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Growing Up on the Wrong Side of the Mechitza: A Case Study of Contemporary Queer Jewish Language 在Mechitza的错误一边成长——以当代酷儿犹太语言为例
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-05-25 DOI: 10.1163/22134638-bja10019
Ellen Perleberg, G. E. C. Dy
This article presents vocabulary and approaches for expressing LGBTQ+ identities and practices, which derive from Jewish tradition used by queer Jews in the Seattle area. From thirty-four semi-structured interviews with affiliates of Seattle Jewish life, the authors identify eight tokens of queer Jewish English vocabulary, including multilingual wordplay used to construct new terms for queer concepts, the mechitza as a spatial idiom for transgender identity, and “Talmudic genders” being reclaimed as contemporary nonbinary identities. Additionally, queer Jews utilize a variety of approaches to navigate Hebrew, from formal efforts like the Nonbinary Hebrew Project to invoking low-proficiency-driven circumlocution. These approaches demonstrate that queer Jews draw on a range of linguistic and cultural resources to describe their identities and experiences, and the distribution of queer language reflects the continued challenge cis-heteronormatively gendered religious practices present for queer Jews and the corresponding need for queer Jewish vocabulary to make space within them.
本文介绍了表达LGBTQ+身份和实践的词汇和方法,这些词汇和方法源于西雅图地区酷儿犹太人使用的犹太传统。从对西雅图犹太人生活分支机构的34次半结构化访谈中,作者确定了酷儿犹太英语词汇的8种标记,包括用于构建酷儿概念新术语的多语言文字游戏,作为跨性别身份的空间习语的mechitza,以及作为当代非二元身份的“塔木德性别”被重新利用。此外,酷儿犹太人利用各种各样的方法来驾驭希伯来语,从像非二元希伯来语项目这样的正式努力到调用低熟练度驱动的迂回。这些方法表明,酷儿犹太人利用一系列语言和文化资源来描述他们的身份和经历,酷儿语言的分布反映了酷儿犹太人面临的顺异性恋规范性别化宗教习俗的持续挑战,以及对酷儿犹太人词汇在其中创造空间的相应需求。
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引用次数: 1
Yiddish Causal-Noncausal Alternation in Areal Perspective 区域视角下的意第绪语因果非因果交替
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-03-14 DOI: 10.1163/22134638-bja10017
E. Luchina
Languages differ in the way they code causal-noncausal alternations, in which an event is presented as either having an external causer or happening by itself. Some languages make no distinction between the two situations, while others make a morphosyntactic distinction. Yiddish, a Germanic language, differs from other genealogically close Germanic varieties: Yiddish codes causal-noncausal alternation similarly to the coterritorial Slavic languages with which it was in contact, for instance Polish and Russian. The two tendencies that make Yiddish similar to the Slavic languages in this respect are the rise of anticausative marking (direct calquing) and the development of a causative (preference for overt marking).
语言在编码因果非因果交替的方式上有所不同,在非因果交替中,事件被呈现为具有外部原因或自身发生。有些语言不区分这两种情况,而另一些语言则进行形态句法区分。意第绪语是一种日耳曼语,与其他谱系相近的日耳曼语变体不同:意第绪语序编码因果非因果交替,类似于它所接触的同领地斯拉夫语,例如波兰语和俄语。使意第绪语在这方面与斯拉夫语言相似的两个趋势是反因果标记(直接calquing)的兴起和因果标记(偏好显性标记)的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Expressions of Tense and Aspect in the Tunisian Varieties of Arabic: A Comparative Study of Jewish and Muslim Dialects 突尼斯阿拉伯语变体中时态和体词的表达——犹太和穆斯林方言的比较研究
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-03-14 DOI: 10.1163/22134638-bja10018
Wiktor Gębski
The aspectual and temporal value of the verb is one of the most discussed problems in Semitic linguistics. Nonetheless, in the field of North African Arabic dialectology this subject has not received its due attention, and compared to other Arabic dialects, it remains terra incognita. The present article explores strategies by which spoken varieties of Tunisian Arabic express tense and aspect. The core data examined in this study comes from an endangered dialect spoken by the Jews of Gabes (southern Tunisia). Comparative material includes an array of examples from both Jewish and Muslim varieties. I reconstruct the origin of the preverbal particles and auxiliaries in Tunisian Arabic, and argue that, in contradistinction to Moroccan Arabic, the ka- particle in Jewish Gabes does not originate in kān. I present evidence that the active participle in Jewish and Muslim varieties has divergent functional distribution, which suggests a Northwest Semitic substrate in Judeo-Arabic.
动词在语体和时间上的价值是闪族语言学中讨论最多的问题之一。然而,在北非阿拉伯语方言学领域,这一主题没有得到应有的重视,与其他阿拉伯方言相比,它仍然是一个未知的领域。本文探讨了突尼斯阿拉伯语口语变体表达时态和语体的策略。本研究的核心数据来自Gabes(突尼斯南部)犹太人使用的一种濒危方言。比较材料包括一系列来自犹太和穆斯林品种的例子。我重建了突尼斯阿拉伯语语前语词和助词的起源,并认为,与摩洛哥阿拉伯语不同,犹太语加贝斯语中的ka-语词并非起源于kān。我提出的证据表明,犹太和穆斯林品种的主动分词具有不同的功能分布,这表明在犹太-阿拉伯语中有西北闪米特语的基底。
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引用次数: 0
Language of Modern Jewish Cultures: Comparative Perspectives, edited by Joshua Miller & Anita Norich 《现代犹太文化的语言:比较视角》,约书亚·米勒和安妮塔·诺里奇主编
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.1163/22134638-bja10016
E. Dean-Olmsted
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引用次数: 0
Modern Judeo-Provençal as Known from Its Sole Textual Testimony: Harcanot et Barcanot (Critical Edition and Linguistic Analysis) 从其唯一的文本见证中得知的现代犹太经证明:Harcanot et Barcanot(评论版和语言分析)
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2021-10-04 DOI: 10.1163/22134638-bja10014
Peter Nahon
This study offers a linguistic description of the idiom of the Jews of the Comtat Venaissin (“Judeo-Provençal”) at the end of the 18th century, based on a critical edition of the only relevant document illustrating this language, a theatrical play in verse entitled Harcanot et Barcanot. The introduction provides a philological inventory of all known sources of “Judeo-Provençal.” The critical and variorum edition of the text, accompanied by linear glosses in English, is followed by a commentary comprising a glossary and analysis of all relevant linguistic features. It reveals, inter alia, that this language possessed words pertaining to the linguistic repertoire of French Jews since the Middle Ages; as for the phonetic features of the Jewish dialect of Provençal, their etiology is to be found in the history of the communities. The study concludes with a reassessment of the nature of linguistic variation in the dialect of the Jews of Provence.
这项研究根据唯一一份说明这种语言的相关文件的批评性版本,即一部名为《哈卡诺与巴卡诺》的戏剧戏剧,对18世纪末的犹太法典(“Judeo Provençal”)中犹太人的习语进行了语言学描述。引言提供了《犹太经》所有已知来源的文献学目录。该文本的批评性和变体版本,配以英语线性注释,随后是一篇评论,包括词汇表和对所有相关语言特征的分析。除其他外,它表明,这种语言拥有自中世纪以来法国犹太人语言谱系中的词汇;至于普罗旺斯犹太方言的语音特征,其病因可以在社区历史中找到。该研究最后对普罗旺斯犹太人方言中语言变异的性质进行了重新评估。
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引用次数: 0
The Twenty-Four Egyptian Days in Yiddish 意第绪语中的埃及二十四天
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2021-09-17 DOI: 10.1163/22134638-bja10015
Justine Isserles
The object of this study is a list of twenty-four Egyptian days in Yiddish discovered at the end of a Hebrew miscellany from medieval Ashkenaz, preserved in the Basel Universitätsbibliothek. Egyptian days are inauspicious days for bloodletting; these are listed according to the Julian calendar and sometimes identified by saint names and feast days. The list is edited and translated into English. Dates and variants of these Egyptian days are then compared with those of the only other known list of its kind, found in the earliest dated astro-medical fragment in Old Western Yiddish, from 1396–1397. A tabular comparison and descriptive commentary of the names and dates in both lists follows. Preceding this analysis, the status and knowledge of Jewish physicians in medieval Ashkenaz is addressed, as well as a brief description of Ms R IV 2, revealing its rich content and some of its codicological and paleographical characteristics.
这项研究的对象是在巴塞尔大学图书馆保存的中世纪阿什肯纳兹希伯来语杂录的末尾发现的意第绪语中埃及二十四天的列表。埃及的日子是流血的不吉利日子;这些是根据儒略历列出的,有时通过圣人的名字和节日来识别。该列表经过编辑并翻译成英文。然后,将这些埃及日子的日期和变体与1396年至1397年在古西意第绪语最早的天体医学碎片中发现的唯一其他已知的同类日期和变体进行比较。以下是两份清单中姓名和日期的表格比较和描述性注释。在此分析之前,介绍了犹太医生在中世纪阿什肯纳兹的地位和知识,以及对Ms R IV 2的简要描述,揭示了其丰富的内容及其一些编纂学和古地理特征。
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引用次数: 0
Splitting Definitives: The Separation of the Definite Article in Medieval and Pre-Modern Written Judeo-Arabic 限定词的分裂:中古和前现代书面犹太-阿拉伯语中定冠词的分离
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2021-03-22 DOI: 10.1163/22134638-BJA10010
Magdalen M. Connolly
This article explores the reasons behind the orthographic practice of representing the definite article in written Judeo-Arabic as an independent entity, a phenomenon which became widespread in Jewish Arabic-speaking communities in the pre-modern era. Commencing with its representation in fifteenth to nineteenth-century Egyptian Judeo-Arabic manuscripts, the orthographic feature is traced back to Judeo-Arabic texts produced in medieval al-Andalus, Sicily, and the Maġrib, and from there, to post-1492 CE Sephardī Jewish refugees, who settled in North Africa and Egypt. The phenomenon is revealed to be the result of a two-stage process: (i) direct language contact between Romance and Judeo-Arabic; and (ii) the influence of Judeo-Spanish writing on Judeo-Arabic spelling practices in diaspora communities after their expulsion from the Spanish Kingdoms.
本文探讨了在犹太-阿拉伯语书写中,将定冠词作为一个独立的实体来表示的正字法实践背后的原因,这一现象在前现代的犹太-阿拉伯语社区中普遍存在。从其在15至19世纪埃及犹太-阿拉伯手稿中的表现开始,正字法特征可以追溯到中世纪安达卢斯、西西里岛和马肋的犹太-阿拉伯文本,并从那里追溯到1492年后定居在北非和埃及的犹太难民。这一现象是两个阶段的结果:(i)罗曼语和犹太-阿拉伯语之间的直接语言接触;以及(ii)犹太-西班牙语写作对散居海外社区的犹太-阿拉伯语拼写实践的影响,这些社区在被西班牙王国驱逐后。
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引用次数: 1
The Loshn Koydesh Component in Contemporary Hasidic Yiddish 当代哈西德派意第绪语中的Loshn-Koydesh成分
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-12-03 DOI: 10.1163/22134638-bja10007
Z. Belk, L. Kahn, K. Szendrői
The loshn koydesh (Hebrew and Aramaic) component has historically influenced the development of Yiddish lexis and grammar. We examine its contemporary use among 26 native speakers of contemporary Hasidic Yiddish from Israel, New York, and London using a written questionnaire examining the gender of loshn koydesh nouns, periphrastic verbs with a Hebrew/Aramaic element, and adjectives derived from the loshn koydesh element of periphrastics. Our findings show that there are differences on both the geographical and gender axes, many of which are consistent with the speakers’ varied exposure to Modern Hebrew, English, and loshn koydesh. We also found that the loshn koydesh component has developed since the pre-War stage of the language in ways that seem to affect contemporary Hasidic Yiddish usage in all locations and for both genders. We take these developments to provide evidence for the existence of this newly emergent variety of Yiddish – Contemporary Hasidic Yiddish.
loshn-koydesh(希伯来语和阿拉姆语)成分在历史上影响了意第绪语词汇和语法的发展。我们使用一份书面问卷调查了来自以色列、纽约和伦敦的26名以当代哈西德语意第绪语为母语的人对其当代使用情况的调查,问卷调查了loshn-koydesh名词、带有希伯来语/阿拉姆语元素的周边动词以及源自周边词loshn-keydesh元素的形容词的性别。我们的研究结果表明,在地理和性别轴上都存在差异,其中许多差异与说话者对现代希伯来语、英语和loshn-koydesh的不同接触程度一致。我们还发现,自战前以来,loshn-koydesh成分的发展似乎影响了当代哈西德派意第绪语在所有地区和性别中的使用。我们利用这些发展为这种新出现的意第绪语变体——当代哈西德派意第绪文的存在提供了证据。
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引用次数: 3
מילון משווה למרכיב העברי בלשונות היהודים על יסוד האוסף של פרופ׳ שלמה מורג ז״ל, מהדורה שנייה מתוקנת ומורחבת (Synoptic Dictionary of the Hebrew Component in Jewish Languages, Based on the Collection of Shelomo Morag, z”l, Revised and Expanded Second Edition), written by Maman, Aharon
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.1163/22134638-bja10002
Sarah Bunin Benor
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引用次数: 0
Categorical Shifts of the Idiom Ribono shel(a)olam: From a Tannaitic Vocative to a Jewish Theocentric Interjection to a Substrate Component in Israeli Hebrew Discourse Ribono shell (a)olam习语的范畴转换:从单宁式感叹词到犹太神权感叹词再到以色列希伯来语语篇中的基底成分
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2019-12-03 DOI: 10.1163/22134638-06011139
Yishai Neuman
AbstractOral transmission of the Tannaitic Hebrew double genitive vocative ribbono šella‘olam ‘Master of the Universe’ maintains the definite article in the Hebrew component of two ancient Jewish vernaculars: Jewish Neo-Aramaic and Judeo-Arabic in Djerba. The textual transmission of the phrase, changed it graphemically from the Tannaitic original רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁלָּעוֹלָם into medieval רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם. The new spelling was the source of its final formation in Yiddish and Judeo-Spanish, without the definite article. The decategorialization of this double genitive phrase from a theocentric vocative to a semantically bleached interjection in these Jewish languages, especially Yiddish, was the point of departure for its meaning and pragmatic function in nascent spoken Modern Hebrew, as evidence from Mendele’s bilingual oeuvre indicates. It may be tentatively proposed that further grammaticalization and broadening of this substrate component structure-function pairing may have led to the emergence of a new category of analogically constructed discourse markers in Modern Hebrew.
丹尼语希伯来语双属格祈请词ribbono šella ' olam ' '宇宙之主'维持了两种古代犹太方言希伯来语组成部分的定冠词:犹太新阿拉姆语和犹太阿拉伯语在Djerba。这个短语的文本传递,将它从单宁语的原始的“…”变成了中世纪的“…”。“…”。新的拼写是它在意第绪语和犹太-西班牙语中最终形成的来源,没有定冠词。在这些犹太语言中,尤其是意第绪语中,这个双属格短语从一个以神为中心的呼求词变成了一个语义上漂白的感叹词,这是它在新生的现代希伯来语口语中的意义和语用功能的出发点,正如门德尔的双语作品所表明的那样。我们可以初步提出,这种基础成分结构-功能配对的进一步语法化和扩展可能导致了现代希伯来语中类似构建话语标记的新类别的出现。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Jewish Languages
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