M. Krane, E. Braun, H. Mayer, A. Knoll, R. Bauernschmitt, R. Lange
The use of sutures as artificial chordae is widely established in mitral valve reconstruction. After the correct length of the chordae is determined by saline injection, there is a variety of methods to secure that length before tying surgical knots. We investigated the amount of damage posed by applying a haemoclip or a pean clamp and by using a knot-pusher. No differences in breaking forces were found, if a pean clamp was applied, with or without the use of a knot-pusher. (control group: 36 plusmn 4.4 N; Pean: 37.5 plusmn 4.7 N; control group + knotpusher:38.6 plusmn 5 N; pean + knot-pusher: 37.5 plusmn 4.2 N). Using a haemoclip significantly decreased the breaking forces to 12.9 plusmn 14.6 N compared to control group (p<0.01). The length can be safely secured by applying a pean clamp. Haemoclips should not be used on artificial chordae.
缝合线作为人工索索在二尖瓣重建中已被广泛应用。在通过生理盐水注射确定正确的脊索长度后，在打结之前有多种方法来确保该长度。我们调查了使用血夹或豌豆夹和使用结推器造成的损伤量。如果使用或不使用打结器，则没有发现断裂力的差异。(对照组:36±4.4 N;Pean: 37.5±4.7 N;对照组+推结器:38.6±5 N;与对照组相比，使用血夹可显著降低断裂力至12.9 plusmn 14.6 N (p<0.01)。长度可以安全地通过应用一个豌豆夹固定。血夹不应用于人工索。
{"title":"Mitral valve reconstruction with artificial chordae: How to secure the desired length?","authors":"M. Krane, E. Braun, H. Mayer, A. Knoll, R. Bauernschmitt, R. Lange","doi":"10.1055/S-2008-1037791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2008-1037791","url":null,"abstract":"The use of sutures as artificial chordae is widely established in mitral valve reconstruction. After the correct length of the chordae is determined by saline injection, there is a variety of methods to secure that length before tying surgical knots. We investigated the amount of damage posed by applying a haemoclip or a pean clamp and by using a knot-pusher. No differences in breaking forces were found, if a pean clamp was applied, with or without the use of a knot-pusher. (control group: 36 plusmn 4.4 N; Pean: 37.5 plusmn 4.7 N; control group + knotpusher:38.6 plusmn 5 N; pean + knot-pusher: 37.5 plusmn 4.2 N). Using a haemoclip significantly decreased the breaking forces to 12.9 plusmn 14.6 N compared to control group (p<0.01). The length can be safely secured by applying a pean clamp. Haemoclips should not be used on artificial chordae.","PeriodicalId":406683,"journal":{"name":"2007 Computers in Cardiology","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125540813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2007.4745526
C. Vayá, J. J. Rieta
During last years spectral analysis techniques applied to the ECG have contributed to the knowledge and management of atrial fibrillation (AF). In this matter, it is proved the utility of parameters extracted from the atrial activity (AA) in the time-frequency domain for episode analysis and characterization. These techniques are mostly applied to high resolution 12-lead ECGs. Nevertheless, these high resolution recordings are not always available in the clinical practice and recordings from low resolution acquisition systems, e.g. Holter systems, must be used instead. In this work we analyze the effects of ECG quantization on the AA extraction quality carried out by one of the most recent techniques, independent component analysis (ICA), and the suitability of time-frequency parameters in low resolution recordings.
{"title":"ECG signal quantization effects in the analysis of atrial fibrillation","authors":"C. Vayá, J. J. Rieta","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2007.4745526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2007.4745526","url":null,"abstract":"During last years spectral analysis techniques applied to the ECG have contributed to the knowledge and management of atrial fibrillation (AF). In this matter, it is proved the utility of parameters extracted from the atrial activity (AA) in the time-frequency domain for episode analysis and characterization. These techniques are mostly applied to high resolution 12-lead ECGs. Nevertheless, these high resolution recordings are not always available in the clinical practice and recordings from low resolution acquisition systems, e.g. Holter systems, must be used instead. In this work we analyze the effects of ECG quantization on the AA extraction quality carried out by one of the most recent techniques, independent component analysis (ICA), and the suitability of time-frequency parameters in low resolution recordings.","PeriodicalId":406683,"journal":{"name":"2007 Computers in Cardiology","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125541445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2007.4745450
Fady Dawoud
We propose to use methods of inverse electrocardiography (iECG) to compete in the 2007 Computers in Cardiology Challenge, which aims to delineate the location and extent of old myocardial infarct from body-surface potential maps (BSPMs) combined with anatomical imaging information. The provided 120-electrode BSPM data and MRI images were used to calculate epicardial potentials and isochrones of activation. A method was used to define the location and extent of scar tissue based on the morphology of computed epicardial electrograms. Negative Q wave deflection followed by R wave on the left ventricular surface corresponded well with the location of the scar as determined by the gold standard in the two training cases. iECG shows promise as a non-invasive imaging tool to quantitatively characterize location and extent of chronic infarcts.
{"title":"Using inverse electrocardiography to image myocardial infarction","authors":"Fady Dawoud","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2007.4745450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2007.4745450","url":null,"abstract":"We propose to use methods of inverse electrocardiography (iECG) to compete in the 2007 Computers in Cardiology Challenge, which aims to delineate the location and extent of old myocardial infarct from body-surface potential maps (BSPMs) combined with anatomical imaging information. The provided 120-electrode BSPM data and MRI images were used to calculate epicardial potentials and isochrones of activation. A method was used to define the location and extent of scar tissue based on the morphology of computed epicardial electrograms. Negative Q wave deflection followed by R wave on the left ventricular surface corresponded well with the location of the scar as determined by the gold standard in the two training cases. iECG shows promise as a non-invasive imaging tool to quantitatively characterize location and extent of chronic infarcts.","PeriodicalId":406683,"journal":{"name":"2007 Computers in Cardiology","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115215336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2007.4745427
W. Hu, M. Wu, H. Tsao, C. Lin, L. Shyu, J. Wang
The function of left atrium can be accurately estimated non-invasively using 4D CT cardiac images. A self-developed image analysis program will first reconstruct 3D volume of heart. Then, one may re-sample images for accurately deleting the 4 pulmonary veins from the atrium and set the boundary. With the prior processed information, the active contour methodology and seed regional growth methodology were implemented to delineate the atrial contour. With a calibration standard of 500 ml saline with contrast medium in bag, both methods were able to estimate volume within 5% of error. Thirty sets of patientpsilas CT cardiac images that were acquired at 30% and 90% of RR interval. The dimension of pulmonary veins and the left atrial volume was evaluated. The contractility of pulmonary vein and the ejection fraction (EF) of atrium was calculated. The result shows that the left atrium with a larger volume will have a poor ejection fraction.
{"title":"Assessment of left atrial function using multi-slice CT images","authors":"W. Hu, M. Wu, H. Tsao, C. Lin, L. Shyu, J. Wang","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2007.4745427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2007.4745427","url":null,"abstract":"The function of left atrium can be accurately estimated non-invasively using 4D CT cardiac images. A self-developed image analysis program will first reconstruct 3D volume of heart. Then, one may re-sample images for accurately deleting the 4 pulmonary veins from the atrium and set the boundary. With the prior processed information, the active contour methodology and seed regional growth methodology were implemented to delineate the atrial contour. With a calibration standard of 500 ml saline with contrast medium in bag, both methods were able to estimate volume within 5% of error. Thirty sets of patientpsilas CT cardiac images that were acquired at 30% and 90% of RR interval. The dimension of pulmonary veins and the left atrial volume was evaluated. The contractility of pulmonary vein and the ejection fraction (EF) of atrium was calculated. The result shows that the left atrium with a larger volume will have a poor ejection fraction.","PeriodicalId":406683,"journal":{"name":"2007 Computers in Cardiology","volume":"476 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122817889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2007.4745422
V. Hurmusiadis
An investigation into the technical feasibility of computer based interactive simulation of the heart was conducted. The project is currently at prototype development phase, which is focused on the development of a virtual heart organ. The prototype will be customized for clinical skills training for interventional cardiology and electrophysiology, as well as for general cardiology education. Further development will incorporate an interface for handling catheter insertion for cardiac ablation and pacing.
{"title":"Virtual heart: Simulation-based cardiac physiolgy for education","authors":"V. Hurmusiadis","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2007.4745422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2007.4745422","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation into the technical feasibility of computer based interactive simulation of the heart was conducted. The project is currently at prototype development phase, which is focused on the development of a virtual heart organ. The prototype will be customized for clinical skills training for interventional cardiology and electrophysiology, as well as for general cardiology education. Further development will incorporate an interface for handling catheter insertion for cardiac ablation and pacing.","PeriodicalId":406683,"journal":{"name":"2007 Computers in Cardiology","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122150681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2007.4745505
M. Guillem, A. Climent, D. Husser, J. Millet, A. Bollmann
Electrical atrial activation during atrial fibrillation shows an uncoordinated pattern. Invasive studies and computer models have shown that functional and anatomical barriers can sustain atrial fibrillation. Mechanisms involved in the fibrillatory process are multiple wave reentry, rotors and spiral waves. We have developed a new diagnostic tool with the aim to characterize electrical activation patterns during atrial fibrillation from the body surface. Non-invasive high density mapping using 56 surface electrodes placed on the chest and back of six patients with persistent atrial fibrillation was performed. For the first time, we observed different activation patterns of atrial fibrillation from the body surface: single or multiple wavefronts with different degrees of repeatability. Further study of the activation patterns could be useful in the diagnosis and individual selection of the best treatment with atrial fibrillation.
{"title":"Non-invasive, high-density mapping of human atrial fibrillation - introduction and illustration of a novel diagnostic tool","authors":"M. Guillem, A. Climent, D. Husser, J. Millet, A. Bollmann","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2007.4745505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2007.4745505","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical atrial activation during atrial fibrillation shows an uncoordinated pattern. Invasive studies and computer models have shown that functional and anatomical barriers can sustain atrial fibrillation. Mechanisms involved in the fibrillatory process are multiple wave reentry, rotors and spiral waves. We have developed a new diagnostic tool with the aim to characterize electrical activation patterns during atrial fibrillation from the body surface. Non-invasive high density mapping using 56 surface electrodes placed on the chest and back of six patients with persistent atrial fibrillation was performed. For the first time, we observed different activation patterns of atrial fibrillation from the body surface: single or multiple wavefronts with different degrees of repeatability. Further study of the activation patterns could be useful in the diagnosis and individual selection of the best treatment with atrial fibrillation.","PeriodicalId":406683,"journal":{"name":"2007 Computers in Cardiology","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122196679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2007.4745545
L. D. Avendaño-Valencia, L. E. Avendaño, J. Ferrero, G. Castellanos-Domínguez
The powerline interference reduction in ECG records is a challenging problem which is still open for research. The powerline signal, measured directly from the transmission line may have amplitude, phase and frequency variations. These reasons make the classical filtering methods sub-optimal in the powerline interference reduction. We propose a tracking method based on Kalman filtering which uses an state space model for the noisy signal and allows adequate discrimination between the ECG signal and the perturbation, even during non-stationarities. The parameters of this algorithm are optimized via genetic algorithms, obtaining a set of values that give it a mean correlation index on the QT database over 0,99.
{"title":"Improvement of an extended Kalman filter power line interference suppressor for ECG signals","authors":"L. D. Avendaño-Valencia, L. E. Avendaño, J. Ferrero, G. Castellanos-Domínguez","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2007.4745545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2007.4745545","url":null,"abstract":"The powerline interference reduction in ECG records is a challenging problem which is still open for research. The powerline signal, measured directly from the transmission line may have amplitude, phase and frequency variations. These reasons make the classical filtering methods sub-optimal in the powerline interference reduction. We propose a tracking method based on Kalman filtering which uses an state space model for the noisy signal and allows adequate discrimination between the ECG signal and the perturbation, even during non-stationarities. The parameters of this algorithm are optimized via genetic algorithms, obtaining a set of values that give it a mean correlation index on the QT database over 0,99.","PeriodicalId":406683,"journal":{"name":"2007 Computers in Cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129494878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2007.4745607
N. Kikillus, G. Hammer, N. Lentz, F. Stockwald, A. Bolz
The paper presents and compares three different methods to detect atrial fibrillation using algorithms. Each of these algorithms can identify patients suffering from atrial fibrillation even if there is no atrial fibrillation visible on the ECG. All methods are based on RR-intervals; thus, only a single channel ECG is required. These algorithms have been tested using the MIT-BIH atrial fibrillation database and the MIT-BIH normal sinus rhythm database. The sensitivity and specificity of method 1 is 91.5% and 96.9% respectively. Method 2 results in a sensitivity of 93.3% and a specificity of 92.8% and method 3 in a sensitivity of 94.1% and a specificity of 93.4%. Even if an atrial fibrillation burden of 0% is assumed, the sensitivity still proves satisfactory (sensitivity of method 1, 2 and 3 is 82.9%, 96.3% and 94.1%, respectively).
{"title":"Three different algorithms for identifying patients suffering from atrial fibrillation during atrial fibrillation free phases of the ECG","authors":"N. Kikillus, G. Hammer, N. Lentz, F. Stockwald, A. Bolz","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2007.4745607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2007.4745607","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents and compares three different methods to detect atrial fibrillation using algorithms. Each of these algorithms can identify patients suffering from atrial fibrillation even if there is no atrial fibrillation visible on the ECG. All methods are based on RR-intervals; thus, only a single channel ECG is required. These algorithms have been tested using the MIT-BIH atrial fibrillation database and the MIT-BIH normal sinus rhythm database. The sensitivity and specificity of method 1 is 91.5% and 96.9% respectively. Method 2 results in a sensitivity of 93.3% and a specificity of 92.8% and method 3 in a sensitivity of 94.1% and a specificity of 93.4%. Even if an atrial fibrillation burden of 0% is assumed, the sensitivity still proves satisfactory (sensitivity of method 1, 2 and 3 is 82.9%, 96.3% and 94.1%, respectively).","PeriodicalId":406683,"journal":{"name":"2007 Computers in Cardiology","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128634529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2007.4745476
A. J. Haigh, A. Murray, P. Langley
It is important to be able to separate the atrial activity from the dominant ventricular activity of the body surface ECG signals in atrial fibrillation so that the effect of therapies such as drug cardioversion and ablation can be adequately assessed. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) are algorithms which can be used but their application has been limited to standard 12-lead ECG recordings. Our aim was to investigate whether better separation of the atrial and ventricular activities could be achieved using additional leads. We applied PCA and ICA to ECG recordings of 12 and 64 leads in 5 patients in atrial fibrillation. We measured and compared between the 12 lead and 64 lead analyses the amplitude of residual ventricular QRS which remained in the separated atrial activity and the dominant fibrillatory frequency. We found that there was little difference between 12 and 64 leads in separating the atrial and ventricular activity.
{"title":"Separating the atrial and ventricular components in atrial fibrillation. Are 64 leads better than 12?","authors":"A. J. Haigh, A. Murray, P. Langley","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2007.4745476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2007.4745476","url":null,"abstract":"It is important to be able to separate the atrial activity from the dominant ventricular activity of the body surface ECG signals in atrial fibrillation so that the effect of therapies such as drug cardioversion and ablation can be adequately assessed. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) are algorithms which can be used but their application has been limited to standard 12-lead ECG recordings. Our aim was to investigate whether better separation of the atrial and ventricular activities could be achieved using additional leads. We applied PCA and ICA to ECG recordings of 12 and 64 leads in 5 patients in atrial fibrillation. We measured and compared between the 12 lead and 64 lead analyses the amplitude of residual ventricular QRS which remained in the separated atrial activity and the dominant fibrillatory frequency. We found that there was little difference between 12 and 64 leads in separating the atrial and ventricular activity.","PeriodicalId":406683,"journal":{"name":"2007 Computers in Cardiology","volume":"400 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126972455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2007.4745428
Nadjia Kachenoura, Frédérique Frouin, Laurent Sarry, C. Tilmant, Thomas Corpetti, H. Guillemet, O. Nardi, A. Delouche, Benoit Diebold
The objective of this paper is to propose a framework in order to make the comparison of image processing algorithms effective. This framework was applied to three methods developed for automated regional wall motion scoring and they were compared to a reference scoring on a database of echocardiographic images (Evalechocard). Firstly, 200 annotated echocardiograms on hundred patients were used for the training stage; secondly the algorithms were blinded tested on 100 additional echocardiograms. Results obtained by the three methods are presented, using different metrics to compare them. This evaluation procedure enables a real progress in the assessment of each method and helps to understand its limits and its potentialities. Test results have shown the difficult cases and could be further used to improve the methods. Moreover the annotated database is now open to any research group who wants to test its own methods.
{"title":"Comparison of three methods to estimate regional wall motion on the Evalechocard database of echocardiographic image sequences","authors":"Nadjia Kachenoura, Frédérique Frouin, Laurent Sarry, C. Tilmant, Thomas Corpetti, H. Guillemet, O. Nardi, A. Delouche, Benoit Diebold","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2007.4745428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2007.4745428","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to propose a framework in order to make the comparison of image processing algorithms effective. This framework was applied to three methods developed for automated regional wall motion scoring and they were compared to a reference scoring on a database of echocardiographic images (Evalechocard). Firstly, 200 annotated echocardiograms on hundred patients were used for the training stage; secondly the algorithms were blinded tested on 100 additional echocardiograms. Results obtained by the three methods are presented, using different metrics to compare them. This evaluation procedure enables a real progress in the assessment of each method and helps to understand its limits and its potentialities. Test results have shown the difficult cases and could be further used to improve the methods. Moreover the annotated database is now open to any research group who wants to test its own methods.","PeriodicalId":406683,"journal":{"name":"2007 Computers in Cardiology","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130657517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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