The rapid development of the Puerto Rican economy following the Second World War provides a unique model of central planning within a dependent colonial economy. This project will present a brief overview of the conflicting socio-economic and political forces which initiated and guided the establishment of central planning in Puerto Rico during the period 1940-47. The goal of this presentation is to trace the interactions between the key actors and institutions, in the political and socio-economic environment of 1940-47, which led to a policy re-orientation of central planning in 1 94 7. This re-orientation defined Puerto Rican economic development not as an autonomous agricultural and industrial program based on both domestic and foreign capital, but instead, economic development was viewed as a massive industrialization program based solely on private foreign capital.
{"title":"The Puerto Rican Industrial Policy Debate of 1940-1947: The Limits of Dependent Colonial Growth","authors":"Reinerio Hernandez-Marquez","doi":"10.5070/BP33113191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/BP33113191","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid development of the Puerto Rican economy following the Second World War provides a unique model of central planning within a dependent colonial economy. This project will present a brief overview of the conflicting socio-economic and political forces which initiated and guided the establishment of central planning in Puerto Rico during the period 1940-47. The goal of this presentation is to trace the interactions between the key actors and institutions, in the political and socio-economic environment of 1940-47, which led to a policy re-orientation of central planning in 1 94 7. This re-orientation defined Puerto Rican economic development not as an autonomous agricultural and industrial program based on both domestic and foreign capital, but instead, economic development was viewed as a massive industrialization program based solely on private foreign capital.","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70705140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In urban planning conflicts, how do we view the actors? Do we see them as constrained by their class position to play roles already predestined for them? Or do we regard them as free agents, playing parts in an unstructured and unscripted drama in which each piece of the action provides the trigger for the next? Or something in between? Most of the rich contemporary debate in the literature of urban politics, it seems to me, centers on this central question of the degree of freedom allowed both to individual actors, to groupings of these individuals, and to coalitions between these groups.
{"title":"Urban Actors: Puppets, Ad Libbers, or Something in Between","authors":"P. Hall","doi":"10.5070/bp33113190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/bp33113190","url":null,"abstract":"In urban planning conflicts, how do we view the actors? Do we see them as constrained by their class position to play roles already predestined for them? Or do we regard them as free agents, playing parts in an unstructured and unscripted drama in which each piece of the action provides the trigger for the next? Or something in between? Most of the rich contemporary debate in the literature of urban politics, it seems to me, centers on this central question of the degree of freedom allowed both to individual actors, to groupings of these individuals, and to coalitions between these groups.","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5070/bp33113190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70705491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neighborhood organizations in San Francisco today are notable for the strength of their challenge to business interests in a major corporate center, and for avoiding racial conflict in a remarkably diverse city. (On other cities: Arnold, 1 979 & Crenson, 1983 on Baltimore; Edel, Sclar & Luria, 1984 & Mollenkopf, 1983 on Bos ton; Abbott, 1983 on Portland; Lee, et al., 1984 on Seattle). They have great influence on city planning, but at the same time, neigh borhood organizations which unite against the effects of downtown development are also divided among themselves. Tension over exclusion and inclusion, property rights and universal rights, local protection and regional responsibility have been an underlying theme of neighborhood politics ever since new neighborhood organizations arose out of the civil rights movement. In the fol lowing pages I trace the neighborhood movement in San Francisco from its origins over a century ago in conservative, parochial organizations of local property owners, to its present complexity and major role in city politics.
今天，旧金山的社区组织因其在一个大型企业中心挑战商业利益的力量，以及在一个非常多元化的城市避免种族冲突而闻名。(其他城市:阿诺德，1979年;克伦森，1983年，巴尔的摩;Edel, Sclar & Luria, 1984; Mollenkopf, 1983 on Bos - ton;雅培，1983年，波特兰;Lee, et al.， 1984 on Seattle)。他们对城市规划有很大的影响，但与此同时，团结起来反对市中心发展影响的社区组织内部也出现了分裂。自从从民权运动中产生新的邻里组织以来，围绕排斥与包容、财产权与普世权利、地方保护与区域责任的紧张关系一直是邻里政治的基本主题。在接下来的几页中，我将追溯旧金山的社区运动，从一个多世纪前由当地业主组成的保守的、狭隘的组织开始，到它目前的复杂性和在城市政治中的主要作用。
{"title":"The Neighborhood Movement in San Francisco","authors":"Stephen E. Barton","doi":"10.5070/BP32113201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/BP32113201","url":null,"abstract":"Neighborhood organizations in San Francisco today are notable for the strength of their challenge to business interests in a major corporate center, and for avoiding racial conflict in a remarkably diverse city. (On other cities: Arnold, 1 979 & Crenson, 1983 on Baltimore; Edel, Sclar & Luria, 1984 & Mollenkopf, 1983 on Bos ton; Abbott, 1983 on Portland; Lee, et al., 1984 on Seattle). They have great influence on city planning, but at the same time, neigh borhood organizations which unite against the effects of downtown development are also divided among themselves. Tension over exclusion and inclusion, property rights and universal rights, local protection and regional responsibility have been an underlying theme of neighborhood politics ever since new neighborhood organizations arose out of the civil rights movement. In the fol lowing pages I trace the neighborhood movement in San Francisco from its origins over a century ago in conservative, parochial organizations of local property owners, to its present complexity and major role in city politics.","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5070/BP32113201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70700982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The career prospects for industrial workers in North America and Western Europe, once the mainstay of an affluent middle class, have become highly uncertain, if not bleak. The burdens of economic risk and uncertainty faced by mass producers with declining profits and productivity have been substantially passed off onto workers and the communities where they live. Sufficient profit margins are maintained by staff-gutting layoffs in the name of streamlining and plant reloca tions to areas where manipulable, non-unionized labor will work for lower wages. Bluestone and Harrison estimate that deindustrialization in the 1970s eliminated 32 million U.S. jobs.
{"title":"Industrializing For Workers; Models from Italy and Spain","authors":"F. S. Kountz","doi":"10.5070/BP33213182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/BP33213182","url":null,"abstract":"The career prospects for industrial workers in North America and Western Europe, once the mainstay of an affluent middle class, have become highly uncertain, if not bleak. The burdens of economic risk and uncertainty faced by mass producers with declining profits and productivity have been substantially passed off onto workers and the communities where they live. Sufficient profit margins are maintained by staff-gutting layoffs in the name of streamlining and plant reloca tions to areas where manipulable, non-unionized labor will work for lower wages. Bluestone and Harrison estimate that deindustrialization in the 1970s eliminated 32 million U.S. jobs.","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5070/BP33213182","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70705157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Author(s): Chew, Jeffrey Brian | Abstract: Ever since the Portland Public Services Building first began sur facing from the floor of the Rose City, like some monstrous grey whale in search of air, attention has been focused on the building and its post-modern Ahab, Michael Graves. The subsequent application of paint to the concrete mass put the building and its architect front-row center in the minds of architectural critics, phi losophers, students, and sidewalk gawkers.Looking somewhat like a giant unsolved Rubik Cube, the new building seemed a radical departure from the voluminous facades constantly redefining the Portland skyline. Pastel colors, sprayed into geometric designs, evoked memories of childhood play rather than government at work. Not since Pietro Belluschi unveiled the smooth-skinned Equitable Building in 1948 had the city been so radically shaken in its tradition of building design.
摘要:自从波特兰公共服务大楼(Portland Public Services Building)第一次从玫瑰城(Rose City)的地面开始浮出水面，就像一只巨大的灰鲸在寻找空气一样，人们的注意力一直集中在这座建筑和它的后现代亚哈·迈克尔·格雷夫斯(Michael Graves)身上。随后在混凝土体块上的油漆使建筑和它的建筑师成为建筑评论家、哲学家、学生和人行道上的看客心中的中心人物。这座新建筑看起来有点像一个巨大的未解魔方，似乎与不断重新定义波特兰天际线的庞大立面截然不同。柔和的色彩，喷入几何设计，唤起童年玩耍的记忆，而不是政府工作。自1948年Pietro Belluschi为光滑的公平大厦揭幕以来，这座城市的建筑设计传统从未如此彻底地动摇过。
{"title":"Michael Graves and the Portland Paradox","authors":"Jeffrey Brian Chew","doi":"10.5070/BP32113203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/BP32113203","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Chew, Jeffrey Brian | Abstract: Ever since the Portland Public Services Building first began sur facing from the floor of the Rose City, like some monstrous grey whale in search of air, attention has been focused on the building and its post-modern Ahab, Michael Graves. The subsequent application of paint to the concrete mass put the building and its architect front-row center in the minds of architectural critics, phi losophers, students, and sidewalk gawkers.Looking somewhat like a giant unsolved Rubik Cube, the new building seemed a radical departure from the voluminous facades constantly redefining the Portland skyline. Pastel colors, sprayed into geometric designs, evoked memories of childhood play rather than government at work. Not since Pietro Belluschi unveiled the smooth-skinned Equitable Building in 1948 had the city been so radically shaken in its tradition of building design.","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5070/BP32113203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70700817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Author(s): Dunlap, Louise | Abstract: The last afternoon in Cuba, our group* splits into several con tingents. After a morning with the Architecture faculty at the University, a few are enjoying an official luncheon with the Mayor of Havana, while most are mustering for the final official group interview -- this time at the Ministry of Housing. I am going off on my own to visit with Cubans and observe housing unofficially: my friend Isa wants to show me the house her neighbors are reno vating -- "Very unusual. People haven't been able to do this kind of thing for 25 years."
{"title":"Visiting with Cubans: Renovation and Transition in a Neighborhood of Havana","authors":"L. Dunlap","doi":"10.5070/BP32113200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/BP32113200","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Dunlap, Louise | Abstract: The last afternoon in Cuba, our group* splits into several con tingents. After a morning with the Architecture faculty at the University, a few are enjoying an official luncheon with the Mayor of Havana, while most are mustering for the final official group interview -- this time at the Ministry of Housing. I am going off on my own to visit with Cubans and observe housing unofficially: my friend Isa wants to show me the house her neighbors are reno vating -- \"Very unusual. People haven't been able to do this kind of thing for 25 years.\"","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5070/BP32113200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70701040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Author(s): Leigh-Preston, Nancey | Abstract: The "plight of the middle-class," as it is subjected to forces transforming the U.S. economy as a whole in recent years, has become a major topic of interest among economists, political analysts, and policy makers. Understanding the debate, and even engaging in efforts to resolve it, should also be of interest to planners-particularly those who seek to plan for economic development. The debate over the disappearing middle is intertwined with two other major economic debates: that of the U.S.'s industrial decline, and that of the effects of changing demographics, especially in regards to the baby boom generation. The review of literature and research which follows is an attempt not only to identify the major issues of the alleged disappearing middle (which has also been referred to as the "declining" middle, the "shrinking" middle, and the "doomed" middle), but to show how these issues are inextricably linked with those of industrial decline and changing demographics in the U.S.
{"title":"The Debate Over the Disappearing Middle","authors":"N. Leigh-Preston","doi":"10.5070/BP33113193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/BP33113193","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Leigh-Preston, Nancey | Abstract: The \"plight of the middle-class,\" as it is subjected to forces transforming the U.S. economy as a whole in recent years, has become a major topic of interest among economists, political analysts, and policy makers. Understanding the debate, and even engaging in efforts to resolve it, should also be of interest to planners-particularly those who seek to plan for economic development. The debate over the disappearing middle is intertwined with two other major economic debates: that of the U.S.'s industrial decline, and that of the effects of changing demographics, especially in regards to the baby boom generation. The review of literature and research which follows is an attempt not only to identify the major issues of the alleged disappearing middle (which has also been referred to as the \"declining\" middle, the \"shrinking\" middle, and the \"doomed\" middle), but to show how these issues are inextricably linked with those of industrial decline and changing demographics in the U.S.","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5070/BP33113193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70705293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Author(s): Herman, Amy L. | Abstract: Many methodological tools exist for use by regional planners and policy analysts concerned with the implications of federal and regional policies for regional economies. Regional and multire gional econometric models represent a class of such tools not widely available for public use outside their institutional settings. The purpose of such models is to provide economic forecasting and policy simulations with analytic flexibility. Accordingly, the methods employed in developing econometric models differ sub stantially from those of other national or regional analysis methods because they are not consistently subjected to theoretic or account ing restrictions. For example, instead of relying solely on export base, input-output, or linear programming analysis, the emphasis in the development of econometric models is placed on their ability to model economic behavior empirically. While this may often involve the application of rigid theoretic constructs or accounting frameworks, the charm is that the constructs can be altered or com bined to suit the economy as perceived by the modeler, thereby increasing the model's potential value and usability.
{"title":"Descriptive and Critical Review of Multiregional Econometric Models of the United States","authors":"A. Herman","doi":"10.5070/BP31113213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/BP31113213","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Herman, Amy L. | Abstract: Many methodological tools exist for use by regional planners and policy analysts concerned with the implications of federal and regional policies for regional economies. Regional and multire gional econometric models represent a class of such tools not widely available for public use outside their institutional settings. The purpose of such models is to provide economic forecasting and policy simulations with analytic flexibility. Accordingly, the methods employed in developing econometric models differ sub stantially from those of other national or regional analysis methods because they are not consistently subjected to theoretic or account ing restrictions. For example, instead of relying solely on export base, input-output, or linear programming analysis, the emphasis in the development of econometric models is placed on their ability to model economic behavior empirically. While this may often involve the application of rigid theoretic constructs or accounting frameworks, the charm is that the constructs can be altered or com bined to suit the economy as perceived by the modeler, thereby increasing the model's potential value and usability.","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5070/BP31113213","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70694763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Author(s): Coyula, Mario | Abstract: Cuba is the largest of the Caribbean Islands with an area of more than 110,000 square kilometers and a population that recently reached 10 million inhabitants. Four hundred and fifty years of colonial domination and neocolonial dependence created structural inequalities throughout the territory.At the triumph of the Revolution in 1959, Havana, the capital city, held 20% of the 6 million inhabitants of the country. Located there as well was 75% of the Island's nonsugar-based industry, most port services, health services, education, and tourism. This inequality between the capital city and the rest of the country stimulated heavy migration that resulted in shantytowns of marginal character with unhealthy conditions. These communi ties were not only removed from the lifestyle of all sectors of the bourgeoisie, but also from the proletariat. The latter, with more of an urban tradition, had become entrenched in the dense web of the ancient city center, undergoing the ghettoization that followed the exodus of the ruling classes.
{"title":"Housing, Urban Renewal and Popular Power: Some Reflections on Havana","authors":"Mario Coyula","doi":"10.5070/BP32113198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/BP32113198","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Coyula, Mario | Abstract: Cuba is the largest of the Caribbean Islands with an area of more than 110,000 square kilometers and a population that recently reached 10 million inhabitants. Four hundred and fifty years of colonial domination and neocolonial dependence created structural inequalities throughout the territory.At the triumph of the Revolution in 1959, Havana, the capital city, held 20% of the 6 million inhabitants of the country. Located there as well was 75% of the Island's nonsugar-based industry, most port services, health services, education, and tourism. This inequality between the capital city and the rest of the country stimulated heavy migration that resulted in shantytowns of marginal character with unhealthy conditions. These communi ties were not only removed from the lifestyle of all sectors of the bourgeoisie, but also from the proletariat. The latter, with more of an urban tradition, had become entrenched in the dense web of the ancient city center, undergoing the ghettoization that followed the exodus of the ruling classes.","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70700226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Class can best be understood as emerging from the complex interrelationship of work and horne life. Problems, limitations, and opportunities at the workplace generate behavioral adaptations that extend into the horne, creating the shared lifestyles, childrearing practices, inter-generational education and employment experiences, and common consumption patterns that constitute and reproduce a class.1 These adaptations are forged within a larger social and spatial structure of class segregation (Soja, 1983). The working class performs the direct economic production and low-level service, clerical, and adrninistrative work2 of society and tends to live in lower class neighborhoods.
{"title":"The Importance of Class","authors":"A. Heskin, Dewey Bandy","doi":"10.5070/BP33113189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/BP33113189","url":null,"abstract":"Class can best be understood as emerging from the complex interrelationship of work and horne life. Problems, limitations, and opportunities at the workplace generate behavioral adaptations that extend into the horne, creating the shared lifestyles, childrearing practices, inter-generational education and employment experiences, and common consumption patterns that constitute and reproduce a class.1 These adaptations are forged within a larger social and spatial structure of class segregation (Soja, 1983). The working class performs the direct economic production and low-level service, clerical, and adrninistrative work2 of society and tends to live in lower class neighborhoods.","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5070/BP33113189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70705388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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