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City Cycling, by John Pucher and Ralph Buehler 《城市自行车》,作者约翰·普彻和拉尔夫·比勒
Pub Date : 2013-07-21 DOI: 10.5070/BP326117635
Rebecca L. Sanders
Berkeley Planning Journal, Volume 26, 2013 City Cycling Edited by John Pucher and Ralph Buehler MIT Press, 2012 Reviewed by Rebecca Sanders The book City Cycling (MIT Press, 2012), edited by John Pucher and Ralph Buehler, provides a comprehensive overview of research about bicycling in urban areas and efforts to promote it. Contributors include the editors, who authored several chapters and many of the papers cited throughout the book, and other reputable scholars who have published multiple papers on various aspects of bicycling as well as other transportation research. From the beginning, the editors make clear that the book focuses on bicycling in cities, as they believe–and the cumulative research suggests they are correct–that these areas offer the greatest potential for substituting bicycle trips for car trips. Such substituted trips may contribute most significantly to the reduction of noise, air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, congestion, and chronic disease, as well as to improved traffic safety and quality of life in cities and towns. Nevertheless, readers looking for information about bicycling in lower-density suburban and rural areas will likely still benefit from many of the chapters. The book covers a wide spectrum of issues related to bicycling in cities, including: perceived and reported traffic risk, the health benefits of cycling, the practicality of cycling with regard to equipment and speed, integration with public transit, and bike sharing. It also contains a chapter focusing specifically on women, who often face more barriers to cycling (such as the need to carry passengers and a lower risk tolerance), as well as a chapter specifically about children. Finally, there are comparisons on the national and local level to provide perspective about the potential for cycling to become a mass mode, as well as the barriers to that occurring. With its range of topics, all accompanied by long lists of references, this collection will make a great resource for professors, researchers, and practitioners interested in urban cycling, particularly in the U.S. The book’s limited geographic focus may be the occasion for one of its more substantive critiques. With the exception of two chapters, the book focuses on studies and cases from the U.S., Western Europe (particularly the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, and the U.K.), and Australia. The case studies and research from Germany, the Netherlands, and Denmark reflect cities where years of consistent effort have created nearly ideal cycling environments. The case studies and research from the U.S., U.K., and Australia reflect efforts to increase cycling that are much younger,
《城市自行车》一书(麻省理工学院出版社,2012年)由约翰·普彻和拉尔夫·比勒编辑,全面概述了关于城市地区骑自行车的研究和促进它的努力。贡献者包括编辑,他们撰写了几章,并在书中引用了许多论文,以及其他著名学者,他们在自行车和其他交通研究的各个方面发表了多篇论文。从一开始,编辑们就明确表示,这本书的重点是城市中的自行车,因为他们相信——累积的研究表明他们是正确的——这些地区提供了最大的潜力,以自行车旅行代替汽车旅行。这种替代出行可能对减少噪音、空气污染、温室气体排放、拥堵和慢性病,以及改善城市和城镇的交通安全和生活质量作出最重大的贡献。然而,读者在寻找关于在低密度的郊区和农村地区骑自行车的信息,可能仍然会受益于许多章节。这本书涵盖了与城市骑自行车相关的广泛问题,包括:感知和报告的交通风险,骑自行车的健康益处,骑自行车在设备和速度方面的实用性,与公共交通的整合,以及自行车共享。书中还有一章专门针对女性,因为女性在骑自行车时往往面临更多障碍(比如需要搭载乘客和较低的风险承受能力),此外还有一章专门针对儿童。最后,在国家和地方层面上进行了比较,以提供骑车成为大众模式的潜力,以及发生这种情况的障碍。本书主题广泛,并附有长长的参考书目,对于对城市自行车感兴趣的教授、研究人员和实践者来说,这将是一个很好的资源,尤其是在美国。这本书的地理关注点有限,可能是它提出更实质性批评的一个机会。该书除了两章以外,主要介绍了美国、西欧(特别是荷兰、丹麦、德国、英国)、澳大利亚的研究和事例。来自德国、荷兰和丹麦的案例研究反映出,在这些城市,经过多年的不懈努力,已经创造了近乎理想的骑行环境。来自美国、英国和澳大利亚的案例研究和研究反映了增加年轻人骑自行车的努力,
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引用次数: 0
Street Fight, by Jason Henderson Jason Henderson的《Street Fight》
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.5070/BP326118204
Andrea Broaddus
Street Fight By Jason Henderson University of Massachusetts Press, 2013 Reviewed by Andrea Broaddus Nowhere are tensions between motorists, bicyclists and buses higher than in San Francisco, the birthplace of the freeway revolts, the Transit First ordinance, and Critical Mass. In Street Fight, geographer Jason Henderson offers a fresh perspective into the battle for limited urban road space, delving into the ideologies underlying the politics of mobility. Released this spring, his first book proves a provocative read for those engaged in sustainability and urban livability debates. It is no secret that transportation planning is a politically charged realm. Henderson argues that one must dig deeper than politics to understand and intervene effectively, especially if one aims to challenge the politics of automobility. Automobility is understood as the use of automobiles as the primary mode of transportation, together with the built environment supporting their use, and the everyday attitudes and assumptions of a society dependent upon car use. In the US, this concept is so much embedded in our lives that it seems to be common sense and even inevitable. Henderson writes: In considering transportation, one cannot transcend ideology or hope that it goes away. It is not enough to acknowledge that transportation is simply political.… One must also comprehend the underlying ideology guiding the various political positions with respect to transportation and mobility (p. 6). In his first chapter, Henderson discusses transportation planning as a political discourse dominated by ideologically-charged points of view. Invoking Harvey, Davis, and LeFebvre, and building upon Sheller and Urry’s “new mobility paradigm,” he argues that one must grasp the ideological assumptions about mobility before it is possible to understand how and why transportation decisions are made. He outlines the three competing political ideologies—progressive, neoliberal, and conservative—and their different normative visions of mobility and urban space. Proponents of these ideologies compete in the political realm by invoking the norms, values, and attitudes embedded within their own perspectives. The book’s broad aim is to deconstruct each ideology of mobility, make plain its assumptions, and trace how it has shaped the built environment.
没有哪个地方的驾车者、骑自行车者和公共汽车之间的紧张关系比旧金山更严重了,旧金山是高速公路反抗运动、交通优先条例和临界质量的诞生地。在《街头之战》中,地理学家杰森·亨德森为争夺有限的城市道路空间提供了一个全新的视角,深入研究了交通政治背后的意识形态。他的第一本书于今年春天出版,对于那些从事可持续性和城市宜居性辩论的人来说,这本书是一本具有挑衅性的读物。众所周知,交通规划是一个充满政治色彩的领域。亨德森认为,要想有效地理解和干预汽车出行,人们必须深入挖掘,尤其是如果一个人的目标是挑战汽车出行的政治。汽车出行被理解为使用汽车作为主要的交通方式,以及支持汽车使用的建筑环境,以及依赖于汽车使用的社会的日常态度和假设。在美国,这种观念深深植根于我们的生活,似乎是一种常识,甚至是不可避免的。亨德森写道:在考虑交通运输时,一个人不能超越意识形态,也不能希望它消失。仅仅承认交通是政治问题是不够的。人们还必须理解在交通和流动性方面指导各种政治立场的潜在意识形态(第6页)。在他的第一章中,亨德森将交通规划作为一种被意识形态观点主导的政治话语进行了讨论。他援引哈维、戴维斯和勒斐弗尔,并以谢勒和厄里的“新移动性范式”为基础,认为人们必须掌握关于移动性的意识形态假设,才能理解交通决策是如何以及为什么做出的。他概述了三种相互竞争的政治意识形态——进步主义、新自由主义和保守主义——以及它们对流动性和城市空间的不同规范看法。这些意识形态的支持者通过援引根植于他们自己观点中的规范、价值观和态度,在政治领域展开竞争。这本书的广泛目标是解构每一种流动性的意识形态,阐明其假设,并追踪它是如何塑造建筑环境的。
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引用次数: 1
Urbanism in the Age of Climate Change, by Peter Calthorpe 《气候变化时代的城市主义》彼得·卡尔索普著
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.5070/BP326117705
Hyungkyoo Kim
Berkeley Planning Journal, Volume 26, 2013 Urbanism in the Age of Climate Change By Peter Calthorpe Island Press, 2011 Reviewed by Hyungkyoo Kim Climate change has become one of the key challenges for contemporary planning. Peter Calthorpe, a Berkeley-based architect, planner, and a founding member of the Congress for the New Urbanism, suggests an alternative approach to addressing this challenge. In his 126-page book “Urbanism in the Age of Climate Change” (Island Press, 2011), Calthorpe seeks to answer why urbanism is needed in the age of climate change, which he does not hesitate to describe as an “imminent threat.” He forecasts the future impacts of various land use scenarios and offers solutions for planners and policy makers on how our cities and regions should be. This book begins by walking its readers through the history of urbanism in the U.S. in the last fifty years. It depicts the ways in which the changes of urban growth patterns left the country with unsustainable energy needs and suggests that the built environment is responsible for almost two-thirds of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Calthorpe argues that the sole solution to climate change is urbanism because it generates greater ecological, social, and economic benefits than the alternative. He defines urbanism as “compact and walkable development” and presents a set of solutions: a new set of urban design ethics centered on human scale, diversity, and conservation; regionalism in metropolitan planning practice; the Urban Footprint as a new planning tool; and transit-oriented development as an implementation strategy. Calthorpe proposes Green Urbanism, a combination of smart growth policies with the highest standards of technology and lifestyle, as he defines it, should be the most relevant future scenario in the age of climate change. The greatest accomplishment of Calthorpe’s book is a series of computer projections generated with Urban Footprint, a computer-based planning tool built by his team to forecast the impacts of future land use scenarios through 2050 presented with concise numbers and intuitive images. The projections come from his work for the Vision California study 1 , in which he forecasted how each scenario that varies in in housing, transportation, land use, and density futures would impact land consumption, energy use, infrastructure and utility cost, vehicle miles traveled (VMT), GHG emissions, and so forth. For example, the Green Urbanism scenario would 1. Scenario choices and their impacts of the San Francisco Bar Area can be interactively simulated at http://www.youchoosebayarea.org.
《伯克利规划杂志》,2013年第26卷,气候变化时代的城市主义,Peter Calthorpe Island Press, 2011年。Peter Calthorpe是伯克利的建筑师、规划师,也是新城市主义大会的创始成员,他提出了解决这一挑战的另一种方法。在他长达126页的书《气候变化时代的城市主义》(岛屿出版社,2011)中,卡尔索普试图回答为什么气候变化时代需要城市主义,他毫不犹豫地将其描述为“迫在眉睫的威胁”。他预测了各种土地使用情景对未来的影响,并就我们的城市和地区应该如何发展为规划者和政策制定者提供了解决方案。这本书首先带领读者回顾了过去五十年来美国城市化的历史。它描述了城市增长模式的变化如何给该国带来不可持续的能源需求,并表明建筑环境对近三分之二的温室气体(GHG)排放负有责任。卡尔索普认为,解决气候变化的唯一办法是城市化,因为它比其他选择产生更大的生态、社会和经济效益。他将城市主义定义为“紧凑和可步行的发展”,并提出了一系列解决方案:一套以人类规模、多样性和保护为中心的新城市设计伦理;城市规划实践中的地域主义城市足迹作为一种新的规划工具;并将公交导向发展作为实施策略。卡尔索普提出的“绿色城市主义”(Green Urbanism)是将智能增长政策与最高标准的技术和生活方式相结合的产物,正如他所定义的那样,这应该是气候变化时代最相关的未来情景。卡尔索普的书中最大的成就是一系列由城市足迹生成的计算机预测,这是他的团队建立的一个基于计算机的规划工具,用于预测到2050年未来土地使用情景的影响,并以简洁的数字和直观的图像呈现。这些预测来自于他为加州愿景研究1所做的工作,在该研究中,他预测了住房、交通、土地使用和密度未来的每种情况将如何影响土地消耗、能源使用、基础设施和公用事业成本、车辆行驶里程(VMT)、温室气体排放等。例如,绿色城市主义情景将1。场景选择及其对旧金山酒吧区的影响可以在http://www.youchoosebayarea.org上进行交互式模拟。
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引用次数: 2
Wealth Inequality in the “Land of the Fee”: A Conversation with Devin Fergus “收费之地”的财富不平等:与Devin Fergus的对话
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.5070/BP326118077
C. Reid
In this essay, I explore the linkages between my research and that of Professor Devin Fergus, who presented research from his upcoming book, Land of the Fee, at UC Berkeley this past year. Both Professor Fergus and I are concerned with the ways in which practices in the financial services industry contribute to the racial wealth gap and close off historical routes to economic mobility. The essay provides a brief overview of Professor Fergus’s talk and sets it into conversation with my own work on disparities in access to mortgage credit as a lens through which to view the wealth implications of living in the land of the fee. I also highlight some emerging practices in San Francisco that attempt to stem the rise of abusive financial services and help lower-income families and families of color build assets.
在这篇文章中,我探讨了我的研究与Devin Fergus教授的研究之间的联系,Devin Fergus教授去年在加州大学伯克利分校(UC Berkeley)发表了他即将出版的新书《收费之地》(Land of the Fee)中的研究。费格斯教授和我都关注的是,金融服务业的做法是如何导致种族贫富差距的,并切断了通往经济流动性的历史途径。这篇文章简要概述了费格斯教授的演讲,并将其与我自己关于获得抵押贷款的差距的研究结合起来,作为一个视角,通过这个视角,我们可以看到生活在“收费之地”的财富含义。我还强调了旧金山的一些新兴做法,这些做法试图阻止滥用金融服务的兴起,并帮助低收入家庭和有色人种家庭建立资产。
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引用次数: 0
A Gradual Reawakening: Broadacre City and a New American Agrarianism 逐渐觉醒:布罗德克城与新美国农业
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.5070/BP326115811
E. Wise
Frank Lloyd Wright’s utopian plan Broadacre City described a decentralized, agrarian landscape. Post-World War II American suburbanization reflected Wright’s vision in many ways. In response, a large body of literature on the harms of decentralized development was established and numerous alternative models for urban growth that aim to increase density, including New Urbanism, were developed. However, the agrarian ethos of Broadacre City is missing from American suburbia as well as its prominent alternatives. This absence is not incidental; the growing literature on biophilia describes the human need for nature to live healthy and satisfying lives. The contemporary rising interest in urban agriculture is an insurgent demand for the opportunity to reconnect with the land once again. In this paper I argue that planners must recognize this insurgence by incorporating agrarian design, not only denser design, in the latest models for urban growth.
弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特(Frank Lloyd Wright)的乌托邦式规划Broadacre City描绘了一个分散的农业景观。二战后美国的郊区化在很多方面反映了赖特的愿景。作为回应,大量关于分散发展危害的文献被建立起来,许多旨在增加密度的城市增长替代模型被开发出来,包括新城市主义。然而,Broadacre城的农业精神在美国郊区及其突出的替代品中缺失。这种缺席并非偶然;越来越多的关于亲生命的文献描述了人类对自然的需求,以过上健康和满意的生活。当代对都市农业日益增长的兴趣是一种反叛的需求,要求有机会再次与土地重新联系。在本文中,我认为规划者必须认识到这种反叛,将农业设计,而不仅仅是密集设计,纳入最新的城市发展模式。
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引用次数: 5
The New Geography of Jobs, by Enrico Moretti 《工作的新地理》,作者:恩里科·莫雷蒂
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.5070/BP326119007
M. Teitz
The central problem of local economic development, namely, how to guide declining cities toward renewed prosperity, remains stubbornly resistant to resolution, both theoretically and in practice. Despite a long history of theory and empirical research going back to the economic base model of the 1950s, and an even longer history of practice, dating to the 19th century, cities and states in the U.S. are still chasing jobs, industrial plants, and football teams, offering huge subsidies. They are bemused by nostrums, such as the creative class, which promise success, but rarely deliver. On the academic side, much excellent research has been done, for example on industrial clusters, and many books have set out the principal tools for local economic development that planners have employed. Still, success eludes most of the places that really need it.
地方经济发展的核心问题,即如何引导衰落的城市走向重新繁荣,无论在理论上还是在实践中都难以得到解决。尽管理论和实证研究的悠久历史可以追溯到20世纪50年代的经济基础模型,而实践的历史甚至更悠久,可以追溯到19世纪,但美国的城市和州仍然在追逐工作,工业工厂和足球队,并提供巨额补贴。他们对诸如创意班之类的灵丹妙药感到困惑,这些灵丹妙药承诺成功,但很少兑现。在学术方面,已经进行了许多优秀的研究,例如关于产业集群的研究,许多书籍列出了规划者使用的地方经济发展的主要工具。然而,大多数真正需要成功的地方却没有成功。
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引用次数: 0
Codornices Creek Corridor: Land Use Regulation, Creek Restoration, and their Impacts on the Residents’ Perceptions Codornices河走廊:土地利用管制、河川修复及其对居民认知的影响
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.5070/BP326115835
Aiga Stokenberga, Arijit Sen
The Codornices Creek, an ecological corridor located in the northern part of Berkeley, California, is among the most visible, publicly accessible, and socio-economically diverse creeks in the East Bay. The current study examinesthe comparative influence of individual-level socio-economic conditions, involvementin Creek restoration activities, and the existing Creek-related land useregulations on the area residents’ sense of community and perception of areaecology. Based on the data collected through field measurements and survey ofthe Creek area residents, the study finds the respondents’ exposure to theCreek Ordinance, a key land use regulation in the Codornices Creek area, to be amongthe most important factors affecting their perception of the Creek’s role instormwater management, while the comparative impact of socio-economicconditions appears to be less important. In contrast, exposure to the Ordinanceis found not to have any significant impact on the respondents’ sense ofcommunity or overall perception of area biodiversity. Surprisingly, neither oneof the three outcomes of interest – sense of community, perception of areabiodiversity, or awareness of the Creek’s role in stormwater management –appear to be strongly affected by the respondents’ involvement in Creek-focusedrestoration activities.
Codornices Creek是位于加州伯克利北部的一条生态走廊,是东湾最显眼、最容易进入、最具社会经济多样性的河流之一。本研究考察了个人层面的社会经济条件、参与河溪修复活动以及现有的河溪相关土地使用法规对区域居民社区意识和区域生态感知的比较影响。根据实地测量和对克里克地区居民的调查收集的数据,研究发现,受访者对克里克条例(Codornices Creek地区的一项关键土地使用法规)的暴露程度是影响他们对克里克在雨水管理中的作用的最重要因素之一,而社会经济条件的相对影响似乎不那么重要。相反,接触条例对受访者的社区意识或对地区生物多样性的整体认知并无显著影响。令人惊讶的是,这三个结果——社区意识、对区域生物多样性的认识或对河流在雨水管理中的作用的认识——似乎都没有受到受访者参与以河流为中心的恢复活动的强烈影响。
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引用次数: 1
Finding Your Fit: A Proposal for Emerging Planning Scholars - eScholarship 寻找你的适合:新兴规划学者的建议-奖学金
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.5070/BP326115800
Milton J. Friesen
Planning scholarship and professional practice roles can be confusing to navigate. I propose that it is useful to think about three different emphases that characterize academic planners: broker, scientist, or synthesist. These in turn have varying degrees of academic or professional emphasis. Within this discussion framework, it is possible to locate a wide range of scholarly and professional roles and functions.
规划奖学金和专业实践角色可能会让人困惑。我建议,考虑一下学术规划师的三个不同的侧重点是有用的:经纪人、科学家或综合者。这些课程又有不同程度的学术或专业重点。在这个讨论框架内,可以找到广泛的学术和专业角色和功能。
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引用次数: 1
Modern planning on film: Re-shaping space, image and representation 现代电影策划:重新塑造空间、形象和表现
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.5070/BP326118144
M. Tewdwr-Jones
TBD Supporting material: Article Photos Copyright Information: All rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. Contact the author or original publisher for any necessary permissions. eScholarship is not the copyright owner for deposited works. Learn more at http://www.escholarship.org/help_copyright.html#reuse Berkeley Planning Journal, Volume 26, 2013 86 Modern Planning on Film: Re-Shaping Space, Image and Representation By Mark Tewdwr-Jones
TBD支持材料:文章图片版权信息:版权所有,除非另有说明。联系作者或原始出版商获得任何必要的许可。奖学金不是作品的版权所有人。了解更多信息,请参见http://www.escholarship.org/help_copyright.html#reuse伯克利规划杂志,第26卷,2013年86现代电影规划:重塑空间,图像和表现,作者Mark Tewdwr-Jones
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引用次数: 4
Design After Decline: How America Rebuilds Shrinking Cities, by Brent Ryan 《衰落后的设计:美国如何重建萎缩的城市》,作者:Brent Ryan
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.5070/BP326117706
J. Wegmann
This is a review of the recent book by Brent Ryan of MIT's Department of Urban and Regional Studies.
这是麻省理工学院城市与区域研究系的Brent Ryan最近出版的一本书的书评。
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引用次数: 1
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