In this article, we trace the emergence of the false YIMBY/NIMBY dialectic now dominant in San Francisco housing rights discourse, studying its constitution and material effects. Specifically, we investigate how racial capitalism is constitutive of both YIMBYism and NIMBYism, drawing upon Cedric Robinson’s argument that racialization has always been constitutive of capitalism, and racism is requisite for capitalism’s endurance. We make our argument by drawing upon empirical research conducted by the Anti-Eviction Mapping Project (AEMP), a data analysis, oral history, and critical cartography collective of which we are both a part. We also draw upon collaborative research between AEMP and community-based housing rights nonprofits and local housing justice organizing efforts, as well as literary and cultural analysis. Such a methodological approach facilitates the unearthing of the racial logics undergirding YIMBYism, pointing to the need for alternative analytics to theorize and mobilize against heightened forms of racialized dispossession. We begin by outlining San Francisco’s YIMBY and NIMBY genealogies, and then proceed to unravel the basic statistical logic underpinning YIMBYism. In doing so, we introduce an additional analytic that we argue is requisite for deconstructing YIMBY algorithms: aesthetic desires of wealthy newcomers. We suggest that the YIMBY “build, baby, build” housing solution fails when architectural and neighborhood fantasies are taken into account. We then study how racialized surveillance informs not only the NIMBY but also the YIMBY gaze, arguing that both camps are ultimately tethered to racial capitalism’s liberal legacies.
{"title":"The Racial Contours of YIMBY/NIMBY Bay Area Gentrification","authors":"E. McElroy, Andrew C. H. Szeto","doi":"10.5070/BP329138432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/BP329138432","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we trace the emergence of the false YIMBY/NIMBY dialectic now dominant in San Francisco housing rights discourse, studying its constitution and material effects. Specifically, we investigate how racial capitalism is constitutive of both YIMBYism and NIMBYism, drawing upon Cedric Robinson’s argument that racialization has always been constitutive of capitalism, and racism is requisite for capitalism’s endurance. We make our argument by drawing upon empirical research conducted by the Anti-Eviction Mapping Project (AEMP), a data analysis, oral history, and critical cartography collective of which we are both a part. We also draw upon collaborative research between AEMP and community-based housing rights nonprofits and local housing justice organizing efforts, as well as literary and cultural analysis. Such a methodological approach facilitates the unearthing of the racial logics undergirding YIMBYism, pointing to the need for alternative analytics to theorize and mobilize against heightened forms of racialized dispossession. We begin by outlining San Francisco’s YIMBY and NIMBY genealogies, and then proceed to unravel the basic statistical logic underpinning YIMBYism. In doing so, we introduce an additional analytic that we argue is requisite for deconstructing YIMBY algorithms: aesthetic desires of wealthy newcomers. We suggest that the YIMBY “build, baby, build” housing solution fails when architectural and neighborhood fantasies are taken into account. We then study how racialized surveillance informs not only the NIMBY but also the YIMBY gaze, arguing that both camps are ultimately tethered to racial capitalism’s liberal legacies.","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5070/BP329138432","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41454707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The “wrongheaded yet amazingly persistent” (117) image of Africa as dark, violent, and desperate has generated a proliferation of other, more hopeful images to disrupt this incessantly pessimistic story. One trope has been to reframe “grin and bear it” as “suffering and smiling” to celebrate the extraordinary resilience of Africans in the face of myriad difficulties. Another turns away from social problems entirely to highlight the cosmopolitan achievements of the continent's elite in art, architecture, and business. Radical social inequality has led to radically bifurcated accounts of the social world. A stark divide stands between a default pessimism and a mandatory optimism that has made hope into one of Africa's greatest resources, complete with its own extractive industry. The challenge for anthropologists is to hold these multiple extremes in view while describing the nonextreme, everyday, mundane ways they are implicated in the reproduction of social life, economic practice, spatial form, and cultural creativity. African Futures takes up this challenge by attending to the multiplicity and intermingling of modes of time reckoning in post–Cold War Africa. In their introductory essay, Brian Goldstone and Juan Obarrio observe the failure of teleologies like development, modernization, and good governance as both analytic categories and social projects. they note the continuing importance that modernist keywords and their binary pairings (crisis, backwardness, corruption) have as emic concepts in diverse African contexts. The book aims to cultivate a new vocabulary to observe, describe, apprehend, and theorize futurity as plural, open ‐ ended, and nonlinear. Its snapshots of emergent futures that the paradox of permanent crisis, the of futurity, of permanence in the context of forced temporariness, the
{"title":"African Futures: Essays on Crisis, Emergence, and Possibility","authors":"Shakirah E Hudani","doi":"10.5070/BP329138439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/BP329138439","url":null,"abstract":"The “wrongheaded yet amazingly persistent” (117) image of Africa as dark, violent, and desperate has generated a proliferation of other, more hopeful images to disrupt this incessantly pessimistic story. One trope has been to reframe “grin and bear it” as “suffering and smiling” to celebrate the extraordinary resilience of Africans in the face of myriad difficulties. Another turns away from social problems entirely to highlight the cosmopolitan achievements of the continent's elite in art, architecture, and business. Radical social inequality has led to radically bifurcated accounts of the social world. A stark divide stands between a default pessimism and a mandatory optimism that has made hope into one of Africa's greatest resources, complete with its own extractive industry. The challenge for anthropologists is to hold these multiple extremes in view while describing the nonextreme, everyday, mundane ways they are implicated in the reproduction of social life, economic practice, spatial form, and cultural creativity. African Futures takes up this challenge by attending to the multiplicity and intermingling of modes of time reckoning in post–Cold War Africa. In their introductory essay, Brian Goldstone and Juan Obarrio observe the failure of teleologies like development, modernization, and good governance as both analytic categories and social projects. they note the continuing importance that modernist keywords and their binary pairings (crisis, backwardness, corruption) have as emic concepts in diverse African contexts. The book aims to cultivate a new vocabulary to observe, describe, apprehend, and theorize futurity as plural, open ‐ ended, and nonlinear. Its snapshots of emergent futures that the paradox of permanent crisis, the of futurity, of permanence in the context of forced temporariness, the","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5070/BP329138439","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43211504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Author(s): Littlehale, Scott | Abstract: Previous research into the costs of publicly subsidized new housing developments has found that nonprofit developers and program requirements to pay construction workers prevailing wages significantly raise project costs. An extended ordinary least squares (OLS) model is specified that aims to better capture the influence of project-specific variable costs and geographically correlated fixed costs. The model is tested with data from a 2014 State of California-sponsored affordable housing cost study. The OLS models’ estimates indicate that prevailing wages are associated with between 5 to 7% higher project costs. The cost effect associated with a developer’s tax exempt status is half as large as estimated in prior studies and is not consistently a statistically significant driver of costs. The model revisions help to identify other more important sources of cost variation, including large business cycle effects, fair market rents, average county construction wages, local government impact fees, and above-average architecture and engineering costs.
{"title":"Revisiting the Costs of Developing New Subsidized Housing: The Relative Import of Construction Wage Standards and Nonprofit Development","authors":"Scott Littlehale","doi":"10.5070/bp329138437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/bp329138437","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Littlehale, Scott | Abstract: Previous research into the costs of publicly subsidized new housing developments has found that nonprofit developers and program requirements to pay construction workers prevailing wages significantly raise project costs. An extended ordinary least squares (OLS) model is specified that aims to better capture the influence of project-specific variable costs and geographically correlated fixed costs. The model is tested with data from a 2014 State of California-sponsored affordable housing cost study. The OLS models’ estimates indicate that prevailing wages are associated with between 5 to 7% higher project costs. The cost effect associated with a developer’s tax exempt status is half as large as estimated in prior studies and is not consistently a statistically significant driver of costs. The model revisions help to identify other more important sources of cost variation, including large business cycle effects, fair market rents, average county construction wages, local government impact fees, and above-average architecture and engineering costs.","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43263145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The emergence of the Garden City movement, inspired by Ebenezer Howard’s book To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898), subsequently published as Garden Cities of To-Morrow (1902), would have an enormous impact on future urban development and town- planning worldwide (e.g., Parsons and Schuyler 2002, 78; Ward 1992; Cooke 1978). Lewis Mumford claimed that the two most important inventions of the early twentieth century were the airplane and the Garden City (Mumford 1960). The Garden City model in many ways represents the antithesis to the historic city, as a model derived from smaller rural communities with a defined size, low densities, and a wealth of green space. Many subsequent urban models have expanded upon, altered, and diverged from Howard’s ideas. The Gar- den City has radically challenged the expectation that a city is a dense, vibrant, and largely hard-landscaped environment. In fact, urban environments developed over the last half-century have in many cases been dispersed, low-intensity, and soft-landscaped en- vironments, resulting in substantial changes to the way cities are constructed, managed, and inhabited.
{"title":"INNOVATION, THE AGRICULTURAL BELT, AND THE EARLY GARDEN CITY","authors":"Graham Livesey","doi":"10.5070/BP328133865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/BP328133865","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of the Garden City movement, inspired by Ebenezer Howard’s book To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898), subsequently published as Garden Cities of To-Morrow (1902), would have an enormous impact on future urban development and town- planning worldwide (e.g., Parsons and Schuyler 2002, 78; Ward 1992; Cooke 1978). Lewis Mumford claimed that the two most important inventions of the early twentieth century were the airplane and the Garden City (Mumford 1960). The Garden City model in many ways represents the antithesis to the historic city, as a model derived from smaller rural communities with a defined size, low densities, and a wealth of green space. Many subsequent urban models have expanded upon, altered, and diverged from Howard’s ideas. The Gar- den City has radically challenged the expectation that a city is a dense, vibrant, and largely hard-landscaped environment. In fact, urban environments developed over the last half-century have in many cases been dispersed, low-intensity, and soft-landscaped en- vironments, resulting in substantial changes to the way cities are constructed, managed, and inhabited.","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47627848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Credits and Contents","authors":"Credits and Contents","doi":"10.5070/bp328133883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/bp328133883","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5070/bp328133883","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48797570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urbanisation is growing in the global South, but urban planning is not keeping up to ad- dress the problem of urban growth. Many planning schools in Africa still promote ideas transferred from the global North. (The master plan of Lusaka in Zambia, for instance, was based on the concept of the Garden City, but Garden City for whom?) Most planning schools fail to adequately prepare planning students for the problems they will later en- counter in African cities. In order to confront the urbanisation pressures on the continent in all its unique dimensions, fundamental shifts are needed in the way planning schools on the continent prepare planners. Responding to this challenge, the University of Zambia (UNZA) launched a Master of Science degree in Spatial Planning in 2013. Informality and studio-based teaching and learning are major components of the programme. In an effort to raise some of the inherent challenges and benefits of running community-based studio projects in Africa, this study addresses the question: How can planning studio projects contribute to the overhauling of the planning profession in Africa? The paper uses a case study to draw upon the experiences of eighteen master’s students who were engaged in a community-based planning studio project in the Lusaka’s Kalikiliki informal settlement. The paper concludes that community-based studio projects present an opportunity that has potential for raising the consciousness of planners and enabling them to build on post-colonial, endogenous innovation inspired by cities of the global South.
{"title":"THE VALUE AND DYNAMICS OF COMMUNITY-BASED STUDIO PROJECTS IN PLANNING EDUCATION IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH - eScholarship","authors":"G. Siame","doi":"10.5070/BP328133858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/BP328133858","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanisation is growing in the global South, but urban planning is not keeping up to ad- dress the problem of urban growth. Many planning schools in Africa still promote ideas transferred from the global North. (The master plan of Lusaka in Zambia, for instance, was based on the concept of the Garden City, but Garden City for whom?) Most planning schools fail to adequately prepare planning students for the problems they will later en- counter in African cities. In order to confront the urbanisation pressures on the continent in all its unique dimensions, fundamental shifts are needed in the way planning schools on the continent prepare planners. Responding to this challenge, the University of Zambia (UNZA) launched a Master of Science degree in Spatial Planning in 2013. Informality and studio-based teaching and learning are major components of the programme. In an effort to raise some of the inherent challenges and benefits of running community-based studio projects in Africa, this study addresses the question: How can planning studio projects contribute to the overhauling of the planning profession in Africa? The paper uses a case study to draw upon the experiences of eighteen master’s students who were engaged in a community-based planning studio project in the Lusaka’s Kalikiliki informal settlement. The paper concludes that community-based studio projects present an opportunity that has potential for raising the consciousness of planners and enabling them to build on post-colonial, endogenous innovation inspired by cities of the global South.","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5070/BP328133858","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49120863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Identifying how and to what extent the poor and most vulnerable in society are able to demand and access safe water as they define it is the practical realization of the human right to water. The explicit international recognition of the right to water and sanitation in 2010 is significant in that it obligates nations to recognize safe water for human consumption primarily as a social good, a significant point of contention after decades of global water politics. However, there remains a large gap between the international human right to water and on-the-ground determinants of water access and reliability. How can the right to water turn from being an abstract legal principle into policies and interventions that can be implemented and measured? This paper con- tributes to the considerable literature on the right to water and basic services delivery by assessing three critical mechanisms that inhibit the ability of the urban poor to exercise their right to water. Of particular concern in this paper is the prevalent role of small-scale providers and household co-production, the so-called non-state actors on whom much of the world’s poor depend to provide water and other basic services. Drawing from the normative content of the rights framework and literature on rights-based approaches to devel- opment against evidence of how states are undertaking water sector reforms and implementing the right to water and sanitation, this paper argues for the need to reconsider the concept of third-party duty bearers. Governments have an explicit role in maintaining dual systems of sanctioned and unsanctioned urban spaces and forms of service delivery that result in inequitable access to water and sanitation in violation of human rights.
{"title":"HYBRID GOVERNANCE AND THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER - eScholarship","authors":"C. Acey","doi":"10.5070/BP328133857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/BP328133857","url":null,"abstract":"Identifying how and to what extent the poor and most vulnerable in society are able to demand and access safe water as they define it is the practical realization of the human right to water. The explicit international recognition of the right to water and sanitation in 2010 is significant in that it obligates nations to recognize safe water for human consumption primarily as a social good, a significant point of contention after decades of global water politics. However, there remains a large gap between the international human right to water and on-the-ground determinants of water access and reliability. How can the right to water turn from being an abstract legal principle into policies and interventions that can be implemented and measured? This paper con- tributes to the considerable literature on the right to water and basic services delivery by assessing three critical mechanisms that inhibit the ability of the urban poor to exercise their right to water. Of particular concern in this paper is the prevalent role of small-scale providers and household co-production, the so-called non-state actors on whom much of the world’s poor depend to provide water and other basic services. Drawing from the normative content of the rights framework and literature on rights-based approaches to devel- opment against evidence of how states are undertaking water sector reforms and implementing the right to water and sanitation, this paper argues for the need to reconsider the concept of third-party duty bearers. Governments have an explicit role in maintaining dual systems of sanctioned and unsanctioned urban spaces and forms of service delivery that result in inequitable access to water and sanitation in violation of human rights.","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5070/BP328133857","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44625859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This piece pays tribute to a great scholar and urbanist, Sir Peter Hall, who was concerned with the social and economic vitality of neighborhoods. In his 1988 book, Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century, Hall writes about the Garden City, exploring both the original vision as imagined by Ebenezer Howard and the global di- aspora of Howard’s ideas. Hall also discusses the theoretical contribution of Garden Cities today, especially with regard to issues of social equity and so- cial sustainability. This piece critically re-examines the Garden City concept, including its utopian social origins, its implementation on a global scale, and its impact on current planning theory and practice. I illustrate how Hall and others have affected the canonical garden cities literature, and have created a “legacy landscape” concept that is still relevant today in new sustainable development.
{"title":"SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY AND “LEGACY LANDSCAPES”","authors":"Nicola A. Szibbo","doi":"10.5070/bp328133864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/bp328133864","url":null,"abstract":"This piece pays tribute to a great scholar and urbanist, Sir Peter Hall, who was concerned with the social and economic vitality of neighborhoods. In his 1988 book, Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century, Hall writes about the Garden City, exploring both the original vision as imagined by Ebenezer Howard and the global di- aspora of Howard’s ideas. Hall also discusses the theoretical contribution of Garden Cities today, especially with regard to issues of social equity and so- cial sustainability. This piece critically re-examines the Garden City concept, including its utopian social origins, its implementation on a global scale, and its impact on current planning theory and practice. I illustrate how Hall and others have affected the canonical garden cities literature, and have created a “legacy landscape” concept that is still relevant today in new sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5070/bp328133864","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49106608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A review of An Urban Politics of Climate Change: Experimentation and the Governing of Socio-Technical Transitions by Harriet Bulkeley, Vanesa Casatan, and Gareth A.S. Edwards
{"title":"ASSESSING LOCAL POLICY EXPERIMENTS TO COMBAT CLIMATE CHANGE","authors":"Elizabeth Mattiuzzi","doi":"10.5070/BP328133863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/BP328133863","url":null,"abstract":"A review of An Urban Politics of Climate Change: Experimentation and the Governing of Socio-Technical Transitions by Harriet Bulkeley, Vanesa Casatan, and Gareth A.S. Edwards","PeriodicalId":39937,"journal":{"name":"Berkeley Planning Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5070/BP328133863","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46416155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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