The Focused Research Initiative (FRI) Group from Purdue University, the University of Illinois, the University of Michigan, Magnavox, and Hughes Network Systems (HNS) began work in July of 1995 on a five year program. The FRI Group is uniquely integrating several Department of Defense programs and the research and educational programs at three major universities, while achieving the benefits of collaboration with industry and the military. The concept of the digital battlefield requires digitization of all the information on the battlefield needed for the conduct of battle and mission accomplishment. Software is used to extract the information needed by a tactical commander, logistics commander, or individual soldier from the databases and to reformat, filter, and fuse the data to forms usable for each particular function reducing information overload. Functions include command and control, target detection and recognition, planning, analysis maps and overlays, intelligence, logistics, personnel, and position location. Wireless, distributed communications networks are required to acquire information from sources and to transmit it between databases and battlefield entities. Technology for distributed multimedia communications networks must be found to support the multimedia transmission of speech, video, high resolution maps and overlays, and other digital data in a highly mobile military environment requiring low probability of intercept and jamming resistance.
{"title":"Wireless distributed multimedia communications networks for the digital battlefield","authors":"A. Brothers, J. Ginther, J. Lehnert","doi":"10.1109/TCC.1996.561103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCC.1996.561103","url":null,"abstract":"The Focused Research Initiative (FRI) Group from Purdue University, the University of Illinois, the University of Michigan, Magnavox, and Hughes Network Systems (HNS) began work in July of 1995 on a five year program. The FRI Group is uniquely integrating several Department of Defense programs and the research and educational programs at three major universities, while achieving the benefits of collaboration with industry and the military. The concept of the digital battlefield requires digitization of all the information on the battlefield needed for the conduct of battle and mission accomplishment. Software is used to extract the information needed by a tactical commander, logistics commander, or individual soldier from the databases and to reformat, filter, and fuse the data to forms usable for each particular function reducing information overload. Functions include command and control, target detection and recognition, planning, analysis maps and overlays, intelligence, logistics, personnel, and position location. Wireless, distributed communications networks are required to acquire information from sources and to transmit it between databases and battlefield entities. Technology for distributed multimedia communications networks must be found to support the multimedia transmission of speech, video, high resolution maps and overlays, and other digital data in a highly mobile military environment requiring low probability of intercept and jamming resistance.","PeriodicalId":398935,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1996 Tactical Communications Conference. Ensuring Joint Force Superiority in the Information Age","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134184714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tactical military operations often drive competing telecommunications requirements. For example, terrain and distances may preclude VHF/UHF line-of-sight communications, yet the HF environment may prove unsatisfactory from too many users in a limited bandwidth or intentional jamming. HF propagation, while favorable for over-the-horizon operations, allows relatively easy communications interception. The Correlated Hopping Enhanced Spread Spectrum (CHESS) waveform is introduced as an improved approach to high-speed, HF digital communications. In general terms, frequency hopping (FH) avoids narrowband interference better than direct sequence (DS) spread spectrum. CHESS improves upon current FH systems with a much shorter frequency dwell, and it does not modulate each hopped pulse. As a result, users sharing the spectrum with CHESS are less likely to experience adjacent or co-channel interference. Moreover, CHESS uses a differential frequency hopping (DFH) technique to encode data, which permits reconstruction of hops missed in the detection process. This error correction is over and above other methods that may be applied. The result is an exceptionally robust, low error rate communications system. Tests have yielded excellent bit error rates at up to 19.2 kbps over short- and long-haul propagation paths. The system uses relatively simple hardware. Essentially, an unmodulated direct digital synthesizer serves as a transmitter, and a fast Fourier transform card detects the signal. Digital signal processing as well as ADC and DAC form the basis of system performance.
{"title":"Correlated frequency hopping-an improved approach to HF spread spectrum communications","authors":"D. L. Herrick, P.K. Lee, L.L. Ledlow","doi":"10.1109/TCC.1996.561099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCC.1996.561099","url":null,"abstract":"Tactical military operations often drive competing telecommunications requirements. For example, terrain and distances may preclude VHF/UHF line-of-sight communications, yet the HF environment may prove unsatisfactory from too many users in a limited bandwidth or intentional jamming. HF propagation, while favorable for over-the-horizon operations, allows relatively easy communications interception. The Correlated Hopping Enhanced Spread Spectrum (CHESS) waveform is introduced as an improved approach to high-speed, HF digital communications. In general terms, frequency hopping (FH) avoids narrowband interference better than direct sequence (DS) spread spectrum. CHESS improves upon current FH systems with a much shorter frequency dwell, and it does not modulate each hopped pulse. As a result, users sharing the spectrum with CHESS are less likely to experience adjacent or co-channel interference. Moreover, CHESS uses a differential frequency hopping (DFH) technique to encode data, which permits reconstruction of hops missed in the detection process. This error correction is over and above other methods that may be applied. The result is an exceptionally robust, low error rate communications system. Tests have yielded excellent bit error rates at up to 19.2 kbps over short- and long-haul propagation paths. The system uses relatively simple hardware. Essentially, an unmodulated direct digital synthesizer serves as a transmitter, and a fast Fourier transform card detects the signal. Digital signal processing as well as ADC and DAC form the basis of system performance.","PeriodicalId":398935,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1996 Tactical Communications Conference. Ensuring Joint Force Superiority in the Information Age","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128772345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a packet radio network (PRN), transmission of packets involves both the transmission of information the end user needs and the transmission of additional or "overhead" information necessary for proper operation of the network. Two solutions to the multicast transmission problem have been presented, one which employs the Hopfield network, and the other based on heuristic algorithms. Although both approaches usually yield suboptimal performance when compared to an exhaustive search, the time required by these methods to reach a solution is lower by several orders of magnitude for all but the simplest PRNs. The Hopfield method is extremely easy to implement and converged to a valid solution in over 98% of our simulations. This is considered a high success rate for this type of network, which we attribute to the sparseness of the configuration and careful choice of parameters. The heuristic is an improvement over the neural network yielding the lowest number of transmissions and requiring the least amount of time. Either approach may be suitable for determining solutions to this NP-complete problem depending on the actual application and computational resources available.
{"title":"Algorithms for routing in multicast packet radio networks","authors":"C. Pomalaza-ráez, T. L. Hemminger, E. Whitehill","doi":"10.1109/TCC.1996.561091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCC.1996.561091","url":null,"abstract":"In a packet radio network (PRN), transmission of packets involves both the transmission of information the end user needs and the transmission of additional or \"overhead\" information necessary for proper operation of the network. Two solutions to the multicast transmission problem have been presented, one which employs the Hopfield network, and the other based on heuristic algorithms. Although both approaches usually yield suboptimal performance when compared to an exhaustive search, the time required by these methods to reach a solution is lower by several orders of magnitude for all but the simplest PRNs. The Hopfield method is extremely easy to implement and converged to a valid solution in over 98% of our simulations. This is considered a high success rate for this type of network, which we attribute to the sparseness of the configuration and careful choice of parameters. The heuristic is an improvement over the neural network yielding the lowest number of transmissions and requiring the least amount of time. Either approach may be suitable for determining solutions to this NP-complete problem depending on the actual application and computational resources available.","PeriodicalId":398935,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1996 Tactical Communications Conference. Ensuring Joint Force Superiority in the Information Age","volume":"124 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123243165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a brief overview of the simulation of communication systems including the role of simulation in their design and analysis. It focuses on the communication performance modeling of the Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS) communications system. Particular attention is paid to the verification and validation of the simulation model. AFATDS is a multi-service automated command and control system for the fire support operations. AFATDS provides the capabilities to process, analyze, and exchange combat information within the AFATDS architecture and with other Army battlefield artillery systems. AFATDS is a system of mobile, dispersed, multi-functional nodes providing automated planning and execution capabilities to support operational facilities (OPFAC). Our modeling effort is concerned with the communication protocol stack for the AFATDS communication network but is primarily focused at the data link control and network access control layers. We implemented (using the simulation modeling tool OPNET) the variable message format (VMF) protocol (it has many areas of commonality with MIL-STD-188-220 A). We examined the effect various system timers have on the system performance. We studied the effect the processor polling frequency of the modem has on the system throughput and on the average time to complete processing of mission threads. The media access timers, the retransmission timer of the data link control layer, and the segment size limits are also studied to optimize system performance.
{"title":"The design and analysis of the AFATDS communication networks using simulation","authors":"D. Thuente, C. Brown, T. Borchelt, E. Hill","doi":"10.1109/TCC.1996.561095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCC.1996.561095","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a brief overview of the simulation of communication systems including the role of simulation in their design and analysis. It focuses on the communication performance modeling of the Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS) communications system. Particular attention is paid to the verification and validation of the simulation model. AFATDS is a multi-service automated command and control system for the fire support operations. AFATDS provides the capabilities to process, analyze, and exchange combat information within the AFATDS architecture and with other Army battlefield artillery systems. AFATDS is a system of mobile, dispersed, multi-functional nodes providing automated planning and execution capabilities to support operational facilities (OPFAC). Our modeling effort is concerned with the communication protocol stack for the AFATDS communication network but is primarily focused at the data link control and network access control layers. We implemented (using the simulation modeling tool OPNET) the variable message format (VMF) protocol (it has many areas of commonality with MIL-STD-188-220 A). We examined the effect various system timers have on the system performance. We studied the effect the processor polling frequency of the modem has on the system throughput and on the average time to complete processing of mission threads. The media access timers, the retransmission timer of the data link control layer, and the segment size limits are also studied to optimize system performance.","PeriodicalId":398935,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1996 Tactical Communications Conference. Ensuring Joint Force Superiority in the Information Age","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132619214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the development phase of the battlefield combat identification system (BCIS) equipment, the Army/TRW-Magnavox Team explored ways to exploit the data carrying capacity of BCIS with respect to providing short range situation awareness (SA) communication links on the tactical battlefield. These LPI/LPD digital data links (DDL) play a secondary role to the BCIS primary task of achieving a high probability of friend identification via a cooperative question-answer exchange. Some of the major issues in implementing the DDL as an integral feature in BCIS were the possibility of degrading friend ID performance and the concern that the range that could be achieved with 0.5 watts transmitted and received using the BCIS omnidirectional antenna would be sufficient to be practical in the tactical scenarios. After preliminary analysis indicated that these issues would be satisfactorily resolved a program to demonstrate a DDL capability was initiated. This paper introduces the basic concept of the DDL and provides the initial tests that were performed using the current BCIS equipment.
{"title":"Digital data link (DDL) through battlefield combat identification system (BCIS)","authors":"T. Baldwin, J. Ginther, T. Dere, P. Nelson","doi":"10.1109/TCC.1996.561098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCC.1996.561098","url":null,"abstract":"During the development phase of the battlefield combat identification system (BCIS) equipment, the Army/TRW-Magnavox Team explored ways to exploit the data carrying capacity of BCIS with respect to providing short range situation awareness (SA) communication links on the tactical battlefield. These LPI/LPD digital data links (DDL) play a secondary role to the BCIS primary task of achieving a high probability of friend identification via a cooperative question-answer exchange. Some of the major issues in implementing the DDL as an integral feature in BCIS were the possibility of degrading friend ID performance and the concern that the range that could be achieved with 0.5 watts transmitted and received using the BCIS omnidirectional antenna would be sufficient to be practical in the tactical scenarios. After preliminary analysis indicated that these issues would be satisfactorily resolved a program to demonstrate a DDL capability was initiated. This paper introduces the basic concept of the DDL and provides the initial tests that were performed using the current BCIS equipment.","PeriodicalId":398935,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1996 Tactical Communications Conference. Ensuring Joint Force Superiority in the Information Age","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123400447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ultimate goal of universal wireless communications on demand can only be met if a number of key issues are addressed. Foremost among these are how to deal with the multipath fading inherent to the wireless communications environment and how to allocate bandwidth to a multitude of users. The solution to the multipath fading problem is to introduce known redundancy into the data stream in the form of error control coding. The paper shows how the proper assumption on the inner code (a repetition code in the guise of direct-sequence spreading that is soft-decision decoded) allows the system to be flexible enough to encompass many of the viable wireless system implementations. A system theoretically equivalent to a coded multicarrier system arises out of the coding problem discussed. When the soft-decision inner repetition code is employed, the multicarrier system is then seen to encompass both FH/CDMA and DS/CDMA as well. A concatenated coding formulation is introduced and the throughput measure is formally defined. The binary coherent modulation scheme investigated is introduced along with the system assumptions considered. Throughput optimization over the rate of the inner code and the number of users in the system is then performed. Following this general optimization, the paper demonstrates that when the number of users in the system is fixed, throughput optimization is equivalent to minimization of the probability of error. System optimization in this special case is then considered.
{"title":"Optimal diversity allocation in coherent multiuser systems","authors":"D. Goeckel, W. Stark","doi":"10.1109/TCC.1996.561118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCC.1996.561118","url":null,"abstract":"The ultimate goal of universal wireless communications on demand can only be met if a number of key issues are addressed. Foremost among these are how to deal with the multipath fading inherent to the wireless communications environment and how to allocate bandwidth to a multitude of users. The solution to the multipath fading problem is to introduce known redundancy into the data stream in the form of error control coding. The paper shows how the proper assumption on the inner code (a repetition code in the guise of direct-sequence spreading that is soft-decision decoded) allows the system to be flexible enough to encompass many of the viable wireless system implementations. A system theoretically equivalent to a coded multicarrier system arises out of the coding problem discussed. When the soft-decision inner repetition code is employed, the multicarrier system is then seen to encompass both FH/CDMA and DS/CDMA as well. A concatenated coding formulation is introduced and the throughput measure is formally defined. The binary coherent modulation scheme investigated is introduced along with the system assumptions considered. Throughput optimization over the rate of the inner code and the number of users in the system is then performed. Following this general optimization, the paper demonstrates that when the number of users in the system is fixed, throughput optimization is equivalent to minimization of the probability of error. System optimization in this special case is then considered.","PeriodicalId":398935,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1996 Tactical Communications Conference. Ensuring Joint Force Superiority in the Information Age","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124255648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Environment noise can be a limiting factor for airborne military command and control communications. This paper describes the techniques and results of noise measurements conducted in the VHF frequency band, as observed from an airborne C-130 aircraft operating over the state of Arizona. These measurements were performed to provide a better understanding of the noise environment applicable to VHF radio communications on the aircraft. The measurements were collected on several occasions using a VHF blade antenna mounted on the bottom of the aircraft. A modified surface-noise model is described to predict median noise levels at the aircraft altitude. In the VHF-FM band, median noise levels over rural Arizona were 4 to 5 dB above model-predicted levels. These levels of airborne VHF-FM noise will impact radio operation on the aircraft, especially in the lower portion of the band. In the VHF-AM band, noise levels were too close to the measurement noise floor to accurately determine noise levels. Because of the much lower level, however, airborne VHF-AM noise is not expected to have a significant impact on radio operation. A single measurement trial was also collected in the VHF-FM band near Phoenix during the evening rush hour. Measured noise levels were 17 dB above median values encountered over rural Arizona. The implication for VHF radio operation is that noise levels during certain times and operating locations may be significantly higher than normally encountered values.
{"title":"Airborne VHF environment noise measurements","authors":"M.J. Paradie, J. Pernic","doi":"10.1109/TCC.1996.561108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCC.1996.561108","url":null,"abstract":"Environment noise can be a limiting factor for airborne military command and control communications. This paper describes the techniques and results of noise measurements conducted in the VHF frequency band, as observed from an airborne C-130 aircraft operating over the state of Arizona. These measurements were performed to provide a better understanding of the noise environment applicable to VHF radio communications on the aircraft. The measurements were collected on several occasions using a VHF blade antenna mounted on the bottom of the aircraft. A modified surface-noise model is described to predict median noise levels at the aircraft altitude. In the VHF-FM band, median noise levels over rural Arizona were 4 to 5 dB above model-predicted levels. These levels of airborne VHF-FM noise will impact radio operation on the aircraft, especially in the lower portion of the band. In the VHF-AM band, noise levels were too close to the measurement noise floor to accurately determine noise levels. Because of the much lower level, however, airborne VHF-AM noise is not expected to have a significant impact on radio operation. A single measurement trial was also collected in the VHF-FM band near Phoenix during the evening rush hour. Measured noise levels were 17 dB above median values encountered over rural Arizona. The implication for VHF radio operation is that noise levels during certain times and operating locations may be significantly higher than normally encountered values.","PeriodicalId":398935,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1996 Tactical Communications Conference. Ensuring Joint Force Superiority in the Information Age","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124784224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dynamic adaptive routing is required to improve the survivability of a packet radio network. A protocol called Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Version 2 has been selected to meet the requirement. The network connectivity status, which often changes rapidly in a highly mobile tactical environment (due to jamming and station outages/additions), must be updated dynamically and automatically by the protocol to maintain reliable network service. With fast updates, the topology database will be more up-to-date and routing decisions will be more optimum. However high update rate will consume more channel bandwidth and will have adverse impact on user traffic. The objective is to optimize the OSPF protocol such that the system will maintain acceptable performance under anticipated traffic loading and network scenarios. The timing parameters associated with the update process will be varied to determine the optimum settings. The updates are transmitted in OSPF packets called link state updates (LSUs). The LSU packets will compete with user traffic on channel utilization. To reduce the impact on user traffic, the OSPF protocol parameters will be optimized to reduce the overhead traffic. A detailed simulation model has been developed for this effort. We describe the use of the robust design method in conjunction with the simulation model to optimize the protocol for dynamic routing. The main advantage of the robust design method is to provide a disciplined approach for experimentation (i.e., with no need to run all possible combinations of the experiment) that is needed to determine the most influential control factors.
动态自适应路由是提高分组无线网络生存能力的必要条件。为了满足需求，选择了开放最短路径优先(OSPF)版本2。网络连接状态在高度机动的战术环境中经常迅速变化(由于干扰和站点中断/增加)，必须通过协议动态和自动更新以保持可靠的网络服务。通过快速更新，拓扑数据库将更加最新，路由决策将更加优化。然而，高的更新率会消耗更多的信道带宽，并对用户流量产生不利影响。目标是优化OSPF协议，使系统在预期的流量负载和网络场景下保持可接受的性能。与更新过程相关的定时参数将会变化，以确定最佳设置。这些更新以OSPF报文的形式传递，称为lsu (link state updates)。LSU数据包将在信道利用率上与用户流量竞争。为了减少对用户流量的影响，需要对OSPF协议参数进行优化，减少开销流量。为此开发了一个详细的仿真模型。我们描述了使用鲁棒设计方法结合仿真模型来优化动态路由协议。稳健设计方法的主要优点是为确定最具影响力的控制因素所需的实验提供了一种有纪律的方法(即，不需要运行所有可能的实验组合)。
{"title":"Optimization of routing protocol for packet radio networks","authors":"C. Yoon, C. Chiu Chan","doi":"10.1109/TCC.1996.561120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCC.1996.561120","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic adaptive routing is required to improve the survivability of a packet radio network. A protocol called Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Version 2 has been selected to meet the requirement. The network connectivity status, which often changes rapidly in a highly mobile tactical environment (due to jamming and station outages/additions), must be updated dynamically and automatically by the protocol to maintain reliable network service. With fast updates, the topology database will be more up-to-date and routing decisions will be more optimum. However high update rate will consume more channel bandwidth and will have adverse impact on user traffic. The objective is to optimize the OSPF protocol such that the system will maintain acceptable performance under anticipated traffic loading and network scenarios. The timing parameters associated with the update process will be varied to determine the optimum settings. The updates are transmitted in OSPF packets called link state updates (LSUs). The LSU packets will compete with user traffic on channel utilization. To reduce the impact on user traffic, the OSPF protocol parameters will be optimized to reduce the overhead traffic. A detailed simulation model has been developed for this effort. We describe the use of the robust design method in conjunction with the simulation model to optimize the protocol for dynamic routing. The main advantage of the robust design method is to provide a disciplined approach for experimentation (i.e., with no need to run all possible combinations of the experiment) that is needed to determine the most influential control factors.","PeriodicalId":398935,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1996 Tactical Communications Conference. Ensuring Joint Force Superiority in the Information Age","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129999814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The E-8C Joint STARS system was developed by and is produced by the Northrop Grumman Corporation Surveillance and Battle Management Systems (SBMS) located in Melbourne, Florida. It was developed for the US Air Force and operationally supports the Air Force and the Army by detecting moving and stationary ground targets with its on-board radar and data, linking the information to ground support modules (GSM). Joint STARS also communicates by voice and data links with other Army and Air Force units. Designing for communications performance on joint STARS, especially UHF, is complicated by the severe cosite environment due to the extensive radio configuration required to support the large crew. The communications system includes a suite of 12 UHF HAVE QUICK II capable radios divided into two components, the aircraft component and the prime mission equipment (PME) component. The PME component was developed by Magnavox Electronic Systems Company, Ft. Wayne, Indiana. The PME, the OK-627/ARY-3 UHF radio control group includes 12 ARC-225 UHF radio sets, 12 F-1654/A radio frequency interference filters developed by the ECI Division of E-Systems, St. Petersburg, Florida, a C-12370/A control-interface which acts as the radio group controller (RGC) and an O-1814/A reference frequency oscillator (RFO). The aircraft component includes 12 UHF antennas and their associated interconnecting cables, prime power, cooling, acoustic noise control and mounting provisions. The system interfaces to the 22 person crew at operator workstations (OWS) through TSEC/KY-58 secure speech equipment, the OW-115/ARY-3 intercommunications group and redundant MILVAX computers in the operations and control (O&C) subsystem.
E-8C联合STARS系统由位于佛罗里达州墨尔本的诺斯罗普·格鲁曼公司监视和战斗管理系统(SBMS)公司开发和生产。它是为美国空军开发的，通过机载雷达和数据探测移动和静止的地面目标，并将信息连接到地面支持模块(GSM)，为空军和陆军提供操作支持。联合STARS还通过语音和数据链与其他陆军和空军部队进行通信。联合STARS的通信性能设计，特别是UHF，由于需要广泛的无线电配置来支持大量机组人员，因此在严峻的复合环境中变得复杂。通信系统包括12套UHF HAVE QUICK II能力无线电，分为两个组件，飞机组件和主要任务设备(PME)组件。PME组件是由印第安纳州Ft. Wayne的Magnavox电子系统公司开发的。PME, OK-627/ARY-3超高频无线电控制组包括12个ARC-225超高频无线电机组，12个F-1654/A无线电频率干扰滤波器，由佛罗里达州圣彼得堡电子系统公司的ECI部门开发，一个C-12370/A控制接口作为无线电组控制器(RGC)和一个O-1814/A参考频率振荡器(RFO)。飞机组件包括12个超高频天线及其相关的互连电缆、主要电源、冷却、噪声控制和安装设备。系统通过TSEC/ key -58安全语音设备、OW-115/ARY-3通信组和操作与控制(O&C)子系统中的冗余MILVAX计算机与操作员工作站(OWS)的22人机组人员进行接口。
{"title":"The Joint STARS OK-627/ARY-3 UHF radio control group- evolution of a state of the art airborne cosite communications system","authors":"D. Dillery, C.L. Beardsley","doi":"10.1109/TCC.1996.561100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCC.1996.561100","url":null,"abstract":"The E-8C Joint STARS system was developed by and is produced by the Northrop Grumman Corporation Surveillance and Battle Management Systems (SBMS) located in Melbourne, Florida. It was developed for the US Air Force and operationally supports the Air Force and the Army by detecting moving and stationary ground targets with its on-board radar and data, linking the information to ground support modules (GSM). Joint STARS also communicates by voice and data links with other Army and Air Force units. Designing for communications performance on joint STARS, especially UHF, is complicated by the severe cosite environment due to the extensive radio configuration required to support the large crew. The communications system includes a suite of 12 UHF HAVE QUICK II capable radios divided into two components, the aircraft component and the prime mission equipment (PME) component. The PME component was developed by Magnavox Electronic Systems Company, Ft. Wayne, Indiana. The PME, the OK-627/ARY-3 UHF radio control group includes 12 ARC-225 UHF radio sets, 12 F-1654/A radio frequency interference filters developed by the ECI Division of E-Systems, St. Petersburg, Florida, a C-12370/A control-interface which acts as the radio group controller (RGC) and an O-1814/A reference frequency oscillator (RFO). The aircraft component includes 12 UHF antennas and their associated interconnecting cables, prime power, cooling, acoustic noise control and mounting provisions. The system interfaces to the 22 person crew at operator workstations (OWS) through TSEC/KY-58 secure speech equipment, the OW-115/ARY-3 intercommunications group and redundant MILVAX computers in the operations and control (O&C) subsystem.","PeriodicalId":398935,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1996 Tactical Communications Conference. Ensuring Joint Force Superiority in the Information Age","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116989849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communications systems could be deployed providing voice, data, facsimile and paging services to mobile users in many regions of the world. The LEO systems are expected to be used by the Department of Defense (DoD). The DoD will be able to use these systems for other applications that take advantage of the special features resulting from the LEO configuration, such as global connectivity and small mobile terminal size. We consider the ability of a LEO system to support communications to mobile terminals in the high latitudes. The study is based upon the IRIDIUM system, which will provide continuous polar coverage to commercial users. The two key criteria for assessing the ability of the LEO system to support high latitude missions are detectability of the radio frequency (RF) transmissions of the mobile terminal and communications availability. Detectability is critical because there are not expected to be many IRIDIUM users in the high latitudes. Detecting a high latitude user implies some degree of automatic identification, whereas detection at a lower latitude must be followed by some identification process to discriminate between many users. To decrease the detectability of the mobile unit RF emissions, it is assumed that the mobile terminal antenna is modified to reduce low elevation angle RF emissions. Therefore, the impact on detectability, as well as connectivity, when using a modified mobile terminal antenna is examined. After a description of the mobile terminal RF characteristics, the detection and connectivity analyses are presented.
{"title":"Communications to high latitudes using a commercial low Earth orbit satellite system","authors":"B.S. Geaghan, R. L. Yuan","doi":"10.1109/TCC.1996.561110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCC.1996.561110","url":null,"abstract":"Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communications systems could be deployed providing voice, data, facsimile and paging services to mobile users in many regions of the world. The LEO systems are expected to be used by the Department of Defense (DoD). The DoD will be able to use these systems for other applications that take advantage of the special features resulting from the LEO configuration, such as global connectivity and small mobile terminal size. We consider the ability of a LEO system to support communications to mobile terminals in the high latitudes. The study is based upon the IRIDIUM system, which will provide continuous polar coverage to commercial users. The two key criteria for assessing the ability of the LEO system to support high latitude missions are detectability of the radio frequency (RF) transmissions of the mobile terminal and communications availability. Detectability is critical because there are not expected to be many IRIDIUM users in the high latitudes. Detecting a high latitude user implies some degree of automatic identification, whereas detection at a lower latitude must be followed by some identification process to discriminate between many users. To decrease the detectability of the mobile unit RF emissions, it is assumed that the mobile terminal antenna is modified to reduce low elevation angle RF emissions. Therefore, the impact on detectability, as well as connectivity, when using a modified mobile terminal antenna is examined. After a description of the mobile terminal RF characteristics, the detection and connectivity analyses are presented.","PeriodicalId":398935,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1996 Tactical Communications Conference. Ensuring Joint Force Superiority in the Information Age","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126522032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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