{"title":"The current perspective on sharp power: China and Russia in the era of (dis)information","authors":"Daniel Martínez Cristobal","doi":"10.17103/reei.42.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17103/reei.42.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40338,"journal":{"name":"Revista Electronica de Estudios Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43512435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DÍAZ GALÁN, E. C., La seguridad internacional en las Américas: logros normativos de la integración regional y subregional, Valencia, Tirant lo Blanch, 2021, 248 pp.","authors":"Antonio Blanc Altemir","doi":"10.17103/reei.42.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17103/reei.42.24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40338,"journal":{"name":"Revista Electronica de Estudios Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48469615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Violación de derechos humanos y empresas transnacionales. Hacia un tratado sobre empresas y derechos humanos (¿responsabilidad de quién, de qué tipo y ante qué tribunales?)","authors":"Maria Dolores Bollo Aracena","doi":"10.17103/reei.42.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17103/reei.42.15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40338,"journal":{"name":"Revista Electronica de Estudios Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46029589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ROBLES PEREA, M.A., Las inversiones inmobiliarias en España de extranjeros y no residentes. Aspectos civiles, mercantiles y fiscales, Madrid, Bosch, Wolters Kluwer España, 2020, 372 pp.","authors":"Maria Font Mas","doi":"10.17103/reei.42.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17103/reei.42.30","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40338,"journal":{"name":"Revista Electronica de Estudios Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47091996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IZQUIERDO-SANS, C.; MARTÍNEZ-CAPDEVILA, C.; NOGUEIRA-GUASTAVINO, M. (Eds.), Fundamental Rights Challenges. Horizontal Effectiveness, Rule of Law and Margin of National Appreciation, Springer, 2021, 298 páginas.","authors":"Luis N. González Alonso","doi":"10.17103/reei.42.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17103/reei.42.25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40338,"journal":{"name":"Revista Electronica de Estudios Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47437517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The automation of decision-making by artificial intelligence systems is a growing phenomenon affecting all areas of society. The European Commission, aware of the risks that the use of these technologies entails for fundamental rights and freedoms, proposes in its Artificial Intelligence Act to introduce human oversight as a mandatory requirement for the design and development of these technologies. However, human oversight is underdeveloped in the European regulatory environment. For this reason, we propose to resort to the concept of Meaningful Human Control developed in the framework of International Humanitarian Law. In this article we analyse the state contributions, doctrinal and policy proposals made by the Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems. All these contributions allow us to approach from a novel perspective the concept of human oversight proposed by the European Commission for high-risk artificial intelligence systems. We conclude the article looking for universally applicable elements in human oversight for the automation of decision-making, irrespective of the field in question. PALABRAS CLAVE: Inteligencia Artificial, Sistema de Armas Autónomos Letales, Supervisión humana, Control Humano Significativo, Derecho Internacional Humanitario, Derecho de la Unión Europea.
人工智能系统的决策自动化是一个日益增长的现象，影响着社会的各个领域。欧盟委员会意识到使用这些技术会给基本权利和自由带来风险，在其《人工智能法案》中提议，将人类监督作为这些技术设计和开发的强制性要求。然而，在欧洲的监管环境中，人的监督是不发达的。出于这个原因，我们建议采用在国际人道主义法框架内发展起来的有意义的人类控制的概念。在本文中，我们分析了致命性自主武器系统政府专家组提出的国家贡献、理论和政策建议。所有这些贡献使我们能够从一个新的角度来看待欧盟委员会提出的高风险人工智能系统的人类监督概念。我们在文章的最后寻找普遍适用的因素，在人类监督决策的自动化，不管所讨论的领域。PALABRAS CLAVE: intelligent intelligent Artificial, Sistema de Armas Autónomos Letales, Supervisión humana, Control Humano Significativo, Derecho international humanitarian, Derecho de la Unión europe。
{"title":"La supervisión humana de los sistemas de inteligencia artificial de alto riesgo. Aportaciones desde el Derecho Internacional Humanitario y el Derecho de la Unión Europea","authors":"Aritz Obregón Fernández, Guillermo Lazcoz Moratinos","doi":"10.17103/reei.42.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17103/reei.42.08","url":null,"abstract":"The automation of decision-making by artificial intelligence systems is a growing phenomenon affecting all areas of society. The European Commission, aware of the risks that the use of these technologies entails for fundamental rights and freedoms, proposes in its Artificial Intelligence Act to introduce human oversight as a mandatory requirement for the design and development of these technologies. However, human oversight is underdeveloped in the European regulatory environment. For this reason, we propose to resort to the concept of Meaningful Human Control developed in the framework of International Humanitarian Law. In this article we analyse the state contributions, doctrinal and policy proposals made by the Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems. All these contributions allow us to approach from a novel perspective the concept of human oversight proposed by the European Commission for high-risk artificial intelligence systems. We conclude the article looking for universally applicable elements in human oversight for the automation of decision-making, irrespective of the field in question. PALABRAS CLAVE: Inteligencia Artificial, Sistema de Armas Autónomos Letales, Supervisión humana, Control Humano Significativo, Derecho Internacional Humanitario, Derecho de la Unión Europea.","PeriodicalId":40338,"journal":{"name":"Revista Electronica de Estudios Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43909812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"SERRANO SÁNCHEZ, L., Vulneración y acceso a los sistemas de protección de los derechos de la niñez y adolescencia inmigrante no acompañada en España y El Salvador, Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra y Grupo La Rábida, 2021, 429 pp.","authors":"María Ángeles Sánchez Jiménez","doi":"10.17103/reei.42.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17103/reei.42.31","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40338,"journal":{"name":"Revista Electronica de Estudios Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46436317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
espanolTreinta anos despues de la desaparicion de la Union Sovietica, el espacio post-sovietico presenta un escenario complejo. Los procesos de construccion estatal de los quince Estados independientes afrontan importantes desafios que afectan a un conjunto de ambitos: economicos, sociales, institucionales, convivencia inter-etnica, conflictos territoriales, secesionismos, transicion y consolidacion democratica e insercion en la comunidad internacional. Un importante numero de conflictos de diversa tipologia se estan desarrollando en este amplio espacio que, ademas, forma parte del vecindario compartido entre la Union Europea (UE) y Rusia. La importancia geoestrategica y geopolitica del mismo, asi como su reciente evolucion historica hace que Rusia lo considere como un objetivo esencial en su politica exterior. La participacion de la Conferencia sobre la Seguridad y Cooperacion en Europa (CSCE) como principal organizacion regional (OSCE desde 1995) ha sido fundamental en la prevencion y resolucion de conflictos. Sin embargo, un analisis detallado de los principales procesos de negociacion abiertos arroja sombras sobre la consecucion de los objetivos planteados en sus respectivos mandatos. El objetivo esencial de este estudio se centra en la realizacion de un balance critico de tres procesos coliderados por la OSCE: dos relativos a conflictos iniciados antes de la disolucion de la Union Sovietica (Transnistria y Nagorno-Karabaj) y uno desde el ano 2008, tras la intervencion rusa en Georgia (Osetia del sur y Abjasia). EnglishThirty years after the disappearance of the Soviet Union, the post-soviet space presents a complex scenario. The state building processes are facing important challenges in different scopes: economical, social, institutional, interethnic coexistence, territorial conflicts, secessionisms, transition and democratic consolidation, and also in terms of the insertion in the international community. A significant number of conflicts are developing in this broad area what is the neighborhood between European Union (UE) and Russia. Due to the geoestrategic and geopolitic importance it is considered by Russia as an essential objective in its foreign policy. The European Security and Cooperation Organization (CSCE) and since 1995 as OSCE has participated being the main international organization in the prevention and resolution of conflicts. Nevertheless a detailed analysis shows shadows around the achievement of the objectives set out in their mandates. This study aims to carry out a critical balance of three co-led processes by the OSCE: two related to conflicts started before the dissolution of the Soviet Union (Transdniestria and Nagorno-Karabakh) and the other since 2008, after the russian intervention in Georgia (South Ossetia and Abkhazia).
{"title":"La OSCE y el espacio post-soviético: 30 años de prevención y resolución de conflictos. Una valoración crítica","authors":"J. A. Jiménez","doi":"10.17103/reei.41.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17103/reei.41.10","url":null,"abstract":"espanolTreinta anos despues de la desaparicion de la Union Sovietica, el espacio post-sovietico presenta un escenario complejo. Los procesos de construccion estatal de los quince Estados independientes afrontan importantes desafios que afectan a un conjunto de ambitos: economicos, sociales, institucionales, convivencia inter-etnica, conflictos territoriales, secesionismos, transicion y consolidacion democratica e insercion en la comunidad internacional. Un importante numero de conflictos de diversa tipologia se estan desarrollando en este amplio espacio que, ademas, forma parte del vecindario compartido entre la Union Europea (UE) y Rusia. La importancia geoestrategica y geopolitica del mismo, asi como su reciente evolucion historica hace que Rusia lo considere como un objetivo esencial en su politica exterior. La participacion de la Conferencia sobre la Seguridad y Cooperacion en Europa (CSCE) como principal organizacion regional (OSCE desde 1995) ha sido fundamental en la prevencion y resolucion de conflictos. Sin embargo, un analisis detallado de los principales procesos de negociacion abiertos arroja sombras sobre la consecucion de los objetivos planteados en sus respectivos mandatos. El objetivo esencial de este estudio se centra en la realizacion de un balance critico de tres procesos coliderados por la OSCE: dos relativos a conflictos iniciados antes de la disolucion de la Union Sovietica (Transnistria y Nagorno-Karabaj) y uno desde el ano 2008, tras la intervencion rusa en Georgia (Osetia del sur y Abjasia). EnglishThirty years after the disappearance of the Soviet Union, the post-soviet space presents a complex scenario. The state building processes are facing important challenges in different scopes: economical, social, institutional, interethnic coexistence, territorial conflicts, secessionisms, transition and democratic consolidation, and also in terms of the insertion in the international community. A significant number of conflicts are developing in this broad area what is the neighborhood between European Union (UE) and Russia. Due to the geoestrategic and geopolitic importance it is considered by Russia as an essential objective in its foreign policy. The European Security and Cooperation Organization (CSCE) and since 1995 as OSCE has participated being the main international organization in the prevention and resolution of conflicts. Nevertheless a detailed analysis shows shadows around the achievement of the objectives set out in their mandates. This study aims to carry out a critical balance of three co-led processes by the OSCE: two related to conflicts started before the dissolution of the Soviet Union (Transdniestria and Nagorno-Karabakh) and the other since 2008, after the russian intervention in Georgia (South Ossetia and Abkhazia).","PeriodicalId":40338,"journal":{"name":"Revista Electronica de Estudios Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48256525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"LARA AGUADO, A. (Dir.), Sucesión mortis causa de extranjeros y españoles tras el Reglamento (UE) 650/2012: problemas procesales, notariales, registrales y fiscales, Valencia, Tirant lo Blanch, 2020, 837 pp.","authors":"","doi":"10.17103/reei.41.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17103/reei.41.34","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40338,"journal":{"name":"Revista Electronica de Estudios Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49496720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
espanolEl presente estudio tiene como objeto el analisis de los problemas de calificacion que plantean, a los efectos de la aplicacion de las normas europeas de competencia judicial internacional, las acciones de las que dispone el consumidor en la nueva regulacion europea de mejora de acceso de los consumidores a los bienes y servicios digitales, y la posible fragmentacion del litigio relativo a una misma conducta infractora de la Directiva (UE) 2019/770 y del Reglamento (UE) 2016/679. En el contexto del Reglamento de Bruselas I bis, resulta determinante la calificacion autonoma de las acciones disponibles con la nueva regulacion, y el modo en que se efectua, en funcion de que el contrato quede comprendido o no en la esfera de aplicacion de los articulos 17 a 19. EnglishThe purpose of this study is to analyse the characterization problems posed, for the purposes of the application of the European rules on international jurisdiction, by the legal actions available to the consumer in the new European regulation on improving consumer access to digital goods and services, and the possible fragmentation of litigation relating to the same infringing conduct under Directive (EU) 2019/770 and Regulation (EU) 2016/679. In the context of the Brussels I bis Regulation, the autonomous characterization of the legal actions available under the new regulation, and the way in which this is done, is decisive, depending on whether or not the contract falls within the scope of articles 17 to 19.
{"title":"Contratos de suministro de contenidos y servicios digitales B2C: problemas de calificación y tribunales competentes","authors":"J. I. Pérez","doi":"10.17103/reei.41.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17103/reei.41.03","url":null,"abstract":"espanolEl presente estudio tiene como objeto el analisis de los problemas de calificacion que plantean, a los efectos de la aplicacion de las normas europeas de competencia judicial internacional, las acciones de las que dispone el consumidor en la nueva regulacion europea de mejora de acceso de los consumidores a los bienes y servicios digitales, y la posible fragmentacion del litigio relativo a una misma conducta infractora de la Directiva (UE) 2019/770 y del Reglamento (UE) 2016/679. En el contexto del Reglamento de Bruselas I bis, resulta determinante la calificacion autonoma de las acciones disponibles con la nueva regulacion, y el modo en que se efectua, en funcion de que el contrato quede comprendido o no en la esfera de aplicacion de los articulos 17 a 19. EnglishThe purpose of this study is to analyse the characterization problems posed, for the purposes of the application of the European rules on international jurisdiction, by the legal actions available to the consumer in the new European regulation on improving consumer access to digital goods and services, and the possible fragmentation of litigation relating to the same infringing conduct under Directive (EU) 2019/770 and Regulation (EU) 2016/679. In the context of the Brussels I bis Regulation, the autonomous characterization of the legal actions available under the new regulation, and the way in which this is done, is decisive, depending on whether or not the contract falls within the scope of articles 17 to 19.","PeriodicalId":40338,"journal":{"name":"Revista Electronica de Estudios Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48777357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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