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In Defense of Literary Truth: A Response to Truth, Fiction, and Literature by Peter Lamarque and Stein Haugom Olsen to Inquire into No-Truth Theories of Literature, Pragmatism, and the Ontology of Fictional Objects 《捍卫文学真理:对彼得·拉马克和斯坦·豪戈姆·奥尔森的真理、小说和文学的回应》探讨文学、实用主义和虚构对象本体论的非真理理论
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-20 DOI: 10.3390/literature3010001
Paolo Pitari
This article responds to the arguments put forth by Peter Lamarque and Stein Haugom Olsen in Truth, Fiction, and Literature: A Philosophical Perspective (1994). It argues that the said work is representative of the widespread tendency in literary theory today to discard the possibility of literary truth, and it provides counterarguments to the work’s main theses. Consequently, it criticizes the philosophy of pragmatism and its implications, and it offers a theory that defines fictional objects as existing and solves contradictions that commonly affect our debates on the ontology of fiction. The article does not provide a positive theory of literary truth, but it undermines its denials, which have become popular in recent decades.
本文回应了Peter Lamarque和Stein Haugom Olsen在《真理、小说与文学:哲学视角》(1994)中提出的观点。本文认为,上述作品代表了当今文学理论普遍倾向于抛弃文学真理的可能性,并对作品的主要论点提出了反驳。因此,它批判了实用主义哲学及其含义,并提供了一种将虚构对象定义为存在的理论,并解决了通常影响我们对小说本体论辩论的矛盾。这篇文章并没有提供文学真理的积极理论,但它削弱了近几十年来流行起来的对文学真理的否认。
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引用次数: 0
‘In Her I See/All Beauties Frailty’: Mirroring Helen of Troy and Elizabeth I in Thomas Heywood’s The Iron Age and The Second Part of The Iron Age (c.1596/c.1610) 《在她身上我看到/所有的美都是脆弱的》:托马斯·海伍德《铁器时代》和《铁器时代下篇》(c.1596/c.1610)中特洛伊和伊丽莎白一世的海伦的镜像
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.3390/literature2040032
Chloe Renwick
In this article I argue that Helen of Troy in Thomas Heywood’s The Iron Age I & II can be read as a figure for Elizabeth I during her final decade. Heywood appropriates multiple sources to emphasise images of age, decay and death which connect Helen and Elizabeth by evoking concerns that were prevalent as the Queen aged. Whether we date the plays as late Elizabethan or early Jacobean, Heywood was writing at a time when people were thinking (in anticipation or retrospection) about Elizabeth’s death and the end of the Tudor line. In The Iron Age II, Heywood shows Helen lament the loss of her fabled beauty when she gazes into a mirror and sees an aged face that resembles Elizabeth’s. With her despair compounded by her guilt over the Trojan War, Helen turns to suicide and Heywood ends the entire Age pentalogy with a glance to the succession. Ultimately, in his treatment of Helen, Heywood subversively brings to centre stage images that Elizabeth (and her government) had tried to quash and opens up new forums for political commentary at London’s popular theatres.
在本文中,我认为托马斯·海伍德的《铁器时代1和2》中的特洛伊海伦可以被解读为伊丽莎白一世最后十年的形象。海伍德利用多种来源来强调海伦和伊丽莎白之间的年龄、衰败和死亡的形象,唤起了随着女王年龄增长而普遍存在的担忧。不管我们把这些戏剧的年代定在伊丽莎白晚期还是詹姆士一世早期,海伍德写作的时候,人们正在(或期待或回顾)思考伊丽莎白的死和都铎王朝的终结。在《铁器时代2》中,海伍德描绘了海伦凝视镜子,看到一张与伊丽莎白相似的老脸时,她为失去传说中的美丽而悲伤。海伦的绝望和对特洛伊战争的愧疚交织在一起,她自杀了,海伍德以对继承权的一瞥结束了整个时代五部曲。最终,在对海伦的处理中,海伍德颠覆性地将伊丽莎白(和她的政府)试图压制的形象带到了舞台的中心,并在伦敦的流行剧院开辟了政治评论的新论坛。
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引用次数: 0
Io as Isis: A Lycophronean Myth in Nonnus 伊俄为伊西斯:《诺努斯》中的一个番茄神话
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-09 DOI: 10.3390/literature2040031
Arianna Magnolo
This article aims to examine one of the myths belonging to the first part of Nonnus’ Dionysiaca, i.e., that of Io. Starting from the philological analysis of the passages dealing with this myth and adopting an intertextual approach, I will argue that the Panopolitan assimilates Io to Isis following Lycophron, one of the authors employed as a model in his poem. Finally, I will also explain the meaning of this choice inside Nonnus’ work, taking into account its historical context. Nonnus wants to emphasize the role of Dionysus’ lineage in the civilization process, giving it an historical relevance. Therefore, the allusion to Lycophron assimilates Cadmus (Dionysus’ grandfather) to Alexander the Great, who is celebrated as a peacemaker in the Alexandra. Furthermore, Cadmus and his offspring can be connected to the Romans, who, at the time of Nonnus, played the same role in the rising Byzantine empire.
本文旨在研究诺努斯《酒神》第一部分的神话之一,即伊俄的神话。从处理这个神话的段落的语言学分析开始,采用互文的方法,我将论证帕诺波利斯人将伊俄同化为伊西斯,跟随利科弗龙,他的诗中作为典范的作者之一。最后,考虑到Nonnus的历史背景,我也会在Nonnus的作品中解释这一选择的意义。诺努斯想强调酒神血统在文明进程中的作用,赋予它历史意义。因此,利科弗龙的典故将卡德摩斯(酒神的祖父)与亚历山大大帝等同起来,后者在《亚历山德拉》中被誉为和平缔造者。此外,卡德摩斯和他的后代可以与罗马人联系起来,在诺努斯时代,罗马人在崛起的拜占庭帝国中扮演着同样的角色。
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引用次数: 0
The Body among Neoplatonists and Christians at the End of the Fourth Century: Synesius of Cyrene’s and Eunapius of Sardis’ Perspective 四世纪末新柏拉图主义者和基督徒的身体:古利奈的西尼修斯和撒狄的厄纳皮乌斯的观点
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-06 DOI: 10.3390/literature2040030
Sergi Grau
This brief study addresses the controversial issue of the relationship with the body, with the flesh, on the part of pagan and Christian thinkers at a particularly important point in their evolution, in the late fourth and early fifth centuries, a time in which Neoplatonic thinkers had to defend their doctrinal positions against the increasingly hegemonic position of the triumphant Christianity. In this sense, it is particularly interesting to approach the perspective of two authors who are not strictly speaking philosophers: in particular, Synesius of Cyrene, a thinker in the Neoplatonic tradition who became a Christian bishop, complemented also by some interesting reflections by Eunapius of Sardis, historian and biographer of Neoplatonic philosophers. In the light of this analysis, it becomes clear that the discussion on the value of the body and carnality is an essential point of doctrinal discrepancy in this period and, contrary to what sometimes appears, the discrepancy also pertains to the formation of the intellectual, and Christianity clearly appears as a doctrine obsessed with the flesh to the detriment of the soul.
这篇简短的研究探讨了异教和基督教思想家在四世纪晚期和五世纪早期,与肉体的关系这一有争议的问题,这是异教和基督教思想家在他们的发展过程中一个特别重要的时刻,在这个时期,新柏拉图主义思想家不得不捍卫他们的教义立场,反对日益胜利的基督教的霸权地位。从这个意义上说,研究两位严格意义上不是哲学家的作者的观点是特别有趣的:尤其是古利奈的西尼修斯,他是新柏拉图主义传统的思想家,后来成为基督教主教,还有新柏拉图主义哲学家的历史学家和传记作者,萨迪斯的尤纳皮乌斯的一些有趣的思考。根据这一分析,很明显,关于肉体和肉欲的价值的讨论是这一时期教义差异的一个重要点,与有时出现的相反,这种差异也与知识分子的形成有关,基督教显然是一种沉迷于肉体而损害灵魂的教义。
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引用次数: 0
Tiresome or Pamphleteering? The Use of Periautologia in Libanius of Antioch’s To Those Who Called Him Tiresome (Or. 2) 无聊还是宣传册?安提阿的利巴尼乌斯在《致那些称他令人厌烦的人》中的自述(或二)
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-02 DOI: 10.3390/literature2040028
A. J. Quiroga-Puertas
The study of periautologia (“self-praise”) in Ancient Greek literature has been somehow overlooked even though its presence is felt in numerous works. The absence of the analysis of periautologia is even more remarkable in the case of the works composed by the sophist Libanius of Antioch given the autobiographical nature of most of his speeches. Thus, in this paper I surveyed the use and the purposes of periautologia in one of his speeches—Or. 2, To those who called him tiresome—in order to ascertain which rhetorical and literary strategies were deployed by Libanius. The sophist’s concern with losing his influence in the cultural and political milieu of the end of the fourth century AD contributes to explain the frequent use of periautological passages in his Or. 2.
古希腊文学中对自我赞美的研究一直被忽视,尽管它在许多作品中都能感受到。在安提阿的诡辩家利巴尼乌斯的作品中,缺乏对自传体的分析,这一点更值得注意,因为他的大部分演讲都是自传体的。因此,在本文中,我调查了在他的演讲中的使用和目的。对于那些说他令人厌烦的人——为了确定利巴尼乌斯使用了哪些修辞和文学策略。诡辩家担心在公元四世纪末的文化和政治环境中失去自己的影响力,这有助于解释他的作品中频繁使用的关于自我论的段落。
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引用次数: 0
A Japanese Santa Claus: A Nikkei Subject and Lévi-Strauss’s Gift Theory in Through the Arc of the Rain Forest 日本的圣诞老人:《穿越热带雨林的弧线》中的日经主题与lsamvi - strauss的礼物理论
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-02 DOI: 10.3390/literature2040029
Rie Makino
Japanese American writer Karen Tei Yamashita’s first novel, Through the Arc of the Rainforest (1990), portrays protagonist Kazumasa Ishimaru as “a Japanese Santa Claus”, depicted as having a plastic ball spinning in front of his face. Yamashita presents this magic realist hero as a satire of Japan in the 1990s, which became the developed nation needed to support the developing world under the new Marshall Plan. Focusing on Kazumaza’s participation in charity, this essay explores the gift economy embodied by this Japanese immigrant character. Inspired by Claude Lévi-Strauss’s 1952 essay “Burned-out Santa Claus”, Kazumasa’s Nikkei subject position not only criticizes American capitalism but also Brazil’s postcolonial mentality. Supporting the idea that Lévi-Strauss sympathizes with Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s concept of innocence, the last part of the essay probes the idea of Kazumasa as an innocent subject who challenges the dichotomy between American capitalism and postcolonial Brazil.
日裔美国作家山下凯伦Tei的第一部小说《穿过热带雨林的弧线》(1990)将主人公石丸一正描绘成“日本圣诞老人”,他的脸上有一个旋转的塑料球。山下将这位神奇的现实主义英雄描述为对20世纪90年代日本的讽刺,在新的马歇尔计划下,日本成为了支持发展中国家所需要的发达国家。本文以和正扎参与慈善为中心,探讨了日本移民性格所体现的礼物经济。受克劳德•劳斯特劳斯1952年的文章《被烧毁的圣诞老人》的启发,Kazumasa的日经主题立场不仅批评了美国的资本主义,也批评了巴西的后殖民心态。文章的最后一部分探讨了Kazumasa作为一个挑战美国资本主义和后殖民巴西之间二分法的无辜主体的观点,以支持lsami - strauss同情让-雅克卢梭的无罪概念。
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引用次数: 0
Temporal Instability, Wildernesses, and the Otherworld in Early Modern Drama 早期现代戏剧中的时间不稳定、荒野和另一个世界
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.3390/literature2040027
Edward B M Rendall
This article shows how temporal disorder diffuses into the wildernesses within early modern English drama. Those areas beyond the walls of cities and castles in—among other plays—The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Titus Andronicus, Romeo and Juliet, and Macbeth thus flit free from the temporal rules that construct a play’s quotidian world, and the conspicuous partitions that enclose an otherworld in medieval iconography no longer seem clear within them. I argue that these spaces enact an unfamiliar and chaotic ‘otherworld’ within quotidian space, and characters’ ventures into these outer regions at certain points resemble movements into an ‘afterlife’. Journeys into a wilderness, then, parallel a shift from one temporal sphere to another, and characters encounter a post-death state of being within the play’s present.
这篇文章展示了时间混乱是如何在早期现代英国戏剧中扩散到荒野的。在城市和城堡的城墙之外的那些区域——在其他戏剧中——维罗纳的两位绅士、提图斯·安德洛尼科斯、罗密欧与朱丽叶和麦克白,因此从构建戏剧日常世界的时间规则中解放出来,在中世纪的图像中,围绕另一个世界的明显分隔在其中似乎不再清晰。我认为这些空间在日常空间中创造了一个陌生而混乱的“另一个世界”,角色在某些时候冒险进入这些外部区域,就像进入“来世”一样。然后,进入荒野的旅程平行于从一个时间领域到另一个时间领域的转变,角色在戏剧中遇到了死后的存在状态。
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引用次数: 0
Temporal Compression in Shakespeare’s Richard III 莎士比亚《理查三世》中的时间压缩
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-23 DOI: 10.3390/literature2040026
P. Innes, Katie James
Shakespeare’s treatment of Richard III has long been the cause of debates about Tudor defamations of the last Yorkist king. Within this context, some attention has been paid to the play’s extreme compression of events that in fact took place over a period of seven years, from the death of George, Duke of Clarence in 1478 to the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. This study investigates the momentum of events to gauge the extent to which the representation of Richard does paint him in an entirely negative light. Detailed analysis of the timeline demonstrates that the way the play re-structures historical moments is designed to foreground not only the figure of Richard himself, with all its attendant associations, but also the very methods used to concentrate attention upon him. The self-referential nature of the play’s relationship to history points to its own constructions, foregrounding the techniques used to show not only the legend of Richard, but how it is elaborated. The play therefore draws attention to its own manipulation of events, which in turn makes any assumptions about its representation of Richard as villain open to question.
长期以来,莎士比亚对理查三世的处理一直是关于都铎王朝对最后一位约克王朝国王的诽谤的争论的起因。在这种背景下,人们注意到戏剧对七年时间内发生的事件的极度压缩,从1478年克拉伦斯公爵乔治之死到1485年博斯沃思战场之战。这项研究调查了事件的发展势头,以衡量理查德的形象在多大程度上是完全负面的。对时间线的详细分析表明,该剧重组历史时刻的方式不仅是为了突出理查本人的形象,以及与之相关的所有联想,而且也是为了把注意力集中在他身上。戏剧与历史关系的自我参照本质指向了它自己的结构,突出了所使用的技术,不仅展示了理查德的传奇,而且展示了它是如何被阐述的。因此,这部戏剧将人们的注意力吸引到它对事件的操纵上,这反过来又使人们对它将理查德描绘成恶棍的任何假设都存在疑问。
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引用次数: 0
Citizenship, Pain, and Disability in Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot 塞缪尔·贝克特《等待戈多》中的公民身份、痛苦和残疾
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-08 DOI: 10.3390/literature2040025
M. Gauvin
Citizenship is popularly associated with able-bodiedness, both physically and cognitively. However, disability studies over the last few decades has revealed the extent to which the idea of the nation as composed of able-bodied constituents is little more than fantasy, one that can create or galvanize barriers to full political and social participation. Part of this task has involved re-evaluating key works of canonical literature through the lens of disability. In the following paper, I apply this approach to Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot and argue that Beckett’s play disrupts not just the fantasy of a nation composed of able-bodied citizens but the language of able-bodiedness itself, which has implications for how we conceive of citizenship and participatory politics. While impairment has been critiqued in Beckett before, the extensive examples of pained and impaired characters in his works have often been subsumed under broader philosophical themes, such as existentialism, nihilism, or Cartesian dualism, and rarely linked to issues of citizenship, politics, or the social and built environment. I explore how Beckett’s approach to theatrical and linguistic performativity contributes to how he staged the experience of pain and disability that has implications for how we conceive of and practice citizenship.
公民身份通常与身体健全和认知健全联系在一起。然而,过去几十年的残疾研究表明,一个国家由健全选民组成的想法在很大程度上只不过是一种幻想,它可能会制造或激发阻碍人们充分参与政治和社会的障碍。这项任务的一部分涉及通过残疾的视角重新评估经典文学的关键作品。在下一篇论文中,我将这种方法应用于塞缪尔·贝克特的《等待戈多》,并认为贝克特的戏剧不仅破坏了一个由健全公民组成的国家的幻想,而且破坏了健全公民的语言本身,这对我们如何理解公民身份和参与性政治有影响。虽然在贝克特的作品中,损伤已经受到了批评,但他作品中大量痛苦和受损人物的例子通常被归入更广泛的哲学主题,如存在主义、虚无主义或笛卡尔二元论,很少与公民身份、政治或社会和建筑环境问题联系起来。我将探讨贝克特对戏剧和语言表演的方法如何有助于他如何上演痛苦和残疾的经历,这对我们如何理解和实践公民身份有影响。
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引用次数: 0
Karen Tei Yamashita and Magical Realism: Re-Membering Community, Undoing Borders Karen Tei Yamashita和魔幻现实主义:重新认识社区,消除边界
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.3390/literature2040024
R. Hsu
Yamashita’s use of mythic verism in Tropic of Orange and a reimagined doppelgänger trope in I Hotel depicts the ir/real nature of the taxonomy of identity and of Asian America and other minority groups being constituted in and beyond the mainstream or conventional understanding of the idea of America and of the identity of the US nation-state as being built upon discursive technologies of amnesia and misinterpellation of the subject of US history and its Other.
山下在《北回归线》中使用了神话的真实主义,在《我的酒店》中使用了重新想象的doppelgänger比喻,描绘了身份分类的真实本质,以及亚裔美国人和其他少数群体的真实本质,这些群体在主流或传统对美国观念的理解和对美国民族国家身份的理解中都是建立在失忆和误读的话语技术之上的美国历史及其他者的主题。
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引用次数: 0
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