Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1353/wsj.2023.a910917
Jonathan Ivry
“A Sort of Buoy”: Stevens, Plato, and Benjamin Jowett Jonathan Ivry ON JULY 4, 1900, shortly after moving to New York City to begin his short-lived career as a journalist, the twenty-year-old Wallace Stevens wrote in his journal, “I am going to get a set of [Jowett’s] Plato as soon as I can afford it and use that as a sort of buoy” (L 42). In what is perhaps a telling error, however, the name Jowett was mis-transcribed both in the Letters of Wallace Stevens and Souvenirs and Prophecies as “Lowell’s Plato,” a mistake Milton Bates notes in his Wallace Stevens: A Mythology of Self (44). If the name Jowett was already arcane enough by the 1960s and 1970s to be mis-transcribed, today Benjamin Jowett is likely even less familiar, except, perhaps, insofar as his English translations of Plato are still in publication and in use in college classrooms. In 1900, however, Jowett was more than the name on the English translation of Plato. He was a major figure in Victorian England whose fame rested on three significant, interconnected accomplishments. First, as tutor and then Master of Balliol College at Oxford University, Jowett helped promote a series of reforms that modernized university education. Second, as a liberal theologian, Jowett developed a progressive approach to Scripture and religious dogma, a position that placed him in opposition to members of the Oxford and Anglican Church establishment and that opened him up to charges of atheism. Finally, as the preeminent English translator of Plato, Jowett helped revive interest in Plato in the English-speaking world.1 Jowett’s life (1817–1893) coincided with the great technological and social upheavals that marked the nineteenth century. Though he spent most of his adult life at Oxford, his progressive views on educational reform and on theology brought him into the center of broader debates of the time, including the evolving role of social class in England, the attempt to reconcile science and rational thought with religious faith, and questions about social responsibility, freedom, and ethics. But it was as a theologian that Jowett was most controversial. His essay “On the Interpretation of Scripture,” which appeared in 1860 in the influential edited collection of theological essays Essays and Reviews, argued in favor of reading the Bible “like any other book” (143; Jowett’s emphasis). This meant, according to Peter Hinchliff, that Jowett “differed from the literalists in two particulars. [End Page 195] He did not believe that the text had been directly dictated by God: nor did it always mean what it had been traditionally understood to mean” (75). Jowett wanted a return to the text itself, with a scholar’s eye grounded in an academic appreciation of historical context, philology, and logic. “The first step,” he writes, “is to know the meaning, and this can only be done in the same careful and impartial way that we ascertain the meaning of Sophocles or of Plato.” This approach would attend to the “la
“一种浮标”:史蒂文斯、柏拉图和本杰明·伊夫里1900年7月4日,20岁的华莱士·史蒂文斯搬到纽约市,开始他短暂的记者生涯后不久,他在日记中写道:“我打算一有钱就去买一套(乔维特的)柏拉图,把它当作一种浮标”(第42页)。然而,在《华莱士·史蒂文斯书信集》和《纪念品与预言》中,乔威特这个名字被错误地转录为“洛厄尔的柏拉图”,这可能是一个明显的错误,米尔顿·贝茨在他的《华莱士·史蒂文斯:自我神话》(44)中指出了这个错误。如果乔威特这个名字在20世纪60年代和70年代已经神秘到足以被错误地转录,那么今天本杰明·乔威特可能更不为人所知,除非,也许,他的柏拉图英文译本仍在出版,并在大学课堂上使用。然而,在1900年,乔威特不仅仅是柏拉图英文译本上的名字。他是维多利亚时代英国的重要人物,他的名声建立在三个相互关联的重大成就上。首先,作为牛津大学贝利奥尔学院的导师和院长,乔伊特帮助推动了一系列现代化大学教育的改革。其次,作为一名自由主义神学家,乔威特对圣经和宗教教义采取了一种进步的态度,这一立场使他与牛津和英国国教的成员对立,并使他受到无神论的指控。最后,作为柏拉图杰出的英文译者,乔伊特帮助英语世界重新燃起了对柏拉图的兴趣乔伊特的一生(1817-1893)恰逢19世纪科技和社会的大动荡。虽然他成年后的大部分时间都在牛津大学度过,但他对教育改革和神学的进步观点使他成为当时更广泛辩论的中心,包括英国社会阶级的演变作用,试图将科学和理性思想与宗教信仰相调和,以及有关社会责任、自由和道德的问题。但作为一个神学家,乔威特是最有争议的。1860年,他的论文《论圣经的解释》(On the Interpretation of Scripture)发表在一本颇具影响力的神学论文集《论文集与评论》(essays and Reviews)中,主张“像阅读其他任何一本书一样”阅读圣经(143;乔维特的重点)。根据彼得·欣克利夫(Peter hinchcliffe)的说法,这意味着乔伊特“在两个方面与字面主义者不同”。[End Page 195]他不相信经文是上帝直接口授的:经文的意思也不总是传统意义上的理解。乔伊特希望以学者的眼光,以对历史背景、文献学和逻辑学的学术鉴赏为基础,回归文本本身。“第一步,”他写道,“是了解意义,而这只能以我们确定索福克勒斯(Sophocles)或柏拉图(Plato)的意义的同样谨慎和公正的方式来完成。”这种方法将关注“神圣作者的语言、思想和叙述”,并将抛弃几个世纪以来的宗教教条和解释传统,这些传统已经积累起来,但没有得到文本的支持(“解释”143)。与《随笔与评论》的其他撰稿人一样,乔伊特的方法反映了对科学方法论的欣赏和接受,而不是对它的抵制。例如,现代读者不应该被《圣经》是由不同世纪的不同作者所写这一历史事实所困扰。“不分青红皂白地使用从圣经的一端取出的平行段落,并应用于另一端……是无用和不加批判的,”Jowett写道(147)。科学的发现也不应该威胁到宗教信仰,因为它们可能与圣经中的某些记载相矛盾,尤其是关于创世的故事。“当所有的知识倾向都与基督教相悖时,基督教就处于错误的位置。这种立场不能长期维持,或者只能以受过教育的阶层从宗教的影响中撤出而告终”(140-41)。乔威特的神学立场反映了康德对理性和独立思考的强调,以及对坚持……
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1353/wsj.2023.a910914
Lisa Goldfarb
Harmonium through the Years Lisa Goldfarb A FEW MONTHS AGO, around the time when the Wallace Stevens Society decided to organize an American Literature Association panel on the centenary of Stevens’s 1923 publication of Harmonium, I had a dream about the poet. I do not often remember my dreams, but this one remains vivid in my memory. I had recently been reading (and teaching) Susan Howe’s beautiful poem “118 Westerly Terrace,” so perhaps it is not surprising that in my dream I found myself in Stevens’s Hartford home, climbing the stairs to the second floor. The stairs were carpeted, so that my footsteps were hushed, and I tread carefully as I turned the corner into a hallway. I walked tentatively, thinking that if I was quiet enough, I might feel the spirit of the poet in the hall, in the walls, in the air. Suddenly, as I looked into what appeared to be a study, I saw the poet lying still on a couch, eyes closed, with a book in hand. Nearby was a woman—I thought in my dream, “This is Holly”—who held a piece of paper—a manuscript—in her hand. It was clear from the look in her eyes that she ached to share the manuscript. I could make out that it was a poem, and I felt charged with the task to reach her so that I might read the verses scribbled there. Somehow it would be necessary to lift the poet and his daughter down the stairs, to bring them to a more comfortable and fitting place, where I could talk with them. My husband needed to lift both figures to carry them down. As we descended the stairs, I could make out some of the words of the poem, which seemed to be additional verses to, or a companion poem much like, “Waving Adieu, Adieu, Adieu.” I woke up with the first stanza of “Waving Adieu” reverberating in my head: That would be waving and that would be crying,Crying and shouting and meaning farewell,Farewell in the eyes and farewell at the centre,Just to stand still without moving a hand. (CPP 104) What an exquisite way to express the world “without heaven to follow” (CPP 104), I thought, reflecting on my dream, and to feel the present moment, however tinged with sadness, as full and complete in itself. [End Page 148] Readers may wonder why I recount this dream at the start of an essay that focuses on my experience of Harmonium. The dream, after all, culminates in my wished-for discovery of a companion piece to a poem from Ideas of Order. What the dream signifies, however, is the extent of my engagement with Stevens’s poems over a period of fifty years, and that engagement started with the poems of Harmonium. In a personal essay such as this, it would be impossible to trace in detail or to reproduce how I heard and understood particular poems when I first encountered them, as my memory is colored by the direction that my career has taken. Still, I remember the way the poems of Harmonium held my attention, and, in retrospect, I see how, from the start, reading Stevens—particularly Harmonium—taught me how to become a reader and a scholar who,
几个月前,大约在华莱士·史蒂文斯协会(Wallace Stevens Society)决定组织一次美国文学协会(American Literature Association)座谈会,纪念史蒂文斯1923年出版的《Harmonium》一百周年之际,我做了一个关于这位诗人的梦。我不经常记得我的梦,但这一个仍然在我的记忆中生动。我最近一直在阅读(并教授)苏珊·豪(Susan Howe)的美丽诗歌《西风露台118号》(118 west Terrace),所以,在梦中发现自己在史蒂文斯位于哈特福德的家中,爬上二楼,也许并不奇怪。楼梯上铺着地毯,所以我的脚步声很安静,我小心翼翼地走着,拐了个弯,进入了走廊。我试探性地走着,心想如果我足够安静,也许就能在大厅里、在墙壁上、在空气中感受到诗人的精神。突然,当我向一间似乎是书房的地方望去时,我看到诗人静静地躺在沙发上,闭着眼睛,手里拿着一本书。旁边站着一个女人——我在梦中想,“这是霍莉”——她手里拿着一张纸——一份手稿。从她的眼神中可以清楚地看出,她渴望分享这份手稿。我能看出来那是一首诗,我觉得自己有责任找到她,读她写在上面的诗句。不知怎么的,我有必要把诗人和他的女儿抱下楼梯,把他们带到一个更舒适、更合适的地方,在那里我可以和他们交谈。我丈夫需要把两个人影都抬起来才能把他们抬下去。当我们下楼梯时,我能辨认出这首诗的一些词,这些词似乎是附加的诗句,或者是一首配套的诗,很像“挥手告别,再见,再见”。我醒来时,《挥手再见》的第一节在我的脑海中回荡:那是挥手,那是哭泣,哭着喊着,意味着告别,眼中的告别,心中的告别,只是静静地站着,不动一只手。“没有天堂可去”(CPP 104)这是多么精妙的表达世界的方式啊,我想,回想着我的梦,感觉现在的时刻,无论多么悲伤,都是充实和完整的。读者们可能会奇怪,为什么我要在这篇着重讲述我在Harmonium的经历的文章的开头叙述这个梦。毕竟,这个梦在我所希望的发现《秩序的思想》的一首诗的伴诗中达到了高潮。然而,这个梦所代表的是我在过去50年里对史蒂文斯诗歌的深入了解,而这种了解是从《和谐》的诗歌开始的。在这样一篇个人文章中,不可能详细追溯或重现我第一次听到和理解特定诗歌时的情况,因为我的记忆被我的职业发展方向所影响。尽管如此,我仍然记得Harmonium的诗歌吸引我注意力的方式,回想起来,我看到从一开始,阅读史蒂文斯,尤其是Harmonium,教会了我如何成为一个读者和学者,最重要的是,倾听史蒂文斯的诗歌音乐,并引申到抒情音乐。“现代英美诗歌”是我本科期间唯一一门专注于抒情诗的课程。那是1973年(也许是1974年),我们读了史蒂文斯的一小部分诗歌选集,从《Harmonium》到《The Rock》。虽然我不记得我们读了哪些诗,但史蒂文斯第一卷中给我印象最深的两首诗是《雪人》和《星期天早晨》。我不想把我现在对这些诗的理解投射到我当时的年轻学生身上,而是尽可能准确地回忆起我当时的反应。《雪人》里说话人的声音让我停了下来。“冬天的心”是什么意思呢?
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