Pub Date : 2017-12-01Epub Date: 2018-02-20DOI: 10.14350/rig.57214
Salinas-Zavala César Augusto , Raúl Octavio Martínez-Rincón , María Verónica Morales-Zárate
<div><p>The use of remote sensing in scientific research has revolutionized our understanding by revealing the diversity and complexity of terrestrial systems, something difficult to appreciate in the past. One of the tools most extensively used in this field is the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which is a system for the remote monitoring of vegetation in a synoptic temporal and spatial scale. In this particular case, we are interested in analyzing not only the average spatial or temporal behavior of the NDVI, but any trends it may display. It is a simple but nonetheless important method for the study of temporal series, since it allows to identify, in a general sense, a positive (increase) or negative (decrease) pattern of the elements in a particular environment during a given period.</p><p>This paper analyzes the average behavior and sustained trend of NDVI per pixel for the southern portion of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, during the period 2001-2015. MODIS images obtained from the public database Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LPDAAC,<span>https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/</span><svg><path></path></svg>) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) were used. The information is in binary format with a 250-m spatial resolution (pixel unit), and a 16-day temporal resolution (MOD13Q1). NDVI data corresponding to the southern portion of the Baja California Peninsula are available in two tiles (h07v06 and H08v06); therefore, techniques for processing tiled images were applied to produce each average 16-day image and, subsequently, work on a monthly basis. MODIS products were cut and reprojected from the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system to the WGS84 geographic coordinate system; MODIS data to obtain the average value and the trend of NDVI per pixel were processed using the programming software R through different libraries. A total of 1 377 985 pixels were analyzed, 67.04% of which showed average NDVI values between 0.1 and 0.3, consistent with arid zones. However, values > 0.5 were recorded in areas with a high vegetation cover in high altitudes, with peak values (> 0.8) within Sierra La Laguna Biosphere Reserve (RBSL), located to the south of the peninsula. The trend analysis revealed that in this same area within RBSL, the NDVI trend values are negative, indicating loss of vegetation vigor. Negative trend values matched closely the areas with the highest population density and tourism development around RBSL, indicating that the southern region of the peninsula is facing a strong pressure that is leading to alterations in the system. Its magnitude should have to be evaluated to determine if it causes structural changes only or if functional changes are also involved. Although the tourism sector has boosted economic growth in the southern portion of the Baja California peninsula, this activity has also involved the greatest alterations to the natural system, which is particularly
{"title":"Tendencia en el siglo XXI del Índice de Diferencias Normalizadas de Vegetación (NDVI) en la parte sur de la península de Baja California","authors":"Salinas-Zavala César Augusto , Raúl Octavio Martínez-Rincón , María Verónica Morales-Zárate","doi":"10.14350/rig.57214","DOIUrl":"10.14350/rig.57214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of remote sensing in scientific research has revolutionized our understanding by revealing the diversity and complexity of terrestrial systems, something difficult to appreciate in the past. One of the tools most extensively used in this field is the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which is a system for the remote monitoring of vegetation in a synoptic temporal and spatial scale. In this particular case, we are interested in analyzing not only the average spatial or temporal behavior of the NDVI, but any trends it may display. It is a simple but nonetheless important method for the study of temporal series, since it allows to identify, in a general sense, a positive (increase) or negative (decrease) pattern of the elements in a particular environment during a given period.</p><p>This paper analyzes the average behavior and sustained trend of NDVI per pixel for the southern portion of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, during the period 2001-2015. MODIS images obtained from the public database Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LPDAAC,<span>https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/</span><svg><path></path></svg>) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) were used. The information is in binary format with a 250-m spatial resolution (pixel unit), and a 16-day temporal resolution (MOD13Q1). NDVI data corresponding to the southern portion of the Baja California Peninsula are available in two tiles (h07v06 and H08v06); therefore, techniques for processing tiled images were applied to produce each average 16-day image and, subsequently, work on a monthly basis. MODIS products were cut and reprojected from the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system to the WGS84 geographic coordinate system; MODIS data to obtain the average value and the trend of NDVI per pixel were processed using the programming software R through different libraries. A total of 1 377 985 pixels were analyzed, 67.04% of which showed average NDVI values between 0.1 and 0.3, consistent with arid zones. However, values > 0.5 were recorded in areas with a high vegetation cover in high altitudes, with peak values (> 0.8) within Sierra La Laguna Biosphere Reserve (RBSL), located to the south of the peninsula. The trend analysis revealed that in this same area within RBSL, the NDVI trend values are negative, indicating loss of vegetation vigor. Negative trend values matched closely the areas with the highest population density and tourism development around RBSL, indicating that the southern region of the peninsula is facing a strong pressure that is leading to alterations in the system. Its magnitude should have to be evaluated to determine if it causes structural changes only or if functional changes are also involved. Although the tourism sector has boosted economic growth in the southern portion of the Baja California peninsula, this activity has also involved the greatest alterations to the natural system, which is particularly","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":"2017 94","pages":"Pages 82-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.57214","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121420112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-01Epub Date: 2018-02-20DOI: 10.14350/rig.56936
Mónica Terán-Hernández
<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Accessibility to health care is a key objective, internationally speaking, to the satisfaction of population health needs. Equity and quality in access to health services (WHO, 2014). Borgonovi and Compagni (2013:34) argue that “medical care should be accessible and equitable for the entire population, based on sustainable attention economically, socially and politically speaking”. Recent studies that incorporate the spatial analysis show that the Cervical Cancer (CC) is a disease which evolution provides a very valuable period of time for its prevention, for that its well-timed care depends a lot on the accessibility to medical services and the spatial distribution of related socioeconomic factors (Mc Grail And Lorenzo-Luaces, 2009; Cheng <em>et al</em>., 2011; <span>Terán-Hernández <em>et al.,</em> 2016a</span>). The CC is the fourth most common cancer in women and the seventh overall in the world, affecting 528,000 individuals each year worldwide, with an age-standardised incidence rate (ASR) of 14.0 per 100,000 women. CC is reflected in different geographic distributions. It is a significant public health problem, especially in low and middle-income/Gross Domestic Product (GDP) countries. In Mexico, CC affects 13,960 women 15 years old or older (ASR 23.3, incidence rate per 100,000) annually. The incidence of CC is higher in states with high marginalisation, where women have little or no access to early detection and treatment. For example, in San Luis Potosí (SLP) state, which ranks 8th in CC mortality risk in the country (Lazcano <em>et al.,</em> 2008) and ASR of 52.80 per 100,000.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Design a method of spatial planning in the health sector that can be used on a daily basis in San Luis Potosí (SLP). To be exact, that it meets the needs, technical, and financial conditions of the government of the State and local governments. It is proposed that the method should be: simple (the technical capabilities of planners do not cover complicated mathematics); and feasible in financial terms (e.g. avoid working with databases that involve maintenance and upgrades to high cost).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>It derives from the perspective of Geography of health, which between its lines of investigations, deals with the theme to estimate global and local accessibility of medical services. We used a method of spatial interaction as an indicator of the territorial dimension in the potential access to services at three scales of territorial disaggregation: by locality, municipality and by jurisdiction.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The 73.29% of potential users to services that offer the medical units has a very unfavourable accessibility, mainly to the southeast of the state. The spatial distribution of the offer does not correspond to the spatial distribution of demand. The only medical attention unit certified as an oncological centre and where all dysplasia cases are referred to is the
背景从国际上讲，获得卫生保健是满足人口健康需求的一个关键目标。获得保健服务的公平和质量(世卫组织，2014年)。Borgonovi和Compagni(2013:34)认为，“基于经济、社会和政治上的可持续关注，医疗保健应该对所有人口都是可获得和公平的”。最近结合空间分析的研究表明，宫颈癌(CC)是一种疾病，进化为其预防提供了非常宝贵的时间，因为它的及时护理在很大程度上取决于医疗服务的可及性和相关社会经济因素的空间分布(Mc Grail和Lorenzo-Luaces, 2009;Cheng et al.， 2011;Terán-Hernández等人，2016a)。CC是女性中第四大最常见的癌症，也是世界上第七大最常见的癌症，全球每年有52.8万人受到影响，年龄标准化发病率(ASR)为14.0 / 10万女性。CC体现在不同的地理分布上。这是一个重大的公共卫生问题，特别是在低收入和中等收入/国内生产总值(GDP)国家。在墨西哥，每年有13960名15岁或以上的妇女罹患CC (ASR 23.3，发病率每10万人)。在高度边缘化的州，CC的发病率更高，那里的妇女很少或根本无法获得早期检测和治疗。例如，在圣路易斯Potosí (SLP)州，其CC死亡率风险在全国排名第八(Lazcano等人，2008年)，ASR为每10万人52.80。目的设计一种可在圣路易斯市日常使用的卫生部门空间规划方法Potosí (SLP)。确切地说，它满足了州政府和地方政府的需求、技术和财政条件。建议方法应是:简单(规划人员的技术能力不包括复杂的数学);并且在财务上可行(例如，避免使用涉及高成本维护和升级的数据库)。方法从卫生地理学的角度出发，在其调查路线之间，处理估计全球和当地医疗服务可及性的主题。我们使用了一种空间相互作用的方法，作为地域维度在三个地域分解尺度上的潜在服务获取指标:按地区、按直辖市和按管辖权。结果73.29%的医疗单位服务潜在用户可达性非常差，主要分布在州东南部。报价的空间分布与需求的空间分布不一致。唯一被认证为肿瘤中心并转诊所有异常增生病例的医疗单位是伊格纳西奥·莫罗内斯·普列托医生医院或Niño y la Mujer医院(在认证过程中)，它们位于SLP市的市区，根据我们研究中计算的可及性指数排名第五和第六。对于居住在远离州首府的内社会主义贫困区的大多数妇女来说，在疾病发展到晚期之前，该医院不是早期发现和治疗的可行选择。因此，医疗单位无法满足其各自影响地区(例如东南地区)产生的需求。结论该方法的结果显示了这些服务可及性的空间差异。建议将空间可达性作为卫生领域领土层面的一项指标，以便区分处于不利地位的地区，以便在空间上重新组织服务，从而解决卫生部门规划者必须纠正的这种差距。此外，在比较不同区域聚集水平之间的访问不平等水平时，正如我们的数据所表明的那样，信息聚集可能隐藏非常不同的现实，这是非常明显的对比，因此你应该考虑服务规划的空间维度，而不仅仅是人员配置的监管方面。
{"title":"Accesibilidad espacial de los servicios de prevención y control del cáncer-cervicouterino en San Luis Potosí","authors":"Mónica Terán-Hernández","doi":"10.14350/rig.56936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.56936","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Accessibility to health care is a key objective, internationally speaking, to the satisfaction of population health needs. Equity and quality in access to health services (WHO, 2014). Borgonovi and Compagni (2013:34) argue that “medical care should be accessible and equitable for the entire population, based on sustainable attention economically, socially and politically speaking”. Recent studies that incorporate the spatial analysis show that the Cervical Cancer (CC) is a disease which evolution provides a very valuable period of time for its prevention, for that its well-timed care depends a lot on the accessibility to medical services and the spatial distribution of related socioeconomic factors (Mc Grail And Lorenzo-Luaces, 2009; Cheng <em>et al</em>., 2011; <span>Terán-Hernández <em>et al.,</em> 2016a</span>). The CC is the fourth most common cancer in women and the seventh overall in the world, affecting 528,000 individuals each year worldwide, with an age-standardised incidence rate (ASR) of 14.0 per 100,000 women. CC is reflected in different geographic distributions. It is a significant public health problem, especially in low and middle-income/Gross Domestic Product (GDP) countries. In Mexico, CC affects 13,960 women 15 years old or older (ASR 23.3, incidence rate per 100,000) annually. The incidence of CC is higher in states with high marginalisation, where women have little or no access to early detection and treatment. For example, in San Luis Potosí (SLP) state, which ranks 8th in CC mortality risk in the country (Lazcano <em>et al.,</em> 2008) and ASR of 52.80 per 100,000.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Design a method of spatial planning in the health sector that can be used on a daily basis in San Luis Potosí (SLP). To be exact, that it meets the needs, technical, and financial conditions of the government of the State and local governments. It is proposed that the method should be: simple (the technical capabilities of planners do not cover complicated mathematics); and feasible in financial terms (e.g. avoid working with databases that involve maintenance and upgrades to high cost).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>It derives from the perspective of Geography of health, which between its lines of investigations, deals with the theme to estimate global and local accessibility of medical services. We used a method of spatial interaction as an indicator of the territorial dimension in the potential access to services at three scales of territorial disaggregation: by locality, municipality and by jurisdiction.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The 73.29% of potential users to services that offer the medical units has a very unfavourable accessibility, mainly to the southeast of the state. The spatial distribution of the offer does not correspond to the spatial distribution of demand. The only medical attention unit certified as an oncological centre and where all dysplasia cases are referred to is the ","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":"2017 94","pages":"Pages 122-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.56936","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92120070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-01Epub Date: 2018-02-20DOI: 10.14350/rig.59585
Joaquín Daniel Nava Martínez
{"title":"Primer Coloquio sobre la actividad pesquera en México: La Pesca Comercial de Ribera: oportunidades y conflictividades. Instituto de Geografía, UNAM Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., 21 y 22 de septiembre de 2017","authors":"Joaquín Daniel Nava Martínez","doi":"10.14350/rig.59585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.59585","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":"2017 94","pages":"Pages 195-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.59585","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92146517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-01Epub Date: 2017-08-24DOI: 10.14350/rig.47805
Andrea Muñoz Barriga
<div><p>The tourism is considered as one of the key strategies to promote environmental conservation and socio-economic development oflocal communities in protected areas. UNESCO biosphere reserves are protected areas of extraordinary natural and cultural value, conceived as places for reconciliation between conservation and development. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the key elements of the current management of tourism and its contribution to biodiversity conservation and development in two Ecuadorian biosphere reserves: Galapagos Islands and Sumaco (Amazon Basin). Moreover, the sustainability of tourism was evaluated. Data collection for the case studies was performed by the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Surveys were applied to residents in both reserves in order to find out about their socio-demographic characteristics, their main economic activities for supporting themselves and their attitude towards tourism, their level of knowledge about biosphere reserves, and their perception about advantages or disadvantages of living in a biosphere reserve. For qualitative analysis, in-depth semi-structured interviews with the main stakeholders in both biosphere reserves were applied. Experts in the management of protected areas, as well as representatives of different sectors directly and indirectly associated with tourism were interviewed. Although tourism is a concept that could be developed in accordance with the environment in these natural areas, in the case of Galapagos it is one of the main threats for the conservation of biodiversity in the archipelago due to the increasing number of tourists, among others. In contrast, in Sumaco tourism could be an important sustainable alternative to mining and oil extraction, which are the current threats to the conservation of the area.</p><p>There are serious problems in both reserves, mainly linked to the contamination of water resources. Such pollution imposes risks to the health to both, residents and tourists. The invasion of exotic species in Galapagos is one of the most serious threats to the conservation, while deforestation in combination with illegal logging and mining activities is the greatest danger in Sumaco.</p><p>Migration processes undoubtedly shape the attitudes and values of the current population in both reserves. In Galapagos most residents are immigrants, whereas in Sumaco a significant portion is Kichwa people who belong to the area's native population. In general, the inhabitants in both areas have not yet developed a true environmental awareness. Their awareness is based on usage, in the sense of “use it today and do not worry about it tomorrow”.</p><p>In both reserves, tourist services offered by local communities have low quality standards and are targeted on a market segment consisting of tourists with a low budget. Thus, the community revenues obtained from tourism are generally only a small percentage of the total tourism market.
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Pub Date : 2017-08-01Epub Date: 2017-08-24DOI: 10.14350/rig.52264
Luis Sánchez Vázquez , María Beatriz Eguiguren Riofrío
<div><p>The article describes the theoretical and methodological design of an innovative Socio-environmental Conflicts Monitoring Model with an Early Warning System (<span>scmm</span>+<span>ews</span>) in El Pangui, Ecuador. The design of this model is a response to the growing socio-environmental tensions and disputes in the canton, influenced by the advent of large-scale mining. This mega-project, named “el Mirador”, is carried out by the Chinese consortium Ecua Corrientes S.A. (<span>ecsa</span>). It launches a transformation process that inevitably affects the use and exploitation of natural resources (land and water) and generates serious social and environmental conflicts, which have led to a strong resistance movement in the area. However, residents in favor of mining still expect the project to bring progress and economic development to the canton, through new sources of employment and investment by the national government. This generates a high rate of division and social conflict in relation to large-scale mining, which has resulted in several episodes of violence in recent years.</p><p>Under these conditions of tension and violence, a special concern arises from academia and civil society organizations to contribute to non-violent management of these conflicts. From the Observatorio de Conflictos Socioambientales of the Technical University of Loja, and with support from the German Technical Cooperation (<span>giz</span>), we decided to launch an intervention combining academic vision with fieldwork, in close collaboration with institutional actors and civil society at the local level.</p><p>The <span>scmm</span> + <span>ews</span> has been designed within the theoretical framework of the Peace and Conflicts Studies. Model implementation is a participatory process for systematic collection of quantitative and qualitative data, its multiparcial analysis and targeted dissemination. Its methodological proposal relies on the analysis of statistical data and perceptions of the local population, by monitoring a series of key social and environmental variables. The monitoring is carried out using two main methods: statistical data collection reports and official reports; and research of perception and satisfaction of the local population on the variables through surveys. In order to get a more reliable diagnosis of the perception of the population, qualitative research is carried out in parallel through in-depth interviews with key actors. With the information obtained, the need for issuance of an Early Warning report to the competent authorities (at local, provincial and state-level) can be defined.</p><p>In the period analyzed, the results showed a high degree of dissatisfaction with the mining company, which generated several conflicts. These results were obtained matching information from both qualitative (interviews with local inhabitants) and quantitative sources (perception indicators), and finally contributed to the issuance of the tw
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