Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.3849/1802-7199.22.2022.01.035-054
Lujza Chrvalová
Since 2013, the debates on lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS) and approach to them from the point of view of international legislation have been taking place within the framework of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) and later, since 2017, on the platform Group of Governmental Experts under CCW. Following the ongoing debates and the importance of the topic, in her article, the author aims to summarise the results achieved in the discussions under the CCW, especially the main steps, successfully handled challenges and shifts in the countries’ positions since 2013, as well as open issues in regulating LAWS under this international convention. Part of the article is dedicated to the identification of existing similar features of countries sharing a common position on LAWS at CCW conferences, as well as the challenges and possible implications of China’s status, which supports a ban on the deployment of LAWS, but not on their research and production.
{"title":"LETHAL AUTONOMOUS WEAPONS SYSTEMS","authors":"Lujza Chrvalová","doi":"10.3849/1802-7199.22.2022.01.035-054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3849/1802-7199.22.2022.01.035-054","url":null,"abstract":"Since 2013, the debates on lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS) and approach to them from the point of view of international legislation have been taking place within the framework of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) and later, since 2017, on the platform Group of Governmental Experts under CCW. Following the ongoing debates and the importance of the topic, in her article, the author aims to summarise the results achieved in the discussions under the CCW, especially the main steps, successfully handled challenges and shifts in the countries’ positions since 2013, as well as open issues in regulating LAWS under this international convention. Part of the article is dedicated to the identification of existing similar features of countries sharing a common position on LAWS at CCW conferences, as well as the challenges and possible implications of China’s status, which supports a ban on the deployment of LAWS, but not on their research and production.","PeriodicalId":40204,"journal":{"name":"Obrana a Strategie-Defence & Strategy","volume":"83 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72607100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-20DOI: 10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.01.005-026
K. Demir
Killer robots or lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) have been the focus of an ongoing debate. In due time, wars will be fought with a military force including human warriors, drones, and robot warriors. In this study, we discuss armed forces transformation issues for the robotic era. Furthermore, we present a basic model outlining the transformation process. Finally, we provide a set of recommendations to policymakers and military officials for managing the transformation of armed forces for the robotic era.
{"title":"KILLER ROBOTS AND ARMED FORCES TRANSFORMATION FOR THE ROBOTIC ERA","authors":"K. Demir","doi":"10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.01.005-026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.01.005-026","url":null,"abstract":"Killer robots or lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) have been the focus of an ongoing debate. In due time, wars will be fought with a military force including human warriors, drones, and robot warriors. In this study, we discuss armed forces transformation issues for the robotic era. Furthermore, we present a basic model outlining the transformation process. Finally, we provide a set of recommendations to policymakers and military officials for managing the transformation of armed forces for the robotic era.","PeriodicalId":40204,"journal":{"name":"Obrana a Strategie-Defence & Strategy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78366294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-20DOI: 10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.01.071-090
K. Cerny, Jiřina Stehlíková
The paper uncovers how the Czech Muslim community leaders interpret meaning of jihad, and focuses on the question how to deal with a possible radical inside their ranks. It is based on interviews and qualitative methodology. Two interpretations of jihad have been identified: a narrow one focusing on a violent aspect of the concept, and a broad one focusing on non-violent ones. There are two competing narrations regarding the question if there is any authority legitimate to issue jihad, however there is a tendency to see a defensive jihad as a legitimate one.
{"title":"CALLS FOR JIHAD IN A CZECH MOSQUE","authors":"K. Cerny, Jiřina Stehlíková","doi":"10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.01.071-090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.01.071-090","url":null,"abstract":"The paper uncovers how the Czech Muslim community leaders interpret meaning of jihad, and focuses on the question how to deal with a possible radical inside their ranks. It is based on interviews and qualitative methodology. Two interpretations of jihad have been identified: a narrow one focusing on a violent aspect of the concept, and a broad one focusing on non-violent ones. There are two competing narrations regarding the question if there is any authority legitimate to issue jihad, however there is a tendency to see a defensive jihad as a legitimate one.","PeriodicalId":40204,"journal":{"name":"Obrana a Strategie-Defence & Strategy","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81592951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-16DOI: 10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.02.067-088
Kateřina Šupová, Josef Kraus
The aim of this study is to evaluate the success or failure of a special political mission UNAMA, based on the evaluation framework of Paul Diehl and Daniel Druckman. It is adapted to the context of the Afghan environment. The criteria for the mission success evaluation and its volume can be used for the problems and defects identification of allies` effort in Afghanistan during the period of 2001 – 2021.
{"title":"UNAMA MISSION IN AFGHANISTAN","authors":"Kateřina Šupová, Josef Kraus","doi":"10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.02.067-088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.02.067-088","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to evaluate the success or failure of a special political mission UNAMA, based on the evaluation framework of Paul Diehl and Daniel Druckman. It is adapted to the context of the Afghan environment. The criteria for the mission success evaluation and its volume can be used for the problems and defects identification of allies` effort in Afghanistan during the period of 2001 – 2021.","PeriodicalId":40204,"journal":{"name":"Obrana a Strategie-Defence & Strategy","volume":"337 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76570650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-16DOI: 10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.02.021-042
Jan Břeň, T. Zeman, Aleš Kudlák, R. Urban
An integral part of the issue of terrorism is not only the consequences of committed terrorist acts that lead to subsequent security measures, but also the causes of terrorist activities, which determine the reasons why people are motivated to commit them. This paper focuses on the social, economic, and security policy factors that potentially generate future terrorist activities. The main goal is to analyse the opinions of 52 respondents from 31 countries, i.e., experts from military, police, and academic institutions. The method of analytical hierarchy was chosen for the respondents, who decided on the importance of individual factors. According to the respondents, the most important factor of the current national and violent international war is the security-political area. It is followed by social inequality (in the social area) and unemployment (in the economic area). The achieved results show a certain reflection of the evaluated factors regarding the competitiveness of individual countries, which can significantly affect not only the level of threat of terrorist activities in the country, but also their potential mobility.
{"title":"IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND SECURITY-POLITICAL GROUNDS FOR TERRORISM","authors":"Jan Břeň, T. Zeman, Aleš Kudlák, R. Urban","doi":"10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.02.021-042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.02.021-042","url":null,"abstract":"An integral part of the issue of terrorism is not only the consequences of committed terrorist acts that lead to subsequent security measures, but also the causes of terrorist activities, which determine the reasons why people are motivated to commit them. This paper focuses on the social, economic, and security policy factors that potentially generate future terrorist activities. The main goal is to analyse the opinions of 52 respondents from 31 countries, i.e., experts from military, police, and academic institutions. The method of analytical hierarchy was chosen for the respondents, who decided on the importance of individual factors. According to the respondents, the most important factor of the current national and violent international war is the security-political area. It is followed by social inequality (in the social area) and unemployment (in the economic area). The achieved results show a certain reflection of the evaluated factors regarding the competitiveness of individual countries, which can significantly affect not only the level of threat of terrorist activities in the country, but also their potential mobility.","PeriodicalId":40204,"journal":{"name":"Obrana a Strategie-Defence & Strategy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74294382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-16DOI: 10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.02.043-066
Ondřej Čábelka, S. Štěpánek
The civil war in Mali is one of the longest-running conflicts in the African Sahel region. The conflict is now a typical example of an asymmetric conflict, with nation-state forces on one side and non-state armed actors on the other. This article describes the roots of the conflict, its evolution, France’s involvement in counterinsurgency and counterterrorism operations, and the operational activities of Task Force Takuba. Finally, it provides an assessment of the overall issue, including an assessment of whether the objectives for which Task Force Takuba was formed have been met.
{"title":"FRENCH COUNTERINSURGENCY IN MALI BEFORE AND AFTER THE COUP D'ÉTAT OF 2020","authors":"Ondřej Čábelka, S. Štěpánek","doi":"10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.02.043-066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.02.043-066","url":null,"abstract":"The civil war in Mali is one of the longest-running conflicts in the African Sahel region. The conflict is now a typical example of an asymmetric conflict, with nation-state forces on one side and non-state armed actors on the other. This article describes the roots of the conflict, its evolution, France’s involvement in counterinsurgency and counterterrorism operations, and the operational activities of Task Force Takuba. Finally, it provides an assessment of the overall issue, including an assessment of whether the objectives for which Task Force Takuba was formed have been met.","PeriodicalId":40204,"journal":{"name":"Obrana a Strategie-Defence & Strategy","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82335323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-20DOI: 10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.01.053-070
Vojtěch Bahenský
The article discusses the implications of a potential outbreak of high-intensity violent conflict between the United States and China in Pacific for the defence of NATO’s eastern flank. It identifies limits of American ability to simultaneously project force to two distant regions as potentially critical weakness in case of concurrent conflict in Asia and threat to the eastern flank.
{"title":"POTENTIAL CHINA-US WAR AND EUROPEAN DEFENSE","authors":"Vojtěch Bahenský","doi":"10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.01.053-070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.01.053-070","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the implications of a potential outbreak of high-intensity violent conflict between the United States and China in Pacific for the defence of NATO’s eastern flank. It identifies limits of American ability to simultaneously project force to two distant regions as potentially critical weakness in case of concurrent conflict in Asia and threat to the eastern flank.","PeriodicalId":40204,"journal":{"name":"Obrana a Strategie-Defence & Strategy","volume":"173 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79560748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-20DOI: 10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.01.027-052
Ondřej Filipec, David Plášil
This article is dealing mainly with cybersecurity of healthcare with a special emphasis on the Benešov hospital (Czech Republic), which was hit by the Ryuk ransomware virus. The case shows that even a well-managed middle-size hospital with a relatively good level of cybersecurity might be significantly hit by the attack. The article first explores the general context of cybersecurity of healthcare with reference to the forms of cyber-attacks involving ransomware and then explores the case of the Benešov hospital (Hospital of Rudolf and Stefanie). The main aim of this article is to derive lessons learned from the case, which might be well used for the management of further incidents of similar nature, which is increasingly important at the times of fight with COVID-19 infection creating new pressure on the system.
本文主要讨论医疗保健的网络安全，特别强调受到Ryuk勒索软件病毒攻击的Benešov医院(捷克共和国)。该案例表明，即使是管理良好、网络安全水平相对较好的中型医院，也可能受到此次攻击的严重打击。本文首先探讨了医疗网络安全的一般背景，参考了涉及勒索软件的网络攻击形式，然后探讨了Benešov医院(Rudolf and Stefanie医院)的案例。本文的主要目的是从该病例中吸取教训，这些教训可能很好地用于管理类似性质的其他事件，这在与COVID-19感染作斗争的时候变得越来越重要，给系统带来了新的压力。
{"title":"THE CYBERSECURITY OF HEALTHCARE","authors":"Ondřej Filipec, David Plášil","doi":"10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.01.027-052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.01.027-052","url":null,"abstract":"This article is dealing mainly with cybersecurity of healthcare with a special emphasis on the Benešov hospital (Czech Republic), which was hit by the Ryuk ransomware virus. The case shows that even a well-managed middle-size hospital with a relatively good level of cybersecurity might be significantly hit by the attack. The article first explores the general context of cybersecurity of healthcare with reference to the forms of cyber-attacks involving ransomware and then explores the case of the Benešov hospital (Hospital of Rudolf and Stefanie). The main aim of this article is to derive lessons learned from the case, which might be well used for the management of further incidents of similar nature, which is increasingly important at the times of fight with COVID-19 infection creating new pressure on the system.","PeriodicalId":40204,"journal":{"name":"Obrana a Strategie-Defence & Strategy","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80291873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.01.091-106
L. Kulhánek
The study analyses the implications and seeks linkages between North Korea's weaponization and selected allied states on the commercial level, which is assessed in the context of economics, technology, political situation, power issues and security. The actors analysed are dependent on foreign aid, particularly North Korean aid, despite the strong motivational tendencies and the resources invested in both missile and nuclear programmes
{"title":"PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND NUCLEAR ROCKET CARRIERS IN THE CONTEXT NORTH KOREA PROBLEMATICS","authors":"L. Kulhánek","doi":"10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.01.091-106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3849/1802-7199.21.2021.01.091-106","url":null,"abstract":"The study analyses the implications and seeks linkages between North Korea's weaponization and selected allied states on the commercial level, which is assessed in the context of economics, technology, political situation, power issues and security. The actors analysed are dependent on foreign aid, particularly North Korean aid, despite the strong motivational tendencies and the resources invested in both missile and nuclear programmes","PeriodicalId":40204,"journal":{"name":"Obrana a Strategie-Defence & Strategy","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88226207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-16DOI: 10.3849/1802-7199.20.2020.02.041-060
D. Svoboda
This article examines Boko Haram’s alternatives to the contemporary secular Nigerian state of Westphalian style. This article is focused on analysing the relationship between Boko Haram and the secular state that they reject. The reality of what Boko Haram in Nigeria has managed to create, rather than a caliphate, corresponds to a terrorist semi-state (TSS). Therefore, the article also performs an analysis of Boko Haram from the perspective of the TSS concept.
{"title":"ALTERNATIVES OF BOKO HARAM TO THE CONTEMPORARY MODERN NIGERIAN STATE","authors":"D. Svoboda","doi":"10.3849/1802-7199.20.2020.02.041-060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3849/1802-7199.20.2020.02.041-060","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines Boko Haram’s alternatives to the contemporary secular Nigerian state of Westphalian style. This article is focused on analysing the relationship between Boko Haram and the secular state that they reject. The reality of what Boko Haram in Nigeria has managed to create, rather than a caliphate, corresponds to a terrorist semi-state (TSS). Therefore, the article also performs an analysis of Boko Haram from the perspective of the TSS concept.","PeriodicalId":40204,"journal":{"name":"Obrana a Strategie-Defence & Strategy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85411471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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