Author(s): Wegmann, Jake | Abstract: A review of three titles: A Country of Cities: A Manifesto for an Urban America by Vishaan Chakrabarti Metropolitan Books, 2013 The Great Inversion and the Future of the American City by Alan Ehrenhalt Vintage Books, 2012 The End of the Suburbs: Where the American Dream Is Moving by Leigh Gallagher Penguin, 2013
{"title":"What Lies Ahead for the American Metropolis in the Age of Inversion","authors":"J. Wegmann","doi":"10.5070/BP327124504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/BP327124504","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Wegmann, Jake | Abstract: A review of three titles: A Country of Cities: A Manifesto for an Urban America by Vishaan Chakrabarti Metropolitan Books, 2013 The Great Inversion and the Future of the American City by Alan Ehrenhalt Vintage Books, 2012 The End of the Suburbs: Where the American Dream Is Moving by Leigh Gallagher Penguin, 2013","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5070/BP327124504","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70704652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Berkeley Planning Journal, Volume 27, 2014 Bikenomics: How Bicycling Can Save the Economy By Elly Blue Microcosm, 2013 Reviewed by Jesus M. Barajas Planning often prioritizes transportation projects based on quantified costs and benefits to the community. Recognizing decision-making standard, in Bikenomics Elly Blue delivers a pro-bike argument with which planners and bicycle activists might be familiar, but she supports this argument with facts and figures that will make city comptrollers take notice. A Portland- based writer and bicycle advocate, Elly Blue backs her claims with research that spans popular blog writing, advocacy organization reports, and academic articles in a way that informs, engages, and entertains. She invites an understanding that individuals, businesses, and cities all benefit from more and safer bicycling in their communities. Bikenomics is largely organized around common refrains about the impossibility of making bicycling a coequal mode in the US transportation system. In the first few chapters, Blue tackles the high cost of automobiles and car ownership relative to the bicycle. Costs are borne, Blue argues, not only by individuals who must spend a high proportion of their income on transportation, but by all taxpayers who must pay the long-term debt incurred by borrowing to build roads. On the other hand, investment in bicycle infrastructure costs a fraction to build and maintain and, as argued later, bring local economic benefits that a new highway interchange cannot. In the remainder of the book, Blue addresses topics common in writing on bicycling, but, unlike other journalistic and advocacy pieces, she focuses explicitly on quantifying costs and benefits. For example, in the chapter titled “Superhighway to Health,” Blue describes the interrelationship between lack of access to healthy food, chronic disease, and sedentary lifestyles, asserting that a bicycle-based lifestyle could improve health outcomes and reduce total health-care costs. In a later chapter, Blue relates how two companies that paid employees to bicycle to work saw productivity gains and health-insurance-premium savings that exceeded the amount of the incentives. She approaches bike sharing, bike parking, and the economic impact of bicycling on local businesses similarly in order to build a case for the bicycle as a savior of the economy. One of the most important contributions of Bikenomics is its consistent, explicit emphasis on equity issues in bicycling. Some equity issues
伯克利规划杂志，第27卷，2014年，自行车经济学:如何骑自行车可以拯救经济，作者:Elly Blue Microcosm, 2013回顾:Jesus M. Barajas规划通常根据量化的成本和社区效益来优先考虑交通项目。认识到决策标准，在《自行车经济学》一书中，艾丽·布鲁提出了一个支持自行车的论点，规划者和自行车活动家可能对此并不熟悉，但她用事实和数据来支持这一论点，这些事实和数据将引起城市审计员的注意。作为一名波特兰的作家和自行车倡导者，艾丽·布鲁支持她的主张，她的研究涵盖了流行的博客写作、倡导组织的报告和学术文章，以一种告知、参与和娱乐的方式。她希望人们理解，个人、企业和城市都能从社区中更多、更安全的自行车中受益。自行车经济学在很大程度上是围绕着不可能让骑自行车成为美国交通系统中的一种平等模式这一共同原则组织起来的。在书的前几章中，布鲁论述了汽车的高成本以及拥有汽车相对于自行车的高成本。布鲁认为，成本不仅要由必须将收入的很大一部分用于交通的个人承担，还要由所有纳税人承担，因为他们必须偿还因借钱修建道路而产生的长期债务。另一方面，投资自行车基础设施的建设和维护成本很低，而且，正如后面所说，给当地带来的经济效益是一个新的高速公路立交所不能带来的。在书的其余部分，Blue讨论了关于骑自行车的常见话题，但与其他新闻和倡导文章不同的是，她明确地关注于量化成本和收益。例如，在题为“通往健康的高速公路”一章中，布鲁描述了缺乏健康食品、慢性疾病和久坐不动的生活方式之间的相互关系，声称以自行车为基础的生活方式可以改善健康状况，降低医疗保健总成本。在后面的一章中，布鲁讲述了两家公司是如何奖励员工骑自行车上班的，他们看到了生产率的提高和健康保险保费的节省，这些都超过了激励的金额。她以同样的方式看待共享单车、自行车停放以及自行车对当地企业的经济影响，以证明自行车是经济的救世主。Bikenomics最重要的贡献之一是它一贯明确地强调骑车的公平问题。一些股权问题
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G. Boeing, D. Church, Haley T. Hubbard, Julie Mickens, Lili Rudis
This study examines LEED-ND’s criteria for Neighborhood Pattern and Design (NPD). LEED-ND was developed as a system for rating new neighborhoods on the sustainability of their planning. However, it has increasingly been adopted by cities as a de facto measure of “livable” neighborhood design and used to accelerate development processes. We hypothesize that these criteria do not accurately capture livability as defined by residents. Our study area is Temescal, a gentrifying neighborhood in Oakland, CA. Temescal could not achieve LEED-ND certification due to technical disqualifications yet residents of the neighborhood rated its livability very highly. Furthermore, residents consistently rated and ranked NPD characteristics quite differently than did LEED-ND, calling into question its validity as a universally codifiable rating system. We propose that a single set of weighted, prescriptive design guidelines may not be able to reflect the diverse values and desired amenities of different communities.
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Berkeley Planning Journal, Volume 27, 2014 Keys to the City: How Economics, Institutions, Social Interaction, and Politics Shape Development By Michael Storper Princeton University Press, 2013 Reviewed by Aksel Olsen Why do some city regions grow and others decline over time, and what are the defining local differences that make it so? Such complex questions are what motivate Michael Storper, one of the most cited economic geographers, in his new book, Keys to the City: How Economics, Institutions, Social Interaction, and Politics Shape Development. This wide-ranging work is hard to pigeonhole into the disciplinary boxes of fields—geography, economic history, and economics—that typically deal with such questions. Indeed, in Keys to the City, Storper is interested in connections between the different disciplinary optics. Playing Chicken with the Economists Storper begins with a larger, but important, conversation among urban economists about the main drivers of regional growth: When the national map of urban growth changes, is it best explained by migration flows to new regions, with jobs following once this population base is in place, or is it the reverse? Is migration the chicken or the egg, as Muth (1971) seminally asked it? In urban economics, it is commonly assumed that urban systems are in perfect spatial equilibrium (Glaeser and Gottlieb 2009) and that one cannot be made better off by moving to another place—the great amenities of San Francisco, New York, or Denver are perfectly offset by higher costs, traffic, or crime. Thus, people trade off amenities, income and housing costs, and price adjustments in real wages to ensure equilibrium. Consequently, the national system is “stable” and reflects an aggregate of individual preferences (and, of interest to planners, place-based policy is often seen as a counterproductive hindrance to economic efficiency). In this framework, exogenous changes to amenities—like the widespread introduction of air conditioning in the postwar years—can fundamentally change migration patterns and thus the new growth poles of the economy. Migration, in this common view, is the “chicken,” the leading indicator of future growth. Storper argues this framework is not convincing: the postwar migration
《伯克利规划杂志》，2014年第27卷，《城市的关键:经济、制度、社会互动和政治如何塑造发展》作者:迈克尔·斯托珀普林斯顿大学出版社，2013年评论:阿克塞尔·奥尔森为什么随着时间的推移，一些城市区域会增长，而另一些则会衰退?造成这种情况的决定性地方差异是什么?正是这些复杂的问题激发了被引用最多的经济地理学家之一迈克尔·斯托珀在他的新书《城市的钥匙:经济、制度、社会互动和政治如何塑造发展》中提出的观点。这项涉及面很广的工作很难被归类到地理学、经济史和经济学这些通常处理此类问题的学科领域中。事实上，在《城市之钥》一书中，斯托珀对不同学科光学之间的联系很感兴趣。《和经济学家们玩小鸡棋》从城市经济学家之间关于区域增长主要驱动因素的一个更大但也很重要的对话开始:当全国城市增长地图发生变化时，最好的解释是移民流向新地区，一旦这个人口基础到位，就业就会随之而来，还是相反?移民是鸡还是蛋，就像Muth(1971)开创性地提出的那样?在城市经济学中，人们通常认为城市系统处于完美的空间平衡状态(Glaeser and Gottlieb 2009)，一个人不可能通过搬到另一个地方而变得更好——旧金山、纽约或丹佛的优越设施完全被更高的成本、交通或犯罪所抵消。因此，人们在便利设施、收入和住房成本以及实际工资的价格调整之间进行权衡，以确保均衡。因此，国家制度是“稳定的”，反映了个人偏好的总和(而且，计划者感兴趣的是，基于地方的政策往往被视为对经济效率产生反效果的障碍)。在这一框架下，对设施的外部改变——比如战后空调的广泛引入——可以从根本上改变移民模式，从而改变经济的新增长极。在这种普遍观点中，移民是“鸡”，是未来经济增长的领先指标。斯托珀认为，这个框架并不令人信服:战后移民
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The Hidden Potential of Sustainable Neighborhoods: Lessons from Low-Carbon Communities By Harrison Fraker Island Press, 2013 Reviewed by Nicola Szibbo The terms “low-carbon” and “zero-carbon” are now frequently bandied about in planning dialogues regarding sustainable neighborhood development. These terms—used in the context of neighborhood design and planning—possess increasing currency given the problem of climate change. In the past, zero-energy goals have been perceived as desirable but lofty and difficult or even impossible for planners and designers to achieve. However, in an era of adaptation to climate change, resilient infrastructure and built form is both warranted and necessary. Harrison Fraker—a pioneer researcher and professor in passive solar, daylighting, and other sustainable design techniques—presents this imperative with striking resolve in his new book. Fraker attempts to raise awareness about the “hidden potential” of sustainable infrastructure through an analysis of several best practice case studies in Europe. Exploring progressive neighborhoods at the forefront of environmental design in Sweden and Germany, the book outlines how planners, architects, and urban designers can design and build zero-carbon neighborhoods. Fraker chooses the four German and Swedish case studies specifically because the energy and performance data were available for the purposes of comparative evaluation. The case studies ultimately indicate that low-carbon communities are no longer a futuristic fantasy, but are now a reality. It is clear that in order for sustainable neighborhoods to be realized, the relevant metrics and measurements need to represent the “three axes of sustainability”: environmental, economic, and social. Fraker’s book covers the environmental aspects in great detail. Chapters two through four are dedicated to the individual neighborhoods; each chapter is filled with benchmarks and metrics for sustainable infrastructure and design, based on performance data collected by Fraker and his students. Fraker thoroughly describes the coordinated operation of the various systems of water infrastructure, waste infrastructure, renewable energy generation, green space, land use, and transportation in terms of the estimated benefits and impacts. Often, these systems overlap and reinforce each other in terms of inputs and outputs from a cradle-to-cradle perspective, and
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Berkeley Planning Journal, Volume 27, 2014 Infrastructure Planning and Finance: A Smart and Sustainable Guide for Local Practitioners By Vicki Elmer and Adam Leigland, with contributions by Peter Hendee Brown, Peter Hall, Jeff Loux, and Jeffery Vincent Routledge, 2014 Reviewed by Hannah Clark Over the past decade, local, state, federal, and international entities have stressed the deteriorating state of infrastructure in the United States. While funding has often been named as the culprit, in Infrastructure Planning and Finance: A Smart and Sustainable Guide for Local Practitioners, Elmer and Leigland argue that the current failures in US infrastructure can also be attributed to a lack of coordination at the local, regional, and national scales to ensure that infrastructure investments reflect the dynamic and interconnected nature of today’s society. This textbook provides a historical and current analysis of infrastructure in the United States, clearly identifying the array of challenges and proposing an integrated vision to shift thinking on traditional infrastructure paradigms. Elmer and Leigland look at infrastructure systems, challenges facing them, and potential solutions exclusively from the perspective of the local practitioner, by which the authors mean anyone from a city planner to a director of public works to a mayor. The authors do not assume a baseline understanding of infrastructure planning and finance. Rather, they use an approachable format to provide a basic understanding of policy, regulation, and the range of systems that build the base for infrastructure in the United States. While the authors go to great lengths to cover the basics of infrastructure planning in the context of local practitioners, they also propose a paradigm shift in thinking on infrastructure provision. The authors describe this view as an interdisciplinary approach that analyzes infrastructure from a systems point of view. They write, “Just as smart growth has emphasized the conscious use of land, so smart and sustainable infrastructure emphasizes the conscious look at synergies between systems to develop infrastructure that respects the metabolism of the city (xvii).” This vision suggests that their description and analysis of infrastructure systems would extend beyond the basics of efficient and effective provision of infrastructure and provide the local practitioner with feasible pathways to establish this new infrastructure paradigm. While the authors provide a comprehensive look at the state of infrastructure in the United States and the mechanisms governing its
伯克利规划杂志，2014年第27卷，基础设施规划和金融:当地从业人员的智能和可持续指南，作者Vicki Elmer和Adam Leigland, Peter Hendee Brown, Peter Hall, Jeff Loux和Jeffery Vincent Routledge, 2014年，汉娜·克拉克(Hannah Clark)在过去十年中，地方，州，联邦和国际实体都强调了美国基础设施状况的恶化。虽然资金经常被认为是罪魁祸首，但Elmer和Leigland在《基础设施规划和金融:地方从业者的智能和可持续指南》中认为，目前美国基础设施的失败也可以归因于地方、区域和国家层面缺乏协调，以确保基础设施投资反映当今社会的动态和相互联系的本质。这本教科书对美国基础设施的历史和现状进行了分析，清楚地指出了一系列挑战，并提出了一个综合的愿景，以转变对传统基础设施范式的思考。Elmer和Leigland专门从当地从业者的角度来看待基础设施系统、面临的挑战和潜在的解决方案，作者指的是从城市规划师到公共工程主管再到市长的任何人。作者不假设对基础设施规划和融资有基本的了解。相反，他们使用一种平易近人的形式来提供对政策、法规和建立美国基础设施基础的系统范围的基本理解。虽然作者在当地从业人员的背景下竭尽全力地涵盖了基础设施规划的基本知识，但他们也提出了对基础设施提供的思维模式转变。作者将这种观点描述为一种从系统角度分析基础设施的跨学科方法。他们写道，“正如明智的增长强调有意识地使用土地一样，因此，智能和可持续的基础设施强调有意识地关注系统之间的协同作用，以发展尊重城市新陈代谢的基础设施(xvii)。”这一愿景表明，他们对基础设施系统的描述和分析将超越基础设施的高效和有效提供的基础设施，并为当地从业者提供建立这种新的基础设施范例的可行途径。虽然作者对美国的基础设施状况及其管理机制进行了全面的研究
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Berkeley Planning Journal, Volume 27, 2014 Kaye Bock Student Paper Award The Kaye Bock Student Paper Award is named in loving memory of Kaye Bock—DCRP’s Student Affairs Officer for over 20 years—to honor her unbounded concern for and commitment to graduate students in this department. It is intended as an expression of gratitude from the Berkeley Planning Journal to Kaye for her critical support during our first two decades of publication. The winner is chosen by the editorial board of each volume of the Journal. It is given to an author who is currently enrolled as a student, and whose paper is an outstanding example of scholarship exemplifying Kaye’s commitment to underrepresented issues or peoples. The Award is accompanied by a $250 cash gift. This year we have selected Geoff Boeing for his article, “ LEED-ND and Livability Revisited.” Boeing uses the Temescal neighborhood in Oakland, CA to show how the LEED-ND criteria for Neighborhood Pattern and Design (NPD) can potentially overlook places rated highly as “livable” that are not captured in the current rating system. His research examines the LEED-ND certification system and questions the ability of the system to adequately address differences in community values. Geoff Boeing is a Ph.D. student studying City and Regional Planning at UC Berkeley. His research revolves around urban form, complexity theory, and the intertwined relationship between normative urban design and emergent features of urban form arising from complex systems. He is also the graduate student instructor for UC Berkeley’s Urban Informatics and Visualization course.
{"title":"Kaye Bock Student Paper Award","authors":"Heather Arata, Elizabeth Mattiuzzi","doi":"10.5070/BP327124509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/BP327124509","url":null,"abstract":"Berkeley Planning Journal, Volume 27, 2014 Kaye Bock Student Paper Award The Kaye Bock Student Paper Award is named in loving memory of Kaye Bock—DCRP’s Student Affairs Officer for over 20 years—to honor her unbounded concern for and commitment to graduate students in this department. It is intended as an expression of gratitude from the Berkeley Planning Journal to Kaye for her critical support during our first two decades of publication. The winner is chosen by the editorial board of each volume of the Journal. It is given to an author who is currently enrolled as a student, and whose paper is an outstanding example of scholarship exemplifying Kaye’s commitment to underrepresented issues or peoples. The Award is accompanied by a $250 cash gift. This year we have selected Geoff Boeing for his article, “ LEED-ND and Livability Revisited.” Boeing uses the Temescal neighborhood in Oakland, CA to show how the LEED-ND criteria for Neighborhood Pattern and Design (NPD) can potentially overlook places rated highly as “livable” that are not captured in the current rating system. His research examines the LEED-ND certification system and questions the ability of the system to adequately address differences in community values. Geoff Boeing is a Ph.D. student studying City and Regional Planning at UC Berkeley. His research revolves around urban form, complexity theory, and the intertwined relationship between normative urban design and emergent features of urban form arising from complex systems. He is also the graduate student instructor for UC Berkeley’s Urban Informatics and Visualization course.","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5070/BP327124509","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70704961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over half a decade after the collapse of home prices in 2006, and with no shortage of books and essays on the ensuing crisis, the place of the housing bubble in political economic remains contested. Preoccupations of scholars have been high levels of income inequality model, through this brief essay I hope to highlight the usefulness of a debate that preoccupied geographers between the 1970s and 1990s, and suggest how theoretical and empirical work since, as well as the illuminating shock of the Great Recession, should compel us to interpret the political economic function of the housing bubble.
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Beyond Zuccotti Park: Freedom of Assembly and the Occupation of Public Space Eds. Ron Schiffman, Rick Bell, Lance Jay Brown, and Lynne Elizabeth New Village Press, 2012 Reviewed by Matt Wade The occupation of Zuccotti Park and the Occupy Wall Street Movement inspired a flurry of ideas and excitement, and led to a cacophony of debates about public space, protest, and the meaning of the movement. A year later, our tents long stashed away, many of us imagined that the conversation was closed. Instead, just a year after OWS led to public encampments in cities across the US, Beyond Zuccotti Park provides a fantastic collection of celebrations and criticisms of OWS. This collection of essays includes contributions from notable academics, activists, city officials, social service professionals, and design practitioners. The diversity of authors mirrors the broad range of debates that the movement inspired, and the pieces in the volume address themes ranging from public space and democracy, to New York’s privately owned public spaces, to populist design. The contributions at the beginning of the book focus on the occupation of public space and the rise of an occupation movement in cities across the globe. Occupation is itself an ambiguous term, with progressive as well as colonial implications. Some authors celebrate the transformative experience of the occupation of Zuccotti Park and the community that was produced by addressing the challenges of an ad hoc habitation, including the provision of food and latrines and engineering bike-powered energy sources. Other authors reflect upon the meaning and symbols of occupation. Jeffrey Hou 1 examines the distinction between the politics of what he terms “institutional public space” and “insurgent public space,” suggesting that transformative actions result from the appropriation of space beyond the intent of its design or beyond the boundaries of the appropriate. Saskia Sassen further argues that the occupy movement constitutes what she calls the “global street,” a critical “part of our global modernity” that has arisen in the age of global finance, as a tool for the voiceless to make demands upon power. Finally, some critical pieces question the occupation of the center, the financial district and symbolic hub of global capitalist power. These authors contend that even this radical space contains racial coding, 1. Volume 25 of the Berkeley Planning Journal features a review of Jeffrey Hou’s Insurgent Public Space: Guerilla Urbanism and the Remaking of Contemporary Cities. This review is available at: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/5990f284
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Berkeley Planning Journal, Volume 26, 2013 Why Walls Won’t Work By Michael Dear Oxford University Press, 2013 Reviewed by Daniela De Leo Michael Dear’s 1 latest book offers a new reading of the vast territory along the US–Mexico border, which he describes as one of “the most misunderstood places on earth” (p. xi). In his first nine chapters, the author describes the main purpose of the wall recently installed on the border. This wall was created with the aim of countering illegal immigration and containing the drug wars fomented by the Mexican cartels. The author then explains “why walls don’t work,” arguing that such borders can be considered largely ineffective and indeed destructive for the space that surrounds them. Professor Dear and his students carried out research for the book while traveling up and down both sides of a border that runs 1,969 miles from Tijuana to Brownsville, focusing on the people who live within this “defensive/offensive system” 2 rather than upon the physical reality of the wall itself. Dear refers to the people who inhabit the “in-between” space between two nation-states as a “third nation” and argues that this third nation, which preexisted the wall, has its own economy, environment, law, politics, and culture. His book is the story of this complex transitional area that may be considered a “nation” despite the fact that it does not itself constitute a nation-state 3 . In his conclusion, Dear notes that people always find ways around the walls. Literally, they pass over them, through them, and around them. This is due to the fact that governments and private interests continue to open passages and gaps in the wall. In order to support his thesis, he reminds us that the demographic composition of the United States has long-since been characterized by a substantial Hispanic population, despite the periodic “resurgence of racism,” while Mexico, despite its many problems, 1. Professor of City and Regional Planning, College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley. 2. Considerable literature exists on this issue. Peter Marcuse, “Walls as a Metaphor and Reality,” in S. Dunn, Managing Divided Cities (Ryburn Publishing, 1994), 41–52, or Teresa Caldeira, City of Walls (Berkeley: UC Berkeley Press, 2000), give an idea of the debate. 3. But one of the critical questions might be whether this third nation can do anything without being a State?
《伯克利规划杂志》，第26卷，2013年，围墙为什么不起作用牛津大学出版社，2013年，Daniela De Leo评论迈克尔·迪尔的最新著作提供了一个新的阅读沿着美墨边境的广阔领土，他描述为“地球上最被误解的地方”之一(第xi页)。在他的前九章中，作者描述了最近在边境上安装的墙的主要目的。修建这堵墙的目的是打击非法移民，遏制墨西哥贩毒集团挑起的毒品战争。作者接着解释了“为什么墙不起作用”，认为这样的边界在很大程度上是无效的，实际上对周围的空间具有破坏性。迪尔教授和他的学生在从蒂华纳到布朗斯维尔长达1969英里的边境两侧来回旅行时，为这本书进行了研究，他们关注的是生活在这个“防御/进攻系统”内的人们，而不是墙本身的物理现实。迪尔将居住在两个民族国家之间“中间”空间的人称为“第三民族”，并认为这个第三民族在隔离墙之前就存在了，有自己的经济、环境、法律、政治和文化。他的书讲述了这个复杂的过渡地区的故事，尽管它本身并不构成一个民族国家，但它可能被视为一个“民族”。在结论中，迪尔指出，人们总能找到绕过墙壁的方法。从字面上看，它们越过它们，穿过它们，绕过它们。这是因为政府和私人利益集团继续在这堵墙上打开通道和缺口。为了支持他的论点，他提醒我们，美国的人口构成长期以来一直以大量的西班牙裔人口为特征，尽管周期性地“种族主义死灰复燃”，而墨西哥，尽管有许多问题，1。美国加州大学伯克利分校环境设计学院城市与区域规划教授。关于这个问题有相当多的文献。彼得·马尔库塞，“墙作为隐喻和现实”，载于S.邓恩，《管理分裂的城市》(雷伯恩出版社，1994年)，41-52页，或特蕾莎·卡尔代拉，《城墙之城》(伯克利:加州大学伯克利分校出版社，2000年)，给出了辩论的想法。3.但其中一个关键问题可能是，这第三个国家在没有一个国家的情况下是否可以做任何事情?
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