Since learning how “to make use of your own Understanding” (WA, AA 08: 35), and “seeking the supreme touchstone of truth in oneself (i.e., in one's own Reason)” (WDO, AA 08: 146, footnote) – in a word: to enlighten oneself – is a process; and since Reason, in such a process, “needs attempts, practice and instruction” (IaG, AA 08: 19), it is only slowly that one can arrive at Enlightenment (cf. WA, AA 08: 36). As a matter of fact, the process of Enlightenment involves culture, i.e. the cultivation of the human being and his or her rational predispositions. And of fundamental importance in this process are communicability, participation and publicity – i.e., the possibility of making an idea public. Now, since these abilities are so important for Enlightenment, everything that does not allow the communication of ideas and thoughts to each and every human being is diametrically opposed to this process. This seems to be the case with the phenomenon of social irrationality and cognitive vices. The present paper aims to highlight how the problem of (lack of) communicability proves essential to understanding the phenomenon of social irrationality.
既然学习如何“运用自己的理解力”(WA, AA 08: 35)，以及“在自己(即在自己的理性中)寻求真理的最高试金石”(WDO, AA 08: 146，脚注)——总之:启迪自己——是一个过程;由于理性在这个过程中“需要尝试、实践和指导”(IaG, AA 08: 19)，一个人只能缓慢地到达启蒙(参见WA, AA 08: 36)。事实上，启蒙的过程涉及文化，即人的理性倾向的培养。在这个过程中，最重要的是可沟通性、参与性和公共性——也就是说，将一个想法公诸于众的可能性。既然这些能力对启蒙如此重要，任何不允许每个人交流思想和想法的东西都是与这个过程截然相反的。这似乎是社会非理性现象和认知恶习的情况。本文旨在强调可沟通性(缺乏)问题如何证明对理解社会非理性现象至关重要。
{"title":"“The taking-something-to-be-true [that] cannot be communicated”: remarks on the (lack of) communicability to understand the problem of social irrationality","authors":"Rômulo Eisinger Guimarães","doi":"10.5380/sk.v21i1.91542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5380/sk.v21i1.91542","url":null,"abstract":"Since learning how “to make use of your own Understanding” (WA, AA 08: 35), and “seeking the supreme touchstone of truth in oneself (i.e., in one's own Reason)” (WDO, AA 08: 146, footnote) – in a word: to enlighten oneself – is a process; and since Reason, in such a process, “needs attempts, practice and instruction” (IaG, AA 08: 19), it is only slowly that one can arrive at Enlightenment (cf. WA, AA 08: 36). As a matter of fact, the process of Enlightenment involves culture, i.e. the cultivation of the human being and his or her rational predispositions. And of fundamental importance in this process are communicability, participation and publicity – i.e., the possibility of making an idea public. Now, since these abilities are so important for Enlightenment, everything that does not allow the communication of ideas and thoughts to each and every human being is diametrically opposed to this process. This seems to be the case with the phenomenon of social irrationality and cognitive vices. The present paper aims to highlight how the problem of (lack of) communicability proves essential to understanding the phenomenon of social irrationality.","PeriodicalId":40123,"journal":{"name":"Studia Philosophica Kantiana","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79558238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Resenha: MAREY, Macarena. Voluntad omnilateral y finitud de la Tierra. Una lectura de la filosofía política de Kant. Argentina, Adrogué: La Cebra, 2021, 336 pp.","authors":"Luciana Gabriela Soria Rico","doi":"10.5380/sk.v21i1.91544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5380/sk.v21i1.91544","url":null,"abstract":"Sem resumo","PeriodicalId":40123,"journal":{"name":"Studia Philosophica Kantiana","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80610601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, I analyze the concept of passions in Kant, trying to answer the question: are passions good for society or are they the source of evil and irrationality? I begin by showing the danger of passions, if compared with affects. In the Anthropology , as well in the Religion , Kant claims that passions are the evil we should fight against. More than inclinations, or affects, the evil principle refers to passions. However, in the Ideia for an Universal history with a cosmopolitan aim , Kant admits that passions are good for society. They are not the cause of their irrationality, but the possibility of the development of the natural predispositions of human being. I claim that we have two distinct answers in Kant, and I try to understand this ambiguity.
{"title":"Passions and social irrationality","authors":"Maria Borges","doi":"10.5380/sk.v21i1.91538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5380/sk.v21i1.91538","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I analyze the concept of passions in Kant, trying to answer the question: are passions good for society or are they the source of evil and irrationality? I begin by showing the danger of passions, if compared with affects. In the Anthropology , as well in the Religion , Kant claims that passions are the evil we should fight against. More than inclinations, or affects, the evil principle refers to passions. However, in the Ideia for an Universal history with a cosmopolitan aim , Kant admits that passions are good for society. They are not the cause of their irrationality, but the possibility of the development of the natural predispositions of human being. I claim that we have two distinct answers in Kant, and I try to understand this ambiguity.","PeriodicalId":40123,"journal":{"name":"Studia Philosophica Kantiana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90326093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dieter Henrich’s Early Approach to the Transcendental Deduction of the Categories","authors":"Frank Rettweiler","doi":"10.5380/sk.v21i1.91543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5380/sk.v21i1.91543","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40123,"journal":{"name":"Studia Philosophica Kantiana","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82713805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Action irrationality, systemic practical irrationality, and a Kantian remedy the remedy in Kant","authors":"J. Merle","doi":"10.5380/sk.v21i1.91472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5380/sk.v21i1.91472","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40123,"journal":{"name":"Studia Philosophica Kantiana","volume":"90 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72375201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This contribution examines the doctrine of dark representations as it is presented in the anthropological annotations of the critical period. The explanation of such representations is analysed, taking into account the analogies used for this purpose. Three kinds of manifestations of such representations in everyday life are then considered: our connection with death and fear, the development of certain feelings, such as respect, and their effects, and the way we produce philosophical knowledge.
{"title":"The Kantian view of dark representations and their function in practical life, according to the anthropological notes of the Critical Period","authors":"Luciana Martinez","doi":"10.5380/sk.v21i1.91540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5380/sk.v21i1.91540","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution examines the doctrine of dark representations as it is presented in the anthropological annotations of the critical period. The explanation of such representations is analysed, taking into account the analogies used for this purpose. Three kinds of manifestations of such representations in everyday life are then considered: our connection with death and fear, the development of certain feelings, such as respect, and their effects, and the way we produce philosophical knowledge.","PeriodicalId":40123,"journal":{"name":"Studia Philosophica Kantiana","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78015004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to call attention to some interpretative questions concerning a semantic constellation running through the entire Metaphysics of Morals . This semantic constellation has to do with the German root ehr - and refers to such concepts as ehrlich , Ehre , Ehrbarkeit , and Ehrlichkeit , which – although they have different meanings – share a connection to the central idea of the coincidence of honesty and honor, as shown by the Latin terms Kant often uses in the same context ( honestas , honeste , etc.). It discusses how Kant uses the concepts of honesty and honor. It tries to answer the question of whether, according to Kant, it is acceptable to die for honor’s sake by analyzing some passages from the Metaphysics of Morals . Based on this analysis, it finally presents some conclusions on the concepts of dignity and agency and on their reciprocal relationship.
{"title":"Living Honestly and Killing Honorably. Ehre and Ehrbarkeit in the Metaphysics of Morals","authors":"A. Pinzani","doi":"10.5380/sk.v21i1.91537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5380/sk.v21i1.91537","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to call attention to some interpretative questions concerning a semantic constellation running through the entire Metaphysics of Morals . This semantic constellation has to do with the German root ehr - and refers to such concepts as ehrlich , Ehre , Ehrbarkeit , and Ehrlichkeit , which – although they have different meanings – share a connection to the central idea of the coincidence of honesty and honor, as shown by the Latin terms Kant often uses in the same context ( honestas , honeste , etc.). It discusses how Kant uses the concepts of honesty and honor. It tries to answer the question of whether, according to Kant, it is acceptable to die for honor’s sake by analyzing some passages from the Metaphysics of Morals . Based on this analysis, it finally presents some conclusions on the concepts of dignity and agency and on their reciprocal relationship.","PeriodicalId":40123,"journal":{"name":"Studia Philosophica Kantiana","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74776470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper deals with Amy Allen’s critique of Habermas's theory of modernity, democracy, and cosmopolitanism. I will focus on her arguments that touch on the role of rationality. Allen's critique of Habermas will be presented, especially where she argues that focusing on rationality is ethnocentric and promotes the political exclusion of subaltern groups. The extent to which Allen's critiques affect the emancipatory potential of Habermasian theory will next be assessed. It is finally argued that Allen's position leads to a denial of the distinction between social rationality and irrationality as legitimate criteria. The consequences of such a position for the political sphere will then be analyzed.
{"title":"Revisiting the Kantian legacy in Habermas: the philosophical project of modernity and decolonial critiques to rationality and cosmopolitanism","authors":"Cristina Foroni Consani","doi":"10.5380/sk.v21i1.91983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5380/sk.v21i1.91983","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with Amy Allen’s critique of Habermas's theory of modernity, democracy, and cosmopolitanism. I will focus on her arguments that touch on the role of rationality. Allen's critique of Habermas will be presented, especially where she argues that focusing on rationality is ethnocentric and promotes the political exclusion of subaltern groups. The extent to which Allen's critiques affect the emancipatory potential of Habermasian theory will next be assessed. It is finally argued that Allen's position leads to a denial of the distinction between social rationality and irrationality as legitimate criteria. The consequences of such a position for the political sphere will then be analyzed.","PeriodicalId":40123,"journal":{"name":"Studia Philosophica Kantiana","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74086842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A feminist reading of Kant faces several different problems, although Carol Hay's account gives a stimulating example. Outlining the harms of oppression as a denial of equal liberty in the tradition of John Stuart Mill, it will be pointed out how Kant's thinking can support the idea that there is a feminist goal of counteracting oppression and how Kant's anthropological writings in particular serve –heterogeneous in nature – as a reminder of women's potential rational qualities, whereas on the other hand the task of “preserving the species” binds women to ensuring the persistence of the natural order. That, in the matrimonial union, one partner must “yield to the other” leads to a claim of superiority that seems outdated – inequality, today, cannot be seen as equality anymore – it clashes with the demand that we should think for ourselves using our rational capacities. In this vein two feminist objections are raised: Kant is privileging the rational over the animal and the rational over the emotional. In further discussion the question arises if Kant's work can be neutralized or if he is to be read in a way not disguising his strictness. Finally social irrationality is thematized: distraction from the goal of rationality can be perceived as utterly human.
{"title":"A Feminist Perspective on Kant in the Context of Social Irrationality","authors":"Sandra Markewitz","doi":"10.5380/sk.v21i1.91541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5380/sk.v21i1.91541","url":null,"abstract":"A feminist reading of Kant faces several different problems, although Carol Hay's account gives a stimulating example. Outlining the harms of oppression as a denial of equal liberty in the tradition of John Stuart Mill, it will be pointed out how Kant's thinking can support the idea that there is a feminist goal of counteracting oppression and how Kant's anthropological writings in particular serve –heterogeneous in nature – as a reminder of women's potential rational qualities, whereas on the other hand the task of “preserving the species” binds women to ensuring the persistence of the natural order. That, in the matrimonial union, one partner must “yield to the other” leads to a claim of superiority that seems outdated – inequality, today, cannot be seen as equality anymore – it clashes with the demand that we should think for ourselves using our rational capacities. In this vein two feminist objections are raised: Kant is privileging the rational over the animal and the rational over the emotional. In further discussion the question arises if Kant's work can be neutralized or if he is to be read in a way not disguising his strictness. Finally social irrationality is thematized: distraction from the goal of rationality can be perceived as utterly human.","PeriodicalId":40123,"journal":{"name":"Studia Philosophica Kantiana","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83886352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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