火山地区使用的可行性。
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Remote sensing techniques have been widely used in forestry studies as they allow evaluation and monitoring of large forested areas. The Parque Estadual do Turvo (pet) (17 491 ha) is the largest remaining tract of well-preserved subtropical deciduous forest in Southern Brazil, it constitutes the northern-most portion of the Misiones forest of Argentina (10 000 km2). The area is of great environmental importance and is suitable for conducting remote sensing studies using high or even coarse-to-moderate spatial resolution data and related vegetation indices. Both, reflectance values and vegetation indices are affected by external factors that modify the spectral response of surface elements. Among the factors that can induce errors in image interpretation are topographic effects that add spectral variability to satellite products. In addition, previous studies in subtropical forests have shown that the geometry of data acquisition also affects significantly the estimates of vegetation parameters derived from images acquired at off-nadir viewing or by sensors with large field-of-view (FOV).
This study aimed to evaluate the magnitude of variations in bidirectional reflectance values and in vegetation indices derived from those, as a function of local topography, using high spatial resolution data acquired by the RapidEye satellite constellation.
The method included the use of a digital elevation model (dem) from the Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer – Global Digital Elevation Map version 2 (aster gdem v2) and two RapidEye scenes. From the dem, topographical parameters including slope aspect (eight classes), elevation (nine classes with 120-m spacing interval) and shaded relief (shaded, intermediate and sunlit surfaces) were derived. These data provide information on areas with or without direct exposure to solar radiation, depending on topographic features. RapidEye data were acquired on June 28, 2012 and October 17, 2012, corresponding to dates when the forest shows low or high leaf area index (lai), respectively. Both scenes were acquired with a view angle close to nadir. Solar elevation angles for the June and October images were 37.93° and 71.25°, respectively. The RapidEye data were corrected for atmospheric effects using the Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Hypercubes (flaash®). The next step was to perform topographic modeling in order to extract slope, aspect and elevation data. From the topographic variables and the RapidEye metadata, shaded relief was calculated for both scenes. After segmenting the scenes based on the topographic variables, we evaluated the spectral reflectance and vegetation indices, as measured by RapidEye, as a function of topographic parameters. For this purpose, we randomly sampled 1000 pixels from each topographic class. The Normalized Difference Vegetation In
遥感技术已广泛用于林业研究，因为它们可以评价和监测大片森林地区。Turvo公园(Parque Estadual do Turvo)(17,491公顷)是巴西南部保存完好的最大的亚热带落叶森林，它构成了阿根廷米西奥内斯森林的最北端(10,000平方公里)。该地区具有重要的环境意义，适合利用高分辨率甚至粗至中等空间分辨率数据和相关植被指数进行遥感研究。反射率值和植被指数都受到外界因素的影响，这些因素会改变地表要素的光谱响应。在可能导致图像解译错误的因素中，地形效应增加了卫星产品的光谱变异性。此外，以往对亚热带森林的研究表明，数据采集的几何形状也会显著影响从离谷底观测或大视场(FOV)传感器获取的图像得出的植被参数估计。本研究旨在利用RapidEye卫星星座获得的高空间分辨率数据，评估双向反射率值的变化幅度以及由此得出的植被指数作为当地地形的函数。该方法包括使用先进星载热发射和反射辐射计-全球数字高程图第2版(aster gdem v2)的数字高程模型(dem)和两个RapidEye场景。从dem中得到坡度(8类)、高程(9类，间距120 m)和阴影地形(阴影面、中间面和阳光面)等地形参数。这些数据根据地形特征提供了有或没有直接暴露于太阳辐射的地区的信息。RapidEye数据采集于2012年6月28日和2012年10月17日，分别对应森林叶面积指数(lai)低和高的时间。这两个场景都是用接近最低点的视角拍摄的。6月和10月的太阳仰角分别为37.93°和71.25°。使用Hypercubes的快速视距大气分析(flash®)对RapidEye数据进行了大气影响校正。下一步是进行地形建模，以提取坡度、坡向和高程数据。根据地形变量和RapidEye元数据，计算了两个场景的阴影地形。在基于地形变量分割场景后，我们评估了RapidEye测量的光谱反射率和植被指数作为地形参数的函数。为此，我们从每个地形类中随机抽取1000个像素。利用RapidEye数据计算归一化植被指数(ndvi)和增强植被指数(evi)。使用图形和描述性统计对样本进行平均和分析。对选定的样带进行了详细的分析，以评估当地地形参数对遥感产品的影响。此外，我们在14个样地(20 x 50 m)进行了森林调查，以产生落叶林的植物区系结构特征。野外调查共鉴定了74种植物(31科)，分布在3个地层中，并表明森林内部存在不连续。结果表明，除了季节物候变化外，地形起伏引起的局部光照条件也有助于解释森林光谱响应。RapidEye测得对pet光谱响应影响最大的地形变量是坡向。尽管受到光照条件的影响，但6月影像的反射率和植被指数受低太阳高程和大量阴影造成的阴影起伏影响最大。在阔叶林，尤其是上层林冠层，季节性落叶加剧了光照效应。冬季(6月)景象呈现出更多的阴影起伏和较低的lai值。在10月的场景中，遮荫分数大幅降低，落叶降低了森林冠层的各向异性。单波段分析表明，红色和近红外波段对坡向和阴影起伏的依赖性最大。海拔的增加导致近红外反射率的正变化和可见光波段的低反射率。ndvi对地形条件的依赖程度低于evi。evi对光照条件、遮荫条件和季节lai变化具有较高的敏感性。我们的结论是，遥感数据(反射率值或植被指数如ndvi和evi)的分析应考虑局部地形效应。 总体而言，由于落叶(落叶)、太阳高程较低和阴影量较大的综合作用，6月场景的光谱各向异性高于10月场景。
{"title":"Variações da reflectância e dos índices de vegetação em função dos parâmetros da modelagem topográfica no Parque Estadual do Turvo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil","authors":"William Gaida , Fábio Marcelo Breunig , Lênio Soares Galvão , Thiago Sousa Teles , Rafaelo Balbinot","doi":"10.14350/rig.52159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.52159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Remote sensing techniques have been widely used in forestry studies as they allow evaluation and monitoring of large forested areas. The Parque Estadual do Turvo (<span>pet</span>) (17 491 ha) is the largest remaining tract of well-preserved subtropical deciduous forest in Southern Brazil, it constitutes the northern-most portion of the Misiones forest of Argentina (10 000 km<sup>2</sup>). The area is of great environmental importance and is suitable for conducting remote sensing studies using high or even coarse-to-moderate spatial resolution data and related vegetation indices. Both, reflectance values and vegetation indices are affected by external factors that modify the spectral response of surface elements. Among the factors that can induce errors in image interpretation are topographic effects that add spectral variability to satellite products. In addition, previous studies in subtropical forests have shown that the geometry of data acquisition also affects significantly the estimates of vegetation parameters derived from images acquired at off-nadir viewing or by sensors with large field-of-view (FOV).</p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the magnitude of variations in bidirectional reflectance values and in vegetation indices derived from those, as a function of local topography, using high spatial resolution data acquired by the RapidEye satellite constellation.</p><p>The method included the use of a digital elevation model (<span>dem</span>) from the Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer – Global Digital Elevation Map version 2 (<span>aster gdem</span> v2) and two RapidEye scenes. From the <span>dem</span>, topographical parameters including slope aspect (eight classes), elevation (nine classes with 120-m spacing interval) and shaded relief (shaded, intermediate and sunlit surfaces) were derived. These data provide information on areas with or without direct exposure to solar radiation, depending on topographic features. RapidEye data were acquired on June 28, 2012 and October 17, 2012, corresponding to dates when the forest shows low or high leaf area index (<span>lai</span>), respectively. Both scenes were acquired with a view angle close to nadir. Solar elevation angles for the June and October images were 37.93° and 71.25°, respectively. The RapidEye data were corrected for atmospheric effects using the Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Hypercubes (<span>flaash</span><sup>®</sup>). The next step was to perform topographic modeling in order to extract slope, aspect and elevation data. From the topographic variables and the RapidEye metadata, shaded relief was calculated for both scenes. After segmenting the scenes based on the topographic variables, we evaluated the spectral reflectance and vegetation indices, as measured by RapidEye, as a function of topographic parameters. For this purpose, we randomly sampled 1000 pixels from each topographic class. The Normalized Difference Vegetation In","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.52159","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91592877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jean-François Mas , Richard Lemoine-Rodríguez , Hind Taud
{"title":"Toward a near-real time forest monitoring system [Technical note]","authors":"Jean-François Mas , Richard Lemoine-Rodríguez , Hind Taud","doi":"10.14350/rig.56889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.56889","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.56889","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90001807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michelle Farfán Gutiérrez , Gerardo Rodríguez-Tapia , Jean-François Mas
Hierarchical intensity analysis of land cover/use change is a quantitative framework of nested spatial analyses that allows the estimation of changes using a change matrix at three levels of order: time interval, category, and transition. The intention of this article is to present the advantages of this framework in analyzing the dynamics of land use/ cover change using the change matrix, which has been commonly used for this purpose. However, even though the change matrix identifies some key patterns, it does not indicate whether the observed patterns have derived from processes that are systematically more or less intense than a random or uniform process. Among the most important considerations in intensity of change analysis is the use of a hierarchical order that starts at the time interval level, then takes into account the level of categories and culminates at level of transitions. Thus, the areas of each category at the start and end times serve to establish a uniform basis for the comparison between the expected and observed changes. In this way it is possible to define more clearly the patterns of change between time intervals and identifying potential drivers of the process. We present apply this analysis for two time periods (2000-2004 and 2004-2008) in the Biosphere Reserve Sierra de Manantlán (brsm), a highly heterogeneous area in terms of vegetation type and land use, which was declared as a reserve in the last decade of the twentieth century. We used the cartography from inegi at a 1:50,000 scale, updated by means of a Landsat etm+ image for the year 2000, and SPOT 5 images for 2004 and 2008. Our analysis has allowed us to determine the time interval in which the general annual change rate was higher; which categories were most active and which latent; which categories were targets of active transitions; and if the pattern of change remained stable through time. We observed a fast annual rate of change between 2000 and 2004, with an absolute change of 70.936 hectares in comparison to the period 2004-2008, which showed a slower rate of change, of 2,194 ha in absolute terms. These results show a deceleration in the overall process of transformation of land use, which could be related to the publication and implementation of the BRSM management plan in 2000, which may have restricted land-use change in the core zones.
At the category level, we found high rates of deforestation of tropical forests to agricultural and livestock production uses, and latency in temperate forests with a slower intensity of transition towards these uses. In this regard, the temperate forests are latent coverages that do not fall in the change intensively in the overall dynamics of change and could mean they are in a state of minor disturbance. However, there might be a degradation process, since in the case of introduction of cattle, this grazing free mainly in the rainy season direc
{"title":"Análisis jerárquico de la intensidad de cambio de cobertura/uso de suelo y deforestación (2000-2008) en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Manantlán, México","authors":"Michelle Farfán Gutiérrez , Gerardo Rodríguez-Tapia , Jean-François Mas","doi":"10.14350/rig.48600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.48600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hierarchical intensity analysis of land cover/use change is a quantitative framework of nested spatial analyses that allows the estimation of changes using a change matrix at three levels of order: time interval, category, and transition. The intention of this article is to present the advantages of this framework in analyzing the dynamics of land use/ cover change using the change matrix, which has been commonly used for this purpose. However, even though the change matrix identifies some key patterns, it does not indicate whether the observed patterns have derived from processes that are systematically more or less intense than a random or uniform process. Among the most important considerations in intensity of change analysis is the use of a hierarchical order that starts at the time interval level, then takes into account the level of categories and culminates at level of transitions. Thus, the areas of each category at the start and end times serve to establish a uniform basis for the comparison between the expected and observed changes. In this way it is possible to define more clearly the patterns of change between time intervals and identifying potential drivers of the process. We present apply this analysis for two time periods (2000-2004 and 2004-2008) in the Biosphere Reserve Sierra de Manantlán (<span>brsm</span>), a highly heterogeneous area in terms of vegetation type and land use, which was declared as a reserve in the last decade of the twentieth century. We used the cartography from <span>inegi</span> at a 1:50,000 scale, updated by means of a Landsat <span>etm</span><sub>+</sub> image for the year 2000, and SPOT 5 images for 2004 and 2008. Our analysis has allowed us to determine the time interval in which the general annual change rate was higher; which categories were most active and which latent; which categories were targets of active transitions; and if the pattern of change remained stable through time. We observed a fast annual rate of change between 2000 and 2004, with an absolute change of 70.936 hectares in comparison to the period 2004-2008, which showed a slower rate of change, of 2,194<!--> <!-->ha in absolute terms. These results show a deceleration in the overall process of transformation of land use, which could be related to the publication and implementation of the BRSM management plan in 2000, which may have restricted land-use change in the core zones.</p><p>At the category level, we found high rates of deforestation of tropical forests to agricultural and livestock production uses, and latency in temperate forests with a slower intensity of transition towards these uses. In this regard, the temperate forests are latent coverages that do not fall in the change intensively in the overall dynamics of change and could mean they are in a state of minor disturbance. However, there might be a degradation process, since in the case of introduction of cattle, this grazing free mainly in the rainy season direc","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.48600","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91609962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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