Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.1080/20563035.2021.2004344
H. Bilis
In 1670, Corneille and Racine duelled on the Parisian stage by presenting, within a week of each other, their particular version of the emperor Titus’s farewell to his beloved Bérénice. While this episode of the playwrights’ careers is well known, scholars have tended to minimize the importance of the head-to-head showdown in the overall arc of Corneille and Racine’s relationship. This essay argues for understanding their theatrical confrontation as an inflection point for their rivalry and explores how the rhetoric of age factored into the framing of their competition leading up to the Bérénice battle. The playwrights repeatedly called attention to their age in differentiating themselves from one another and used age to justify their authority over their rival. In focusing on the role age played in shaping Corneille and Racine’s theatrical showdown, the analysis calls attention to the dynamic between growing old, competing, and staying relevant in the theatrical circles of seventeenth-century France.
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Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.1080/20563035.2021.1991679
Michael J. Call
The invention of probability mathematics in the seventeenth century added a novel element to the long European cultural discussion surrounding gambling. While the mathematicians regularly used gambling games in setting up and solving problems, they were often reluctant to make broader moral claims regarding the practice beyond establishing if a game was fair. Two French-language moralists, however, drew on probability in their explorations of games and the morality of play, although in contradictory ways. Jean Frain du Tremblay’s Conversations morales sur les jeux et les divertissements attempted to use probability mathematics in order to argue that chance did not exist. Overstating probability’s claims, Frain du Tremblay argued that the results of games of chance were predictable and that they thereby demonstrated God’s order. By contrast, Jean Barbeyrac’s Traité du jeu criticized the inability of probability to predict unerringly what would happen next. Based on this perceived flaw, Barbeyrac similarly rejected probability’s claim to establish the morality of games of chance, although his purported proofs show his own inability to master the implications and mechanisms of the new ‘geometry of chance.’ Together the two authors show the struggle for non-mathematicians to understand the implications of probability for early modern concepts of chance.
17世纪概率数学的发明为欧洲长期以来围绕赌博的文化讨论增添了新的元素。虽然数学家经常使用赌博游戏来设置和解决问题，但除了确定游戏是否公平之外，他们通常不愿意对这种做法做出更广泛的道德主张。然而，两位法语的道德家在他们对游戏和游戏道德的探索中利用了概率，尽管方式相互矛盾。Jean Frain du Tremblay的《对话会》试图用概率数学来证明机会不存在。Frain du Tremblay夸大了概率论的主张，他认为机会游戏的结果是可以预测的，因此它们证明了上帝的秩序。相比之下，让·巴贝拉克(Jean Barbeyrac)的《律法》(trait du jeu)批评了概率无法准确预测接下来会发生什么。基于这个明显的缺陷，巴贝拉克同样拒绝了概率论建立机会博弈道德的主张，尽管他所谓的证明表明他自己无法掌握新的“机会几何”的含义和机制。两位作者共同展示了非数学家在理解概率对早期现代机会概念的含义方面的挣扎。
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Pub Date : 2021-11-25DOI: 10.1080/20563035.2021.1980843
Nicholas Hammond
(2021). Editor’s Note. Early Modern French Studies: Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 123-123.
(2021)。编者按。近代早期法国研究:第43卷，第2期，第123-123页。
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Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.1080/20563035.2021.1965730
Nicolae Virastau
Grand protecteur des arts du XVIe siècle, conseiller d’Henri III et chancelier de son épouse, Henri de Mesmes est souvent cité pour ses liens supposés avec Michel de Montaigne et Étienne de la Boétie. C’est à son récit de soi que cette étude s’intéresse, selon une approche littéraire et sociocritique. Connu seulement par une édition fautive du XIXe siècle, cet écrit qui ne fut à l’origine qu’un brouillon, a été souvent qualifié de Mémoires. Plutôt qu’une œuvre achevée, il s’agit d’un témoignage de circonstance, conservé par les descendants d’Henri de Mesmes, qui l’ont fait circuler, plus de soixante ans après la mort de l’auteur, à côté d’autres pièces censées prouver la généalogie illustre de leur famille. L’enjeu serait de montrer la collaboration sur plusieurs générations dans la production et la promotion d’un récit de soi sous l’Ancien Régime.
亨利·德·梅斯梅斯（Henri de Mesmes）是16世纪艺术的伟大保护者，亨利三世的顾问，也是他妻子的总理，经常被认为与米歇尔·德·蒙田（Michel de Montaigne）和埃蒂安·德·拉博蒂（Étienne de la Boétie）有联系。根据文学和社会批评的方法，这项研究对他的自我叙述感兴趣。只有19世纪的一个有缺陷的版本才知道，这篇文章最初只是一份草稿，经常被称为回忆录。这不是一部完成的作品，而是亨利·德·梅斯梅斯（Henri de Mesmes）的后代保存的一份环境证明，他们在作者去世60多年后，与其他被认为证明其家族杰出家谱的文件一起传播了这部作品。挑战将是展示几代人在制作和推广旧政权下的自我叙事方面的合作。
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Pub Date : 2021-08-27DOI: 10.1080/20563035.2021.1928882
Phoebus Cotsapas
This essay is an exploration of Denis Diderot’s attitude towards mortality. Diderot’s work displays significant unease regarding the prospect of dying in a godless universe, and features various strategies for helping the existentially worried atheist cope with eventual annihilation. Most notably, throughout the course of his literary career Diderot developed two distinct schemes that might allow for a meaningful transcendence of death compatible with atheism. A comparison of these two apparently complementary schemes, which I call material and historical transcendence, reveals many parallels, but on further consideration it becomes clear that they are incompatible in a number of important ways.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/20563035.2021.1991678
K. Ibbett
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Pub Date : 2021-04-26DOI: 10.1080/20563035.2021.1911499
C. Jeanneret
This article examines diplomacy, cultural exchanges, and theatre performance between France and Denmark. Based on new archival documents that, for the first time, take into account both French and Danish sources, we shed new light on the transnational history of French theatre in the Northern periphery of Europe. On one hand, the roles of cultural mediators are examined, such as Henning Meyercrone, the Danish ambassador in France, who recruited the French theatre company sent to Copenhagen and who was himself an actor. On the other hand, we trace the career of René Magnon de Montaigu, director of the first permanent French company in Copenhagen. Until now, Montaigu was completely unknown in France, but we were able to trace his debut in Paris in the royal company. The French diaspora in Denmark also played the role of ambassador, since it embodied and transmitted French culture in a context of migration.
本文考察了法国和丹麦之间的外交、文化交流和戏剧表演。根据新的档案文件，我们第一次考虑到法国和丹麦的来源，我们对欧洲北部边缘法国戏剧的跨国历史有了新的了解。一方面，文化调解人的角色被考察，比如丹麦驻法国大使亨宁·梅耶克朗(Henning Meyercrone)，他招募了派往哥本哈根的法国剧团，他自己就是一名演员。另一方面，我们追溯了哥本哈根第一家永久法国公司的董事ren Magnon de Montaigu的职业生涯。到目前为止，蒙太古在法国还完全不为人知，但我们可以追溯到他在巴黎的皇家剧团的首次亮相。在丹麦的法国侨民也发挥了大使的作用，因为他们在移民的背景下体现和传播了法国文化。
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Pub Date : 2021-04-19DOI: 10.1080/20563035.2021.1898864
A. M. Vileno, R. Wilkinson
The following essay seeks to contribute to the appreciation of the reception of Isaac de Lapeyrère's views, specifically concerning the conversion and future territorial prospects of the Jews. Drawing attention to the period when Lapeyrère lived together with Joseph-Jacques Duguet in the Oratory at Aubervilliers, we show his influence upon the father of figurisme and his later disciples. Lapeyrère was the source of Duguet's separation of the conversion of the Jews from the Time of the End, but the two men disagreed over the prospect of future territorial kingdom for the Jews. Both men looked forward to a renewal of the Church, but the theologians of the Port-Royal tended to view that in the context of the immediate sufferings of their community.
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Pub Date : 2021-04-05DOI: 10.1080/20563035.2021.1902197
N. Cronk
The Complete works of Voltaire published by the Voltaire Foundation were begun in 1968 and will be completed in 203 volumes in 2021. In so far as discoveries of manuscripts and editions will continue to be made, this monumental edition is necessarily incomplete. But it is also incomplete in another more profound sense. Eighteenth-century editions of Voltaire present an often unstable version of the text; Voltaire cultivates an open and fluid style, making frequent use of self-quotation, and blurring traditional generic boundaries; Voltaire's characteristically slippery authorial posture, making frequent use of anonymity and pseudonymity, adds further instability to the œuvre. For all these reasons, Voltaire's works present a particular challenge to the critical editor of a print edition – a challenge that perhaps can only be fully met in a digital critical edition.
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Pub Date : 2021-03-30DOI: 10.1080/20563035.2021.1898863
Sarahb . Nelson
If Marie Mancini, niece of Louis XIV's chief minister Cardinal Mazarin, has come down through the ages, it has been because of her youthful love affair with the king and the scandal she caused later. She and her sister Hortense fled their marriages and travelled together and separately – but unaccompanied by the train their station demanded and unauthorised by their husbands – across western Europe. They sought merely an independent existence. Marie Mancini was a reader, writer, and précieuse, but her surviving writings were produced in service of her real-life circumstances. This article explores Marie's tactics in pursuit of autonomy. It examines her delicate position as she sought to argue her case; it maps the strategy of her published memoir and describes the particularity of her authorial voice; and it takes the measure of her success in staking a claim, both in her own time and in ours.
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