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‘Space-time dents’ in global value chains – The Hungarian case 全球价值链中的“时空凹痕”——匈牙利案例
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.1556/204.2023.00020
Tamás Gáspár, Magdolna Sass
Abstract The paper takes a special perspective to summarise what researchers have revealed on global value chains in Hungary. The ‘space-time’ structure is how the ‘force field’ of the amount of value added is shared and how the process it creates characterises specific global value chain networks. There is a growing literature that reveals the ‘dents’ of the GVC force field: the uneven distribution of value-added content, and mainly the controversial possibilities to upgrade in the network. Hungary is a typical example of a semi-peripheral or integrated periphery country. The paper discusses the lessons of different global value chain relations of the country in different geographical environments in terms of the two dimensions of ‘space’ and ‘time’; that is the potential and structure of value added and its dynamics, as well as compares them through an automotive industry case study.
本文以一个特殊的视角来总结研究人员在匈牙利发现的全球价值链。“时空”结构是指增值量的“力场”如何共享,以及它所创造的过程如何表征特定的全球价值链网络。越来越多的文献揭示了全球价值链力场的“凹痕”:增值内容的不均匀分布,主要是网络中有争议的升级可能性。匈牙利是半外围国家或一体化外围国家的典型例子。本文从“空间”和“时间”两个维度探讨了不同地理环境下国家不同全球价值链关系的经验教训;即附加值的潜力和结构及其动态,并通过汽车行业的案例研究对它们进行比较。
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引用次数: 0
Hungary's inflationary exposures to global price movements 匈牙利对全球价格波动的通胀风险敞口
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-21 DOI: 10.1556/204.2023.00015
Krisztián Koppány, Péter Vakhal, Pál Pusztai
This paper investigates Hungary's inflationary exposures to global price movements using a simple cost-push input-output price model and a database of inflation-to-output price elasticities (Global Inflation-to-Output Price Elasticity Database, GIOPED) developed on the basis of the OECD's Inter-Country Input-Output Tables. Inflation elasticities are decomposed into local, simple, and complex global value chain effects by applying Wang's decomposition scheme (Wang et al. 2017) to price movements and inflation. Our empirical analysis based on GIOPED elasticities shows that Hungary is highly exposed to global value chain price transmissions originating in Germany, Austria, and Russia; and in particular to changes in energy prices. The crude oil and natural gas price boom and the resulting energy crises caused a significant increase in consumer price levels in Hungary; however, this explains only a fraction of current inflation rates.
本文使用一个简单的成本推动型投入产出价格模型和一个基于经合组织国家间投入产出表开发的通胀对产出价格弹性数据库(全球通胀对产出价格弹性数据库,giped)来研究匈牙利对全球价格变动的通胀风险。通过将Wang的分解方案(Wang et al. 2017)应用于价格变动和通胀,将通胀弹性分解为局部、简单和复杂的全球价值链效应。我们基于giped弹性的实证分析表明,匈牙利高度暴露于德国、奥地利和俄罗斯的全球价值链价格传导;尤其是能源价格的变化。原油和天然气价格暴涨以及由此引发的能源危机导致匈牙利消费价格水平显著上升;然而,这只能解释当前通胀率的一小部分。
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引用次数: 1
From below or from above: How to force fashion MNCs to be more sustainable 从下到上:如何迫使时尚跨国公司更具可持续性
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-18 DOI: 10.1556/204.2023.00017
Emese Dobos
Multinational companies in the fashion industry operate on a global level. Fashion was one of the first industries that outsourced production to developing countries and allowed exploitation and environmental pollution to remain hidden. But concerns regarding the industry's (un)sustainability are rising, regarding both the environmental and the social aspects. Fashion consumption is on the rise and the industry is among the most polluting ones. With this paper, I join the debate on how to force fashion MNCs to operate sustainably. There are two opposing views on where change should come: from above (regulation) or from below (change in customer habits and the activity of sustainable fashion NGOs). According to one view, fashion is underregulated and only legislation can be a solution: MNCs will only operate sustainably if they are forced by law. The other group claims that customers should drive green initiatives as their demand catalyzes MNC production. I claim that neither side is enough, as sustainability is not necessarily the number one consideration for customers or policymakers. In this conceptual paper, I use document analysis as a qualitative approach, and descriptive statistics to support my position.
时尚行业的跨国公司在全球范围内运作。时装业是最早将生产外包给发展中国家的行业之一,并允许剥削和环境污染继续隐藏。但对该行业(不可)可持续性的担忧正在上升,无论是在环境方面还是在社会方面。时尚消费正在上升,而这个行业是污染最严重的行业之一。通过这篇论文,我加入了关于如何迫使时尚跨国公司可持续经营的辩论。关于变革应该从哪里来,有两种截然相反的观点:自上而下(监管)或自下而上(消费者习惯的改变和可持续时尚非政府组织的活动)。一种观点认为,时装业监管不足,只有立法才能解决问题:跨国公司只有在法律的强制下才能持续经营。另一组人声称,客户应该推动绿色倡议,因为他们的需求催化了跨国公司的生产。我认为,这两方面都不够,因为可持续性未必是客户或政策制定者的首要考虑。在这篇概念性论文中,我使用文献分析作为定性方法,并使用描述性统计来支持我的观点。
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引用次数: 1
Foreign trade relations of Hungary with China: A global value chain perspective 匈牙利与中国的对外贸易关系:全球价值链视角
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-18 DOI: 10.1556/204.2023.00018
T. Gáspár, Magdolna Sass, Krisztián Koppány, Shulei Bi
Trade analysis for open economies is strategically important. Even though Hungarian trade relations are oriented towards the EU, the direct and indirect influence of Asia, mainly China, needs special attention. The paper focuses on direct bilateral relations between Hungary and China. The global value chain perspective enables the research to detect inter- and intra-industry dependencies and unfold and compare the industry focuses and dynamics of backward and forward linkages between 2000 and 2018. We used a mixed methodology, combining input-output analysis with company case studies based on a wide range of literature both from Chinese and East-Central European researchers. The findings support the significance of global value chain relations, highlight the restructuring of Hungarian trade relations with China over the past twenty years, and indicate the strong concentration of relations in terms of the number of companies.
贸易分析对开放经济体具有重要的战略意义。尽管匈牙利的贸易关系以欧盟为导向,但亚洲(主要是中国)的直接和间接影响需要特别注意。本文的重点是匈牙利与中国的直接双边关系。全球价值链视角使研究能够发现行业间和行业内的依赖关系,并揭示和比较2000年至2018年之间的行业重点和前后联系动态。我们采用了一种混合方法,将投入产出分析与基于中国和中东欧研究人员广泛文献的公司案例研究相结合。研究结果支持了全球价值链关系的重要性,突出了过去20年匈牙利与中国贸易关系的重组,并表明在公司数量方面关系的高度集中。
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引用次数: 1
Enhancing supply chains agility – The development of logistics capabilities by automotive producers in Central and Eastern Europe following Russia's invasion of Ukraine 提高供应链的敏捷性——在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰之后,中欧和东欧汽车生产商的物流能力得到了发展
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.1556/204.2023.00016
Eva Křenková, Petr Procházka, G. Túry
This research investigates the proactive and reactive measures applied by Czech and Hungarian automotive companies following Russia's invasion of Ukraine. We apply a qualitative methodology and analyse interviews with company managers to learn about the applied measures. The results reveal that the resilience gained during the COVID-19 pandemic involved proactive measures, which companies have kept in place. Reactive measures involved production replanning and alternative transportation. Adopting multiple sourcing strategies in the automotive sector is limited and more reactive rather than proactive. The important antecedents of agility are information sharing and cooperation within multinationals.
本研究调查了捷克和匈牙利汽车公司在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰后采取的主动和被动措施。我们采用定性方法,并分析与公司经理的访谈,以了解应用的措施。结果显示,在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间获得的抵御能力涉及企业一直采取的积极措施。应对措施包括生产重新规划和替代运输。在汽车行业采用多种采购策略是有限的,而且更多的是被动的,而不是主动的。敏捷性的重要前提是跨国公司内部的信息共享和合作。
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引用次数: 1
A torn generation: Dichotomies and dissonances on sustainability and technological change in in-depth interviews with university students 撕裂的一代:对大学生的深度访谈中关于可持续性和技术变革的二分法和不和谐
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1556/204.2023.00014
Alexandra Köves, T. Tóth, L. Vicsek
In a research study among university students regarding technological change, equality and environmental sustainability, deep-seated dichotomies were found in the students' mental images of the future. This study aims to present these dichotomies as well as propose explanations for them, adding to our understanding of what kind of behavioural barriers inhibit sustainability transformations. The results show that the interviewees truly struggle to decide if the world really is on fire regarding environmental change, if technology is capable of solving the situation, if inequality is truly a problem, and how they can relate to all this. The dichotomies that we found suggest that on the one hand, they find no comfort in the dominant techno-optimistic, eco-modernisation narratives and, on the other hand, they are not aware of any alternatives. The results underline the existence of psychological phenomena such as optimism bias or psychological distancing. In our paper, we also address whether dichotomous thinking poses a problem or whether we may have to accept that dichotomies can become the norm when contemplating the world in its increasing complexity.
在一项针对大学生的关于技术变革、平等和环境可持续性的研究中,发现学生对未来的心理形象存在根深蒂固的二分法。本研究旨在提出这些二分法,并提出解释,以增加我们对什么样的行为障碍抑制可持续性转变的理解。结果显示,受访者真的很难决定世界是否真的在环境变化方面着火,如果技术能够解决这种情况,如果不平等真的是一个问题,以及他们如何与所有这些联系起来。我们发现的二分法表明,一方面,他们在主流的技术乐观主义、生态现代化叙事中找不到安慰,另一方面,他们没有意识到任何替代方案。研究结果强调了乐观偏见或心理疏离等心理现象的存在。在我们的论文中,我们还讨论了二分法思维是否会带来问题,或者我们是否可能不得不接受二分法在思考日益复杂的世界时可能成为常态。
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引用次数: 0
Energy efficiency in healthcare institutions 医疗保健机构的能源效率
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1556/204.2023.00013
Rana Alotaiby, Éva Krenyácz
The Environmental Protection Agency classifies healthcare as one of the leading energy-consuming industries. Extensive energy is needed around the clock in healthcare institutions for lighting, ventilation, and operating medical equipment. However, there is a growing concern over the sustainability of energy utilization by healthcare institutions worldwide. This narrative review thus seeks to examine energy efficiency and utilization in healthcare institutions and energy management and conservation techniques and make recommendations for future optimal usage. The paper notes that healthcare institutions use different quantities of energy from diverse sources, including hydropower, biomass, solar energy, and wind power. However, energy consumption varies from one institution to another, with the number of beds and intensity of healthcare operations, with an average of 0.27 MWh m−2. Moreover, this review also identified various techniques and measures to enhance energy efficiency, such as the variant refrigerant flow technology and the combination of renewable energy sources with diesel generators to reduce the cost of electricity. Overall, healthcare institutions need energy management systems such as automated energy monitoring technologies, to check the systems' efficiency. The same techniques can also help Middle Eastern healthcare institutions with efficient energy utilization. Ultimately, the literature review aims to introduce an approach that focuses on reducing site-level consumption of energy while increasing the quality of the energy used and hence, helping reduce energy costs while conserving the environment.
环境保护署将医疗保健列为主要的能源消耗行业之一。在医疗机构中,照明、通风和操作医疗设备需要大量的能源。然而,全球医疗机构对能源利用的可持续性越来越关注。因此,本叙述性审查旨在审查医疗机构的能源效率和利用以及能源管理和节约技术,并为未来的最佳使用提出建议。该报告指出,医疗机构使用不同来源的不同数量的能源,包括水电、生物质能、太阳能和风能。然而,每家机构的能源消耗因床位数量和医疗保健业务强度而异,平均为0.27 MWh m - 2。此外,本综述亦提出了各种提高能源效率的技术和措施,例如变冷媒流动技术和将可再生能源与柴油发电机相结合以降低电力成本。总的来说,医疗机构需要能源管理系统,如自动能源监控技术,来检查系统的效率。同样的技术也可以帮助中东医疗保健机构有效利用能源。最后,文献综述的目的是介绍一种方法,侧重于减少现场水平的能源消耗,同时提高所使用的能源质量,从而帮助降低能源成本,同时保护环境。
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引用次数: 0
Integrating artificial intelligence and sustainable technologies in strategic renewable energy and Power-to-X projects: A review of global best practices, risks and future prospects 在战略性可再生能源和Power-to-X项目中整合人工智能和可持续技术:全球最佳实践、风险和未来前景综述
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1556/204.2023.00012
D. Navarra
The objective of this paper is to review the academic literature and identify best practices on the integration of artificial intelligence and sustainable technologies in strategic renewable energy and Power-to-X projects globally. We reflect upon the way in which exemplary case studies can be used to foster a common shared view among different policy makers to highlight new ways through which energy efficiency and systemic improvements in the energy sector may be achieved while curbing carbon emissions and addressing climate change. The main risks, challenges and mitigations for integrating artificial intelligence and sustainable technologies in energy systems are also educed from both the academic literature as well as interviews with experts. Our findings indicate that while the integration of artificial intelligence and sustainable technologies can support energy efficiency and systemic improvements in the energy sector, there are several risks that were not previously identified in the literature. Critical areas of future development for academic research as well as opportunities for professional practice are presented.
本文的目的是回顾学术文献,并确定全球战略可再生能源和Power-to-X项目中人工智能和可持续技术整合的最佳实践。我们将思考如何利用示范性案例研究来促进不同政策制定者之间的共同观点,以突出在控制碳排放和应对气候变化的同时实现能源效率和能源部门系统性改进的新途径。在能源系统中整合人工智能和可持续技术的主要风险、挑战和缓解措施也从学术文献和对专家的采访中得出。我们的研究结果表明,虽然人工智能和可持续技术的整合可以支持能源部门的能源效率和系统性改进,但存在一些文献中未发现的风险。提出了未来学术研究发展的关键领域以及专业实践的机会。
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引用次数: 0
Global value chains and knowledge spillover to local economy in Visegrad 4 countries 维谢格拉德四国的全球价值链和知识对当地经济的溢出
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-22 DOI: 10.1556/204.2023.00010
Kozo Otsuka, Kaoru Natsuda, L. Csonka
This study empirically examines knowledge spillover in Visegrad Four (V4) countries, with an emphasis on global value chains (GVCs). Using patent statistics, the study aims to estimate the knowledge production function, including domestic and foreign knowledge stocks, and found that international knowledge spillover does not contribute much to the innovation of the local economy in the V4 countries because of three factors: i) multinational corporations' (MNCs) strategy to locate a low-cost production base, ii) MNCs' strategy to locate supporting (process, production or non-core product related) research and development (R&D) activities and iii) limited technology spillover effect from MNCs to local firms. Local firms in the V4 countries became dependent on the peripheral products and technologies provided by MNCs, and as a result, local R&D activities in the V4 countries were diverted from patentable innovation.
本研究对维谢格拉德四国(V4)的知识溢出进行了实证研究,重点关注全球价值链(GVCs)。利用专利统计数据对知识生产函数(包括国内外知识存量)进行估算,发现国际知识溢出对V4国家地方经济创新的贡献不大,原因有三:1)跨国公司(MNCs)定位低成本生产基地的战略;2)跨国公司定位支持性(工艺、生产或非核心产品相关)研发活动的战略;3)跨国公司对当地企业的有限技术溢出效应。V4国家的本土企业开始依赖于跨国公司提供的外围产品和技术,因此,V4国家的本土研发活动偏离了可专利创新。
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引用次数: 1
Sustainability change management in inter-organizational innovation networks 组织间创新网络中的可持续性变革管理
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-21 DOI: 10.1556/204.2023.00011
Zoltán Csedő
Abstract Managing sustainability-oriented organizational changes has received increasing attention in the international literature from the perspectives of corporations and universities. Nevertheless, researching sustainability change management (SCM) from the perspective of the cooperation of corporations and universities, especially the underlying factors of the cooperation, remained overlooked until now. Based on the change management (CM) literature, this research focuses on an international inter-organizational network with universities and corporations, and empirically studies their autonomous SCM characteristics and the collaborative planning dynamics of a sustainability-led innovation (SLI) project. Results show that SLIs cannot only come from SCM strategies, but emerging opportunities within inter-organizational networks could also induce them. Important contextual factors of CM, i.e., regarding strategy, structure, and capabilities, however, could and should be interpreted during SCM and SLI project planning, as these underlying factors force cooperation partners to compromise with each other in project scope. The results suggest that compromises could not undertake autonomous strategy alignment or capability building, only minor changes in the project scope which will still allow leveraging existing capabilities or require a few additional structural coordination mechanisms. The findings contribute to the literature by highlighting empirical examples of inter-organizational SLI challenges, deriving from autonomous balancing needs during SCM.
以管理可持续性为导向的组织变革在国际文献中越来越受到企业和大学的关注。然而,从校企合作的角度对可持续变革管理的研究,特别是校企合作背后的影响因素,至今仍被忽视。本研究以变革管理(CM)文献为基础,以高校和企业为研究对象,实证研究了高校和企业的自主供应链管理特征和可持续主导创新(SLI)项目的协同规划动态。结果表明,sli不仅来自SCM战略,而且在组织间网络中出现的机会也可能诱发它们。然而,在SCM和SLI项目规划期间,CM的重要上下文因素,即关于战略、结构和能力,可以而且应该被解释,因为这些潜在的因素迫使合作伙伴在项目范围内相互妥协。结果表明,妥协不能承担自主的战略调整或能力建设,只有在项目范围内的微小变化,这将仍然允许利用现有的能力或需要一些额外的结构协调机制。通过突出组织间SLI挑战的经验例子,这些发现为文献做出了贡献,这些挑战来自SCM期间的自主平衡需求。
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引用次数: 0
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Society and Economy
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