The growing interest in measuring economic and social phenomena that are difficult to observe directly increases the need for researchers to broaden the use of multivariate statistical analysis methods. The ease of interpreting results presented in the form of rankings makes it common practice to use different methods of linear ordering of objects. If the appropriate assumptions are met, the determined set of variables allows for the construction of a synthetic measure whose ordered values provide a ranking. Such a statistical approach is quite often used in assessing the level of innovativeness of economies, and the literature abounds in various innovation indices. The starting point of this paper is a set of 27 variables on the basis of which the Summary Innovation Index is developed. After verifying the statistical assumptions and reducing the database to 21 diagnostic factors, the authors construct a total of nine innovation rankings, using different methods of linear ordering and selected procedures for normalisation of variables. The aim of the paper is therefore to assess the impact of selected methods of linear ordering (Hellwig’s method, TOPSIS method, GDM method) and various procedures for normalising variables (classic standardisation, positional standardisation, quotient transformation) on the final ranking of the EU Member States due to the level of their innovation performance. The obtained results confirm that the applied method of linear ordering and the selection of the normalisation procedure have an impact on the final ranking of the examined objects – in this case, the final ranking of the EU Member States due to the level of their innovativeness analysed in the presented research.
{"title":"The Use of Selected Methods of Linear Ordering to Assess the Innovation Performance of the European Union Member States","authors":"E. Roszko-Wójtowicz, M. Grzelak","doi":"10.25167/EES.2019.49.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25167/EES.2019.49.1","url":null,"abstract":"The growing interest in measuring economic and social phenomena that are difficult to observe directly increases the need for researchers to broaden the use of multivariate statistical analysis methods. The ease of interpreting results presented in the form of rankings makes it common practice to use different methods of linear ordering of objects. If the appropriate assumptions are met, the determined set of variables allows for the construction of a synthetic measure whose ordered values provide a ranking. Such a statistical approach is quite often used in assessing the level of innovativeness of economies, and the literature abounds in various innovation indices. The starting point of this paper is a set of 27 variables on the basis of which the Summary Innovation Index is developed. After verifying the statistical assumptions and reducing the database to 21 diagnostic factors, the authors construct a total of nine innovation rankings, using different methods of linear ordering and selected procedures for normalisation of variables. The aim of the paper is therefore to assess the impact of selected methods of linear ordering (Hellwig’s method, TOPSIS method, GDM method) and various procedures for normalising variables (classic standardisation, positional standardisation, quotient transformation) on the final ranking of the EU Member States due to the level of their innovation performance. The obtained results confirm that the applied method of linear ordering and the selection of the normalisation procedure have an impact on the final ranking of the examined objects – in this case, the final ranking of the EU Member States due to the level of their innovativeness analysed in the presented research.","PeriodicalId":408153,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Environmental Studies","volume":"291 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124193980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article assesses the economic condition of households in a time frame view (2000-2016) in the light of income and expenditure (including food expenditure) on an all-Poland scale. It compares selected relations of these categories and indicates the economic health of the households in different regions of Poland. It has been assumed, as a point of reference, that polarisation of the analysed variables is dependent on the geographical area of residence. The data from the research on household budgets performed by GUS was used. A comparative analysis shows that despite the significant improvement in the financial status of households, there are still serious regional disparities. Especially The Eastern region is adversely marked in this respect.
{"title":"Relations Between Incomes and Expenditures on Food in Polish Households - a Regional Perspective","authors":"M. Leszczyńska","doi":"10.25167/EES.2019.49.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25167/EES.2019.49.5","url":null,"abstract":"The article assesses the economic condition of households in a time frame view (2000-2016) in the light of income and expenditure (including food expenditure) on an all-Poland scale. It compares selected relations of these categories and indicates the economic health of the households in different regions of Poland. It has been assumed, as a point of reference, that polarisation of the analysed variables is dependent on the geographical area of residence. The data from the research on household budgets performed by GUS was used. A comparative analysis shows that despite the significant improvement in the financial status of households, there are still serious regional disparities. Especially The Eastern region is adversely marked in this respect.","PeriodicalId":408153,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Environmental Studies","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125290675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social capital according to OECD definition is networks together with shared norms, values and understandings that facilitate co-operation within or among groups. Currently, social capital is identified as a one of the key factors of economic development. Most of the existing literature focuses on the role of social capital for economic growth, meanwhile the purpose of this study is to examine the role which social capital plays in the processes of smart growth in the EU countries. Smart growth is based on knowledge and innovation. The notion of smart growth, its factors and measuring methods are new categories which emerge from the concept of EU's strategic development objectives. The study uses a soft modelling method which allows for measuring and analysis of the relationships among unobserved variables (latent variables).
{"title":"Social capital and smart growth of the EU countries","authors":"Iwona Skrodzka","doi":"10.25167/EES.2018.46.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25167/EES.2018.46.23","url":null,"abstract":"Social capital according to OECD definition is networks together with shared norms, values and understandings that facilitate co-operation within or among groups. Currently, social capital is identified as a one of the key factors of economic development. Most of the existing literature focuses on the role of social capital for economic growth, meanwhile the purpose of this study is to examine the role which social capital plays in the processes of smart growth in the EU countries. Smart growth is based on knowledge and innovation. The notion of smart growth, its factors and measuring methods are new categories which emerge from the concept of EU's strategic development objectives. The study uses a soft modelling method which allows for measuring and analysis of the relationships among unobserved variables (latent variables).","PeriodicalId":408153,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Environmental Studies","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122125165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the key components of the innovation management process is selection of sources of funding innovative projects in the company. The research problem taken up by the authors is important for Polish companies, especially SMEs, which base their strategies upon innovations. The analysis of publications concerning strategic choices confirms the existence of a relatively small number of scientific and research studies within this area. Thus, there is a cognitive gap, which encouraged the authors to carry out analyses of the research problem defined in this manner. The purpose of the article is to discuss the criteria and variants of strategic selection of the funding sources of innovations in a company. Based on the experience of others, described in the literature, and their own analyses, the following criteria were adopted: market development, type of innovation and potential sources of its financing. Then, the process of selecting sources of financing innovation was developed. The article analyses the available literature, internet data, results published in the European Innovation Scoreboard 2017 and statistical data prepared by the Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS) regarding sources of financing innovations. It enabled separation of sources of financing innovations in Polish enterprises and assessment of their applications in the practice of business.The obtained results indicate that despite the existence of various innovation funding sources, Polish companies are definitely dominated by their own financing. There is a small contribution of public and external funds.
{"title":"Sources of innovation funding in Polish companies in the light of statistical surveys","authors":"A. Dereń, J. Skonieczny","doi":"10.25167/EES.2018.46.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25167/EES.2018.46.22","url":null,"abstract":"One of the key components of the innovation management process is selection of sources of funding innovative projects in the company. The research problem taken up by the authors is important for Polish companies, especially SMEs, which base their strategies upon innovations. The analysis of publications concerning strategic choices confirms the existence of a relatively small number of scientific and research studies within this area. Thus, there is a cognitive gap, which encouraged the authors to carry out analyses of the research problem defined in this manner. The purpose of the article is to discuss the criteria and variants of strategic selection of the funding sources of innovations in a company. Based on the experience of others, described in the literature, and their own analyses, the following criteria were adopted: market development, type of innovation and potential sources of its financing. Then, the process of selecting sources of financing innovation was developed. The article analyses the available literature, internet data, results published in the European Innovation Scoreboard 2017 and statistical data prepared by the Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS) regarding sources of financing innovations. It enabled separation of sources of financing innovations in Polish enterprises and assessment of their applications in the practice of business.The obtained results indicate that despite the existence of various innovation funding sources, Polish companies are definitely dominated by their own financing. There is a small contribution of public and external funds.","PeriodicalId":408153,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Environmental Studies","volume":"507 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122209657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors investigated the impact of foreign direct investment on economically developed and developing countries, and also on transition economy countries as far as technology transfer is concerned. The results show a significant foreign direct investment influence on the economic growth of developing countries and transition economy countries. The present paper examines inflows of inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) during 2005-2016. There has been research conducted on the determinants of FDI inflows for developed and developing countries, but little has been done concerning this issue especially in the case of transition economies. The authors consider the possibilities the FDI inflows from investor-countries in the area of innovation and technology transfer in the years 2010-2015. In this case, Asia deserves attention. FDI allows technology transfer from developed countries to further extract surplus from the developing countries and transition countries.
{"title":"Prospects of foreign direct investments in technology transfer","authors":"Edyta Gheribi, N. Voytovych","doi":"10.25167/EES.2018.46.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25167/EES.2018.46.5","url":null,"abstract":"The authors investigated the impact of foreign direct investment on economically developed and developing countries, and also on transition economy countries as far as technology transfer is concerned. The results show a significant foreign direct investment influence on the economic growth of developing countries and transition economy countries. The present paper examines inflows of inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) during 2005-2016. There has been research conducted on the determinants of FDI inflows for developed and developing countries, but little has been done concerning this issue especially in the case of transition economies. The authors consider the possibilities the FDI inflows from investor-countries in the area of innovation and technology transfer in the years 2010-2015. In this case, Asia deserves attention. FDI allows technology transfer from developed countries to further extract surplus from the developing countries and transition countries.","PeriodicalId":408153,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Environmental Studies","volume":"250 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123619467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are few publications on the subject of business models open to innovations in Poland, especially relating to cases of their practical application. The article analyses various types of open innovations and the possibility of using them in the conditions of the Polish agricultural market. After reviewing the literature, analysing cases of chemical companies, conducting interviews with members of the Grupa Azoty Puławy consortium, the author proposes a model of cooperation platform for entities from various sectors that systemically combines open inbound and outbound innovations with the requirements of the business model
{"title":"A model of cooperation platform for entities involved in the agricultural market open to innovations in Poland","authors":"Zenon Pokojski","doi":"10.25167/EES.2018.46.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25167/EES.2018.46.21","url":null,"abstract":"There are few publications on the subject of business models open to innovations in Poland, especially relating to cases of their practical application. The article analyses various types of open innovations and the possibility of using them in the conditions of the Polish agricultural market. After reviewing the literature, analysing cases of chemical companies, conducting interviews with members of the Grupa Azoty Puławy consortium, the author proposes a model of cooperation platform for entities from various sectors that systemically combines open inbound and outbound innovations with the requirements of the business model","PeriodicalId":408153,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Environmental Studies","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127864838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In many European countries faced with the population aging problem, immigrant labour is gaining importance as a factor contributing to the development of the labour market. One of these countries is Poland, where the proportion of the retirement age population is predicted to soon become one of the highest in Europe. Questions therefore arise whether the Polish economy needs immigrants and whether foreign citizens are employed as complementary or substitutive labour. In the last several years, the number of work permits granted to immigrants has been rising fast. The total number of work permits and employers’ declarations of intent to employ a foreign national increased between 2007 and 2017 from 34,000 to almost 234,000. As a result, stronger presence of immigrants in different branches of industry, construction and transport can be observed. This article provides an analysis of the scale of labour immigration to Poland based on the statistics on work permits and registered employers’ declarations of intent to employ a foreign citizen.
{"title":"Non-EU immigrants in the Polish labour market","authors":"Dorota Kałuża-Kopias","doi":"10.25167/EES.2018.46.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25167/EES.2018.46.10","url":null,"abstract":"In many European countries faced with the population aging problem, immigrant labour is gaining importance as a factor contributing to the development of the labour market. One of these countries is Poland, where the proportion of the retirement age population is predicted to soon become one of the highest in Europe. Questions therefore arise whether the Polish economy needs immigrants and whether foreign citizens are employed as complementary or substitutive labour. In the last several years, the number of work permits granted to immigrants has been rising fast. The total number of work permits and employers’ declarations of intent to employ a foreign national increased between 2007 and 2017 from 34,000 to almost 234,000. As a result, stronger presence of immigrants in different branches of industry, construction and transport can be observed. This article provides an analysis of the scale of labour immigration to Poland based on the statistics on work permits and registered employers’ declarations of intent to employ a foreign citizen.","PeriodicalId":408153,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Environmental Studies","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125423357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Glabiszewski, Dorota Grego-Planer, K. Liczmańska-Kopcewicz
This article addresses three fundamental issues. The first issue is Polish small and medium-sized service enterprises, the second Business Environment Institutions, and the third one the impact of these institutions on the innovation of the entities in question. The article presents part of the outcome of the research carried out on a group of over two hundred and sixty small and medium-sized service enterprises. The focus of the analysis made was on the intensity of cooperation between these entities and business environment institutions within the area of their innovativeness. The research objective of this article was to assess the impact of business environment institutions on the innovation of Polish small and medium-sized service enterprises. Prior to the commencement of the research we formulated the following research hypothesis universities are institutions that have the most positive impact on the innovation of micro, small and medium-sized service enterprises. The research questionnaire technique was applied in the survey. The results obtained indicated that the level of cooperation between Polish small and mediumsized enterprises operating in the BEI services sector is very low. This cooperation was found to be usually sporadic or only periodic. Most of the institutions have no influence on the innovativeness of the enterprises surveyed. Only cooperation with entities representing the area of science, research and development transpires to have a significant impact on the level of innovativeness among the respondents.
{"title":"The impact of business environment institutions on the innovation of Polish small and medium-sized service enterprises","authors":"W. Glabiszewski, Dorota Grego-Planer, K. Liczmańska-Kopcewicz","doi":"10.25167/EES.2018.46.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25167/EES.2018.46.6","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses three fundamental issues. The first issue is Polish small and medium-sized service enterprises, the second Business Environment Institutions, and the third one the impact of these institutions on the innovation of the entities in question. The article presents part of the outcome of the research carried out on a group of over two hundred and sixty small and medium-sized service enterprises. The focus of the analysis made was on the intensity of cooperation between these entities and business environment institutions within the area of their innovativeness. The research objective of this article was to assess the impact of business environment institutions on the innovation of Polish small and medium-sized service enterprises. Prior to the commencement of the research we formulated the following research hypothesis universities are institutions that have the most positive impact on the innovation of micro, small and medium-sized service enterprises. The research questionnaire technique was applied in the survey. The results obtained indicated that the level of cooperation between Polish small and mediumsized enterprises operating in the BEI services sector is very low. This cooperation was found to be usually sporadic or only periodic. Most of the institutions have no influence on the innovativeness of the enterprises surveyed. Only cooperation with entities representing the area of science, research and development transpires to have a significant impact on the level of innovativeness among the respondents.","PeriodicalId":408153,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Environmental Studies","volume":"R-24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126624140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the study was to assess the differences in the level of sustainable development in environmental domain of voivodships in Poland in the years 2008-2015. Seven indicators belonging to 3 areas of the environmental domain (energy, air protection, waste management) were analysed with the use of principal component analysis (PCA) and the between-class PCA. The results revealed large differences between voivodships mainly due to the level of air pollutants emissions from plants especially noxious to air purity. It has also been shown that in the years 2008-2015 a visible increase in the outlays on fixed assets serving environmental protection and development of ecological awareness of society was observed.
{"title":"On the application of selected exploratory data analysis methods to assess differences in the level of sustainable development in the environmental domain of voivodships in Poland","authors":"M. Misztal","doi":"10.25167/EES.2018.46.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25167/EES.2018.46.17","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study was to assess the differences in the level of sustainable development in environmental domain of voivodships in Poland in the years 2008-2015. Seven indicators belonging to 3 areas of the environmental domain (energy, air protection, waste management) were analysed with the use of principal component analysis (PCA) and the between-class PCA. The results revealed large differences between voivodships mainly due to the level of air pollutants emissions from plants especially noxious to air purity. It has also been shown that in the years 2008-2015 a visible increase in the outlays on fixed assets serving environmental protection and development of ecological awareness of society was observed.","PeriodicalId":408153,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Environmental Studies","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122896850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When the new Restructuring Law entered into force on 1 January 2016, it opened a lot of possibilities for entrepreneurs to use aid for the purpose of keeping a company on the market. As part of the procedure, it is necessary to determine whether the granted aid does not constitute incompatible public aid that disrupts free market rules. The answer to this issue is provided by the private creditor test and the private investor test. The objective of the article is to present the developed method of a private creditor test for the restructuring of a company in which one of the authors participated as an auditor. The article presents the method which allows verification of justifiability of participation of a public creditor in the process of debtor restructuring. The method was developed on the basis of hitherto studies and practical experience of the authors. The Wilcox method was used in one of the test stages to assess property. The prepared method has been successfully applied in other cases of company restructuring, and the case presented in this article is used to explain the principles of operation.
{"title":"Public aid as part of the restructuring procedure: Private Creditor Test exemplified by limited liability company under restructuring","authors":"E. Piątek, Magdalena Konat-Staniek","doi":"10.25167/EES.2018.46.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25167/EES.2018.46.20","url":null,"abstract":"When the new Restructuring Law entered into force on 1 January 2016, it opened a lot of possibilities for entrepreneurs to use aid for the purpose of keeping a company on the market. As part of the procedure, it is necessary to determine whether the granted aid does not constitute incompatible public aid that disrupts free market rules. The answer to this issue is provided by the private creditor test and the private investor test. The objective of the article is to present the developed method of a private creditor test for the restructuring of a company in which one of the authors participated as an auditor. The article presents the method which allows verification of justifiability of participation of a public creditor in the process of debtor restructuring. The method was developed on the basis of hitherto studies and practical experience of the authors. The Wilcox method was used in one of the test stages to assess property. The prepared method has been successfully applied in other cases of company restructuring, and the case presented in this article is used to explain the principles of operation.","PeriodicalId":408153,"journal":{"name":"Economic and Environmental Studies","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115217267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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