{"title":"","authors":"Pilar García Martínez","doi":"10.14350/rig.59579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.59579","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.59579","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92120067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scholars have consistently overlooked the problem of geographic relationships in the work of José Carlos Mariátegui (1894-1930).This silence can be summarized into two fundamental dynamics: Mariátegui's scarce reference in the geographical field and the predominance of historiographic, sociological, and literary approaches to his work. This article aims to question such inertia and bridge the gap between Mariátegui and Latin American geographical thought. It critically interprets the epistemic origin of Mariátegui's foremost geographical notions, recognizing the particular historical context and state of geography during the first decades of the twentieth century. Against the Eurocentric approaches of his time, Mariátegui was one of the first intellectuals to express thought from and for Latin America, but without neglecting fundamental contributions of European and Western traditions (Urquijo y Bocco, 2016). Indeed, Mariátegui questioned the possibility of an absolute Latin American or Latin Americanist thought, all the while confronting the challenge of understanding the “reality” of his country, constructing innovative theses on Peruvian society and culture in which, evidently, geography was not exempt. In his seminal work, Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana (Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality, 1928), Mariátegui explains the antagonism and inequality between the coast and the sierra, he identifies the coexistence of three forms of economies (indigenous, colonial, and capitalist) that articulate different social geographies, and he outlines regional problems stemming from political alliances on different social levels, among other issues. Closely examining these analytical positions reveals a powerful geographic and human sensitivity yet to be explored in Mariátegui's thought, as well as the need to critically examine their argumentative origins. To date, the scarce research on theoretical relationships between Mariátegui and geography have only referred to three aspects of this problem. First of all, that Mariátegui's geographical influence comes from certain liberal intellectuals, reflected in a physicist and economistoriented vision of geography, based on localization and industrial growth of the positive “regions” (Ruiz, 2011: 144). Second of all, that Mariátegui elaborated a racist vision of Peru's territory based on the critical dualism of coast/white and sierra/indigenous, which avoided other interregional racial differences (Méndez, 2016). Thirdly, that Mariátegui's unique perception of geographic differences was circumscribed to the social and economic differences of Peruvian reality (Sanjinés, 2009). However, none of these proposals extensively analyze the situation of geography in Mariátegui's particular debate on modern imaginaries, focusing on other subjects of study that stray from strictly epistemological discussions of geography. Therefore, our proposal analyzes and explains the source of M
学者们在约瑟·卡洛斯Mariátegui(1894-1930)的著作中一直忽视地理关系的问题。这种沉默可以概括为两个基本的动态:Mariátegui在地理领域的稀缺参考和历史，社会学和文学方法对他的工作的优势。本文旨在质疑这种惯性，并弥合Mariátegui与拉丁美洲地理思想之间的差距。它批判性地解释了Mariátegui最重要的地理概念的认识论起源，认识到20世纪头几十年地理的特殊历史背景和状态。与他那个时代的欧洲中心主义方法相反，Mariátegui是最早表达拉丁美洲思想的知识分子之一，但没有忽视欧洲和西方传统的基本贡献(Urquijo y Bocco, 2016)。的确，Mariátegui质疑绝对拉丁美洲或拉丁美洲主义思想的可能性，同时面对理解其国家“现实”的挑战，构建关于秘鲁社会和文化的创新论点，显然，地理也不能豁免。在他的开创性著作《Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana》(关于秘鲁现实的七篇解释性论文，1928年)中，Mariátegui解释了海岸和山脉之间的对抗和不平等，他确定了三种经济形式(土著、殖民和资本主义)的共存，这些经济形式表达了不同的社会地理，他概述了不同社会层面的政治联盟所产生的区域问题，以及其他问题。仔细检查这些分析立场，可以发现Mariátegui思想中强大的地理和人类敏感性有待探索，以及批判性地检查其论证起源的必要性。迄今为止，关于Mariátegui与地理理论关系的研究很少，只涉及这一问题的三个方面。首先，Mariátegui的地理影响来自某些自由主义知识分子，反映在以物理学家和经济学家为导向的地理视野中，基于积极“区域”的本地化和工业增长(Ruiz, 2011: 144)。其次，Mariátegui基于海岸/白人和塞拉/土著的批判性二元论，阐述了秘鲁领土的种族主义愿景，避免了其他区域间的种族差异(msamendez, 2016)。第三，Mariátegui对地理差异的独特感知仅限于秘鲁现实的社会和经济差异(sanjin， 2009)。然而，这些建议都没有广泛地分析Mariátegui关于现代想象的特定辩论中地理学的情况，而是侧重于偏离严格的地理认识论讨论的其他研究主题。因此，我们的建议分析和解释Mariátegui的地理机制的来源。与共和国时期产生的地理或自然和历史地区的实证主义清单不同，Mariátegui根据秘鲁现实的社会和历史实践重新创造了地理。换句话说，他摆脱了地理学的传统来源和方向，将这门学科从一个更大的分类过程转变为一个连接他自己的政治轨迹和分析探索的过程:他毫不含糊地拒绝实证主义作为唯一有效的知识形式，并试图构建一个适合秘鲁现实的反帝国主义社会主义。同样，这两种立场都是另一种现代性模式的一部分，这种模式是由新的内容捍卫和构建的，比如为未来恢复土著根源的价值，挑战向外国资本投降和剥削土著社区的民族主义。因此，Mariátegui的现代性隐含着对民族主义占主导地位的空间秩序的深刻质疑，以及对仍然普遍存在的殖民边缘和表征进行修正的可能性。换句话说，Mariátegui在一个没有社会主体的地理实践时代，将主体性问题纳入了对地理现实的理解。此外，他提倡一个社会主义政治项目，将地区土著和城市工人结合起来，这对于始终反映地理和省差异的现代化至关重要(弗洛雷斯·加林多，1980年)。当然，Mariátegui的空间和时间概念始终对政治和想象的可能性开放(german, 1994)。正如本文所述，这些因素是Mariátegui地理影响的关键来源。
{"title":"Otra modernidad, otra geografía: una interpretación crítica de las influencias y orientaciones geográficas de José Carlos Mariátegui","authors":"Rodolfo Quiroz Rojas","doi":"10.14350/rig.57335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.57335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Scholars have consistently overlooked the problem of geographic relationships in the work of José Carlos Mariátegui (1894-1930).This silence can be summarized into two fundamental dynamics: Mariátegui's scarce reference in the geographical field and the predominance of historiographic, sociological, and literary approaches to his work. This article aims to question such inertia and bridge the gap between Mariátegui and Latin American geographical thought. It critically interprets the epistemic origin of Mariátegui's foremost geographical notions, recognizing the particular historical context and state of geography during the first decades of the twentieth century. Against the Eurocentric approaches of his time, Mariátegui was one of the first intellectuals to express thought from and for Latin America, but without neglecting fundamental contributions of European and Western traditions (Urquijo y Bocco, 2016). Indeed, Mariátegui questioned the possibility of an absolute Latin American or Latin Americanist thought, all the while confronting the challenge of understanding the “reality” of his country, constructing innovative theses on Peruvian society and culture in which, evidently, geography was not exempt. In his seminal work, Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana (Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality, 1928), Mariátegui explains the antagonism and inequality between the coast and the sierra, he identifies the coexistence of three forms of economies (indigenous, colonial, and capitalist) that articulate different social geographies, and he outlines regional problems stemming from political alliances on different social levels, among other issues. Closely examining these analytical positions reveals a powerful geographic and human sensitivity yet to be explored in Mariátegui's thought, as well as the need to critically examine their argumentative origins. To date, the scarce research on theoretical relationships between Mariátegui and geography have only referred to three aspects of this problem. First of all, that Mariátegui's geographical influence comes from certain liberal intellectuals, reflected in a physicist and economistoriented vision of geography, based on localization and industrial growth of the positive “regions” (Ruiz, 2011: 144). Second of all, that Mariátegui elaborated a racist vision of Peru's territory based on the critical dualism of coast/white and sierra/indigenous, which avoided other interregional racial differences (Méndez, 2016). Thirdly, that Mariátegui's unique perception of geographic differences was circumscribed to the social and economic differences of Peruvian reality (Sanjinés, 2009). However, none of these proposals extensively analyze the situation of geography in Mariátegui's particular debate on modern imaginaries, focusing on other subjects of study that stray from strictly epistemological discussions of geography. Therefore, our proposal analyzes and explains the source of M","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.57335","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92120071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research findings in neotectonics (the most recent movements of the earth's crust) are fundamental to the analysis of modern landforms. In the 1970s, a significant number of structural and geological investigations were carried out in Cuba, all complemented by geophysical data and perforations, Allowing the first division in morphostructural blocks of different hierarchical orders: megabloque, macroblock, mesobloque and smaller blocks. The southern plain of Pinar del Río is located in the mesobloque Batabanó, bordered by the mesobloques Pinar and Habana-Matanzas, and controlled by the Southern Cuban fault system. In the southern plain of Pinar del Río, recent vertical velocities of the order of +2.0 to +4.0 mm / year are reported, according to the geodetic investigations of successive leveling made by others authors in 1989, which influence the conformation of the current relief. The existence of different local morphostructures, anomalies in the drainage network and a coast with submersion characteristics, which condition its marshy nature, are elements that point to the existence of these movements. In general, the main methods used to recognize neotectonic deformations have been instrumental (seismological and geodetic), historical-archeological and geological-geomorphological investigations. In Cuba, sedimentary-structural criteria have been applied to differentiate the tectonic styles of the pliocene-quaternary deposits with respect to the folded substrate. Simultaneously, these hypotheses were corroborated by geophysical criteria and deep drilling data. The development of digital elevation models allows the quantitative characterization of the relief and to recognize the tectonic effect in its evolution, especially in very active tectonic zones. As an essential support for the neotectonic investigations of the Cuban archipelago, quantitative geomorphological investigations and teledección techniques were also included. In these works, morphothectonic methods were applied in a very limited way, since there were no numerical models of the terrain that facilitated their use. In the case of Cuba, the criteria for placing the neotectonics stage in geologic time vary greatly. While some authors identify its inception at the end of the Paleogene, others place it between the late Eocene and the Miocene. From the geomorphological perspective, the neotectonics stage is divided into two sub-stages: early neotectonics (Oligocene-Miocene) and late neotectonics (late Miocene to Pleistocene). In relatively flat regions, such as the southern plains of the Pinar del Río Province, in western Cuba, evidence of neotectonic deformation is not always easily identifiable, especially when attributed to recent geological history. A compounded approach is therefore necessary. During the last prospecting works for sand and gravel deposits, certain regularities were established in the distribution of alluvial sediments, the former riverbeds and the diversion o
新构造学(地壳最近的运动)的研究成果是分析现代地貌的基础。1970年代，在古巴进行了大量的构造和地质调查，所有这些都辅以地球物理数据和射孔，从而首次划分了不同等级顺序的形态构造块:大块、大块、中块和较小的块。Pinar del Río南部平原位于中地块Batabanó，与中地块Pinar和哈瓦那-马坦萨斯接壤，受古巴南部断裂系统控制。在Pinar del Río南部平原，根据其他作者1989年对连续水准的大地测量调查，最近的垂直速度为+2.0至+4.0 mm /年，这影响了当前地形的构造。不同的局部形态结构的存在，排水网络的异常以及具有淹没特征的海岸，这些都决定了其沼泽性质，这些都是指向这些运动存在的因素。一般来说，用于识别新构造变形的主要方法是仪器(地震和大地测量)、历史考古和地质地貌调查。在古巴，沉积-构造标准被用于区分上新世-第四纪沉积相对于褶皱基底的构造样式。同时，这些假设得到了地球物理标准和深部钻井资料的证实。数字高程模型的发展可以定量地描述地形特征，并认识到其演化中的构造作用，特别是在非常活跃的构造带。作为对古巴群岛新构造调查的重要支持，定量地貌学调查和teledección技术也包括在内。在这些工作中，形态渐变方法的应用非常有限，因为没有地形的数值模型来促进它们的使用。就古巴而言，将新构造阶段置于地质年代的标准差别很大。虽然一些作者认为它的起源在古近纪末期，但另一些人认为它在晚始新世和中新世之间。从地貌学角度看，新构造期可分为早新构造期(渐新世—中新世)和晚新构造期(晚中新世—更新世)两个亚期。在相对平坦的地区，如古巴西部Pinar del Río省的南部平原，新构造变形的证据并不总是很容易识别，特别是当归因于最近的地质历史时。因此，有必要采取一种复合的方法。在最近的砂砾矿床找矿工作中，冲积物的分布、原河床和主要河流的改道都有一定的规律。所有这些因素导致了新的研究方向的发展，其中包括本工作，旨在确定活跃的构造过程，特别是上新世-第四纪。这些过程在目前的地貌和现有的排水系统以及它们对比那尔德尔巴布南部平原形态演变的影响中都很明显。从方法学的角度，论证了地质、地貌和土壤学方法相结合在相对平坦地区新构造研究中的有效性。这些方法包括地貌的形态计量学评价、排水异常分析、地层复合体和冲积矿床的空间分布研究以及其中钾通道的光谱分析。在南部平原的周界内，共确定并划定了15个流域。那些与南部海岸直接相连的盆地被挑出来进行形态计量学评估，在某些情况下，被划分为更深入的研究。为了识别最近的新构造活动，采用了形态计量学指标。在验证了地球物理和钻探试验结果的基础上，突出了地垒型的纵向块体，并确定了3个自西向东叠加的块体，垂直位移幅度在6 ~ 10 m之间。II和III地块位于中心偏东，受持续的构造倾斜作用，导致河网向西南方向渐进式迁移，表现为流域不对称。最后，平原轴向部分河流形成顺时针偏转格局，可能与Los Palacios拗陷南端错位的剪切新构造运动有关。
{"title":"Deformaciones neotectónicas en el relieve fluvial de la Llanura Sur de Pinar del Río, Cuba","authors":"Elmidio Estévez Cruz , Alexis Ordaz Hernández , José Ramón Hernández Santana","doi":"10.14350/rig.56388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.56388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research findings in neotectonics (the most recent movements of the earth's crust) are fundamental to the analysis of modern landforms. In the 1970s, a significant number of structural and geological investigations were carried out in Cuba, all complemented by geophysical data and perforations, Allowing the first division in morphostructural blocks of different hierarchical orders: megabloque, macroblock, mesobloque and smaller blocks. The southern plain of Pinar del Río is located in the mesobloque Batabanó, bordered by the mesobloques Pinar and Habana-Matanzas, and controlled by the Southern Cuban fault system. In the southern plain of Pinar del Río, recent vertical velocities of the order of +2.0 to +4.0 mm / year are reported, according to the geodetic investigations of successive leveling made by others authors in 1989, which influence the conformation of the current relief. The existence of different local morphostructures, anomalies in the drainage network and a coast with submersion characteristics, which condition its marshy nature, are elements that point to the existence of these movements. In general, the main methods used to recognize neotectonic deformations have been instrumental (seismological and geodetic), historical-archeological and geological-geomorphological investigations. In Cuba, sedimentary-structural criteria have been applied to differentiate the tectonic styles of the pliocene-quaternary deposits with respect to the folded substrate. Simultaneously, these hypotheses were corroborated by geophysical criteria and deep drilling data. The development of digital elevation models allows the quantitative characterization of the relief and to recognize the tectonic effect in its evolution, especially in very active tectonic zones. As an essential support for the neotectonic investigations of the Cuban archipelago, quantitative geomorphological investigations and teledección techniques were also included. In these works, morphothectonic methods were applied in a very limited way, since there were no numerical models of the terrain that facilitated their use. In the case of Cuba, the criteria for placing the neotectonics stage in geologic time vary greatly. While some authors identify its inception at the end of the Paleogene, others place it between the late Eocene and the Miocene. From the geomorphological perspective, the neotectonics stage is divided into two sub-stages: early neotectonics (Oligocene-Miocene) and late neotectonics (late Miocene to Pleistocene). In relatively flat regions, such as the southern plains of the Pinar del Río Province, in western Cuba, evidence of neotectonic deformation is not always easily identifiable, especially when attributed to recent geological history. A compounded approach is therefore necessary. During the last prospecting works for sand and gravel deposits, certain regularities were established in the distribution of alluvial sediments, the former riverbeds and the diversion o","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.56388","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91985377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"1st International Conference of Anarchist Geographies and Geographers (ICAGG) – Geography, social change and antiauthoritarian practices Centro Studi Cucine del Popolo, Reggio Emilia, Italy, 21-23 September 2017","authors":"Gerónimo Barrera de la Torre","doi":"10.14350/rig.59584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.59584","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.59584","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92124298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Primer Coloquio Ordenamientos y Demarcaciones territoriales. Viejas y nuevas geografías. Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Estatal de Análisis Territorial y El Colegio de Jalisco. Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, 21 al 23 de septiembre de 2017","authors":"Irma Beatriz García Rojas, Myrna Quiñones","doi":"10.14350/rig.59586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.59586","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.59586","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92076049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José R. Hernández Santana , José L. Pérez Damián , Fernando Rosete Vergés , Mariano Villalobos Delgado , Ana P. Méndez Linares , Elda Navarro Salas
At present the geomorphometric studies of relief and the digital mapping are an essential geomorphological platform for delimitation of natural synthetic units, so indispensable to the territorial organization, and others applied researches as the optimization of agricultural land use, microlocalization of settlement human, designation of forest programs and even for military strategic plans, among many social and productive utilities. Thus, this article aims to provide detailed information on analytical geomorphological methods and interpretations of morphography and energy for Mexico’s relief, considering two calculations according to unit area: density contour (km/km2) and maximum difference of heights (m/km2) - both relief índices -, with the support of GIS ArcView, ArcGIS, and ArcInfo software. A review of existing national atlases revealed that not all countries have morphometric data on their reliefs. Indeed, mapping of this type was only found, in chronological order, in the National Atlas of Cuba (1970), the Atlas of the Slovak Socialist Republic (Slovak Cartography (1983), the National Atlas of Hungary (Geographic Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1989), the New National Atlas of Cuba (1989), and the National Atlas of Mexico (1990), all on a small scale. In other national atlases, there are only hypsometric and slope steepness maps. The stages for mapping the geomorphometric units of Mexico’s relief were: (1) Construction of the morphographic map: a) Calculation of density contours, b) Data analysis and reclassification, c) Spatial generalization by minimum mappable area, and d) Smoothing of geographic limits; (2) Obtaining a relief ’s energy map: a) Construction of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), b) Calculations for the relief ’s energy map, c) Data reclassification, and d) Spatial generalization; (3) Production of a map of the relief ’s geomorphometric units: a) Overlaying of the morphographic and relief ’s energy maps, b) Spatial statistics, and c) Map of geomorphometric relief units: and 4) Definition, according to morphographic contour, of the two predominant classes of the relief ’s energy. The morphographic map (density of contours in km/km2) shows nine range classes: less than 1.0, from 1.0 to 2.0, from 2.1 to 3, from 3.1 to 4, from 4.1 to 5, from 5.1 to 6, from 6.1 to 7, from 7.1 to 8.0, and more than 8.0. On the other hand, the map of the relief ’s energy has 9 ranges (m/km2): less than 10.0, from 10.1 to 20.0, from 20.1 to 50.0, from 50.1 to 100.0, from 100.1 to 200.0, from 200.1 to 300.0, from 300.1 to 400.0, from 400.1 to 500.0, and over 500.0. An analysis of this country’s territory reveals that very highly dissected mountainous relief, with dissection values ranging from 501 to 1 300 m/km2, evidences a monolithic location pattern associated with major breakups due to erosion in the central portion of the Sierra Madre Occidental and, i
{"title":"Clasificación geomorfométrica del relieve mexicano: una aproximación morfográfica por densidad de curvas de nivel y la energía del relieve","authors":"José R. Hernández Santana , José L. Pérez Damián , Fernando Rosete Vergés , Mariano Villalobos Delgado , Ana P. Méndez Linares , Elda Navarro Salas","doi":"10.14350/rig.57019","DOIUrl":"10.14350/rig.57019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>At present the geomorphometric studies of relief and the digital mapping are an essential geomorphological platform for delimitation of natural synthetic units, so indispensable to the territorial organization, and others applied researches as the optimization of agricultural land use, microlocalization of settlement human, designation of forest programs and even for military strategic plans, among many social and productive utilities. Thus, this article aims to provide detailed information on analytical geomorphological methods and interpretations of morphography and energy for Mexico’s relief, considering two calculations according to unit area: density contour (km/km<sup>2</sup>) and maximum difference of heights (m/km<sup>2</sup>) - both relief índices -, with the support of GIS ArcView, ArcGIS, and ArcInfo software. A review of existing national atlases revealed that not all countries have morphometric data on their reliefs. Indeed, mapping of this type was only found, in chronological order, in the National Atlas of Cuba (1970), the Atlas of the Slovak Socialist Republic (Slovak Cartography (1983), the National Atlas of Hungary (Geographic Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1989), the New National Atlas of Cuba (1989), and the National Atlas of Mexico (1990), all on a small scale. In other national atlases, there are only hypsometric and slope steepness maps. The stages for mapping the geomorphometric units of Mexico’s relief were: (1) Construction of the morphographic map: a) Calculation of density contours, b) Data analysis and reclassification, c) Spatial generalization by minimum mappable area, and d) Smoothing of geographic limits; (2) Obtaining a relief ’s energy map: a) Construction of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), b) Calculations for the relief ’s energy map, c) Data reclassification, and d) Spatial generalization; (3) Production of a map of the relief ’s geomorphometric units: a) Overlaying of the morphographic and relief ’s energy maps, b) Spatial statistics, and c) Map of geomorphometric relief units: and 4) Definition, according to morphographic contour, of the two predominant classes of the relief ’s energy. The morphographic map (density of contours in km/km<sup>2</sup>) shows nine range classes: less than 1.0, from 1.0 to 2.0, from 2.1 to 3, from 3.1 to 4, from 4.1 to 5, from 5.1 to 6, from 6.1 to 7, from 7.1 to 8.0, and more than 8.0. On the other hand, the map of the relief ’s energy has 9 ranges (m/km<sup>2</sup>): less than 10.0, from 10.1 to 20.0, from 20.1 to 50.0, from 50.1 to 100.0, from 100.1 to 200.0, from 200.1 to 300.0, from 300.1 to 400.0, from 400.1 to 500.0, and over 500.0. An analysis of this country’s territory reveals that very highly dissected mountainous relief, with dissection values ranging from 501 to 1 300 m/km<sup>2</sup>, evidences a monolithic location pattern associated with major breakups due to erosion in the central portion of the Sierra Madre Occidental and, i","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.57019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131653861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"Martín M. Checa-Artasu","doi":"10.14350/rig.59577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.59577","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.59577","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92114994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Congreso Miradas Convergentes sobre la Ciudad, siglos XVI al XXI, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Centro Cultural Universitario, Centro Histórico, Morelia, Michoacán, 14 al 16 de agosto de 2017","authors":"Lourdes de Ita, Ricardo Aguilar","doi":"10.14350/rig.59583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.59583","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.59583","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92124299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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