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The Use of Selected Methods of Linear Ordering to Assess the Innovation Performance of the European Union Member States 运用线性排序方法评价欧盟成员国的创新绩效
Pub Date : 2019-06-07 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2019.49.1
E. Roszko-Wójtowicz, M. Grzelak
The growing interest in measuring economic and social phenomena that are difficult to observe directly increases the need for researchers to broaden the use of multivariate statistical analysis methods. The ease of interpreting results presented in the form of rankings makes it common practice to use different methods of linear ordering of objects. If the appropriate assumptions are met, the determined set of variables allows for the construction of a synthetic measure whose ordered values provide a ranking. Such a statistical approach is quite often used in assessing the level of innovativeness of economies, and the literature abounds in various innovation indices. The starting point of this paper is a set of 27 variables on the basis of which the Summary Innovation Index is developed. After verifying the statistical assumptions and reducing the database to 21 diagnostic factors, the authors construct a total of nine innovation rankings, using different methods of linear ordering and selected procedures for normalisation of variables. The aim of the paper is therefore to assess the impact of selected methods of linear ordering (Hellwig’s method, TOPSIS method, GDM method) and various procedures for normalising variables (classic standardisation, positional standardisation, quotient transformation) on the final ranking of the EU Member States due to the level of their innovation performance. The obtained results confirm that the applied method of linear ordering and the selection of the normalisation procedure have an impact on the final ranking of the examined objects – in this case, the final ranking of the EU Member States due to the level of their innovativeness analysed in the presented research.
测量难以直接观察的经济和社会现象的兴趣日益增长,增加了研究人员扩大多元统计分析方法使用的需要。由于易于解释以排名形式呈现的结果,因此通常使用不同的方法对对象进行线性排序。如果满足适当的假设,则确定的变量集允许构造一个综合度量,其有序值提供排序。这种统计方法经常用于评估经济体的创新水平,各种创新指数的文献丰富。本文以一个包含27个变量的集合为出发点,在此基础上构建了综合创新指数。在验证统计假设并将数据库减少到21个诊断因素后,作者使用不同的线性排序方法和变量归一化的选择程序构建了总共9个创新排名。因此,本文的目的是评估选定的线性排序方法(Hellwig方法,TOPSIS方法,GDM方法)和各种归一化变量程序(经典标准化,位置标准化,商变换)对欧盟成员国由于其创新绩效水平而最终排名的影响。所获得的结果证实,线性排序的应用方法和规范化程序的选择对被检查对象的最终排名有影响-在这种情况下,欧盟成员国的最终排名,由于他们的创新水平在提出的研究中分析。
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引用次数: 2
Relations Between Incomes and Expenditures on Food in Polish Households - a Regional Perspective 波兰家庭食品收入与支出的关系——区域视角
Pub Date : 2019-06-07 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2019.49.5
M. Leszczyńska
The article assesses the economic condition of households in a time frame view (2000-2016) in the light of income and expenditure (including food expenditure) on an all-Poland scale. It compares selected relations of these categories and indicates the economic health of the households in different regions of Poland. It has been assumed, as a point of reference, that polarisation of the analysed variables is dependent on the geographical area of residence. The data from the research on household budgets performed by GUS was used. A comparative analysis shows that despite the significant improvement in the financial status of households, there are still serious regional disparities. Especially The Eastern region is adversely marked in this respect.
本文根据全波兰范围内的收入和支出(包括食品支出),从时间框架(2000-2016)的角度评估了家庭的经济状况。它比较了这些类别的选定关系,并表明波兰不同地区家庭的经济健康状况。作为参考点,假定所分析变量的两极分化取决于居住的地理区域。本文使用的数据来自GUS对家庭预算的研究。一项比较分析表明,尽管家庭的财务状况有了显著改善,但仍然存在严重的地区差异。特别是东部地区在这方面有不利的标志。
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引用次数: 0
Social capital and smart growth of the EU countries 社会资本与欧盟国家的明智增长
Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2018.46.23
Iwona Skrodzka
Social capital according to OECD definition is networks together with shared norms, values and understandings that facilitate co-operation within or among groups. Currently, social capital is identified as a one of the key factors of economic development. Most of the existing literature focuses on the role of social capital for economic growth, meanwhile the purpose of this study is to examine the role which social capital plays in the processes of smart growth in the EU countries. Smart growth is based on knowledge and innovation. The notion of smart growth, its factors and measuring methods are new categories which emerge from the concept of EU's strategic development objectives. The study uses a soft modelling method which allows for measuring and analysis of the relationships among unobserved variables (latent variables).
根据经合组织的定义,社会资本是具有共同规范、价值观和理解的网络,有助于促进群体内部或群体之间的合作。当前,社会资本被认为是经济发展的关键因素之一。现有文献大多侧重于社会资本对经济增长的作用,而本研究的目的是研究社会资本在欧盟国家智能增长过程中所起的作用。智慧增长的基础是知识和创新。智能增长的概念及其要素和衡量方法是从欧盟战略发展目标概念中产生的新范畴。该研究使用软建模方法,允许测量和分析未观察到的变量(潜在变量)之间的关系。
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引用次数: 4
Sources of innovation funding in Polish companies in the light of statistical surveys 根据统计调查,波兰公司的创新资金来源
Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2018.46.22
A. Dereń, J. Skonieczny
One of the key components of the innovation management process is selection of sources of funding innovative projects in the company. The research problem taken up by the authors is important for Polish companies, especially SMEs, which base their strategies upon innovations. The analysis of publications concerning strategic choices confirms the existence of a relatively small number of scientific and research studies within this area. Thus, there is a cognitive gap, which encouraged the authors to carry out analyses of the research problem defined in this manner. The purpose of the article is to discuss the criteria and variants of strategic selection of the funding sources of innovations in a company. Based on the experience of others, described in the literature, and their own analyses, the following criteria were adopted: market development, type of innovation and potential sources of its financing. Then, the process of selecting sources of financing innovation was developed. The article analyses the available literature, internet data, results published in the European Innovation Scoreboard 2017 and statistical data prepared by the Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS) regarding sources of financing innovations. It enabled separation of sources of financing innovations in Polish enterprises and assessment of their applications in the practice of business.The obtained results indicate that despite the existence of various innovation funding sources, Polish companies are definitely dominated by their own financing. There is a small contribution of public and external funds.
创新管理过程的关键组成部分之一是选择公司创新项目的资金来源。作者提出的研究问题对波兰公司,特别是中小企业来说是很重要的,因为它们的战略是建立在创新的基础上的。对有关战略选择的出版物进行的分析证实,在这一领域存在着相对较少的科学和研究研究。因此,存在认知缺口,这促使作者对以这种方式定义的研究问题进行分析。本文的目的是讨论公司创新资金来源的战略选择的标准和变体。根据文献中描述的其他人的经验和他们自己的分析,采用了以下标准:市场发展、创新类型和潜在的融资来源。然后,阐述了融资创新来源的选择过程。本文分析了现有文献、互联网数据、2017年欧洲创新计分板公布的结果以及波兰中央统计局(GUS)编制的关于融资创新来源的统计数据。它能够分离波兰企业创新的资金来源,并评估其在商业实践中的应用。所得结果表明,尽管存在多种创新资金来源,但波兰企业绝对以自身融资为主。有一小部分公共和外部资金的捐助。
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引用次数: 0
Prospects of foreign direct investments in technology transfer 外国在技术转让方面直接投资的前景
Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2018.46.5
Edyta Gheribi, N. Voytovych
The authors investigated the impact of foreign direct investment on economically developed and developing countries, and also on transition economy countries as far as technology transfer is concerned. The results show a significant foreign direct investment influence on the economic growth of developing countries and transition economy countries. The present paper examines inflows of inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) during 2005-2016. There has been research conducted on the determinants of FDI inflows for developed and developing countries, but little has been done concerning this issue especially in the case of transition economies. The authors consider the possibilities the FDI inflows from investor-countries in the area of innovation and technology transfer in the years 2010-2015. In this case, Asia deserves attention. FDI allows technology transfer from developed countries to further extract surplus from the developing countries and transition countries.
就技术转让而言,作者调查了外国直接投资对经济发达国家和发展中国家的影响,以及对经济转型国家的影响。研究结果表明,外商直接投资对发展中国家和转轨经济国家的经济增长具有显著的影响。本文研究了2005-2016年期间流入的外国直接投资(FDI)。已经对发达国家和发展中国家外国直接投资流入的决定因素进行了研究,但是对这个问题,特别是在转型期经济国家,所做的研究很少。作者考虑了2010-2015年投资国在创新和技术转移领域FDI流入的可能性。在这种情况下,亚洲值得关注。外国直接投资使发达国家的技术转让能够进一步从发展中国家和转型国家榨取盈余。
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引用次数: 3
A model of cooperation platform for entities involved in the agricultural market open to innovations in Poland 一个面向波兰农业市场主体的合作平台模式,向创新开放
Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2018.46.21
Zenon Pokojski
There are few publications on the subject of business models open to innovations in Poland, especially relating to cases of their practical application. The article analyses various types of open innovations and the possibility of using them in the conditions of the Polish agricultural market. After reviewing the literature, analysing cases of chemical companies, conducting interviews with members of the Grupa Azoty Puławy consortium, the author proposes a model of cooperation platform for entities from various sectors that systemically combines open inbound and outbound innovations with the requirements of the business model
在波兰,很少有关于可供创新的商业模式的出版物,特别是关于其实际应用的案例。文章分析了各种类型的开放式创新以及在波兰农业市场条件下应用的可能性。在回顾文献、分析化工企业案例、访谈Azoty集团Puławy联盟成员的基础上,作者提出了一个将开放性的对内和对外创新与商业模式要求系统结合起来的各行业实体合作平台模型
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引用次数: 1
Non-EU immigrants in the Polish labour market 波兰劳动力市场的非欧盟移民
Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2018.46.10
Dorota Kałuża-Kopias
In many European countries faced with the population aging problem, immigrant labour is gaining importance as a factor contributing to the development of the labour market. One of these countries is Poland, where the proportion of the retirement age population is predicted to soon become one of the highest in Europe. Questions therefore arise whether the Polish economy needs immigrants and whether foreign citizens are employed as complementary or substitutive labour. In the last several years, the number of work permits granted to immigrants has been rising fast. The total number of work permits and employers’ declarations of intent to employ a foreign national increased between 2007 and 2017 from 34,000 to almost 234,000. As a result, stronger presence of immigrants in different branches of industry, construction and transport can be observed. This article provides an analysis of the scale of labour immigration to Poland based on the statistics on work permits and registered employers’ declarations of intent to employ a foreign citizen.
在许多面临人口老龄化问题的欧洲国家,移民劳动力作为促进劳动力市场发展的一个因素正变得越来越重要。其中一个国家是波兰,该国退休年龄人口的比例预计将很快成为欧洲最高的国家之一。因此出现了波兰经济是否需要移民以及外国公民是否被雇用作为补充或替代劳动力的问题。在过去的几年里,发放给移民的工作许可数量一直在快速增长。2007年至2017年间,工作许可和雇主雇佣外国人意向声明的总数从3.4万份增加到近23.4万份。因此,可以观察到,在工业、建筑和运输的不同部门,移民的存在程度更高。本文根据有关工作许可的统计数字和登记雇主有意雇用一名外国公民的声明,对波兰劳工移民的规模进行了分析。
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引用次数: 1
The impact of business environment institutions on the innovation of Polish small and medium-sized service enterprises 营商环境制度对波兰中小服务企业创新的影响
Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2018.46.6
W. Glabiszewski, Dorota Grego-Planer, K. Liczmańska-Kopcewicz
This article addresses three fundamental issues. The first issue is Polish small and medium-sized service enterprises, the second Business Environment Institutions, and the third one the impact of these institutions on the innovation of the entities in question. The article presents part of the outcome of the research carried out on a group of over two hundred and sixty small and medium-sized service enterprises. The focus of the analysis made was on the intensity of cooperation between these entities and business environment institutions within the area of their innovativeness. The research objective of this article was to assess the impact of business environment institutions on the innovation of Polish small and medium-sized service enterprises. Prior to the commencement of the research we formulated the following research hypothesis universities are institutions that have the most positive impact on the innovation of micro, small and medium-sized service enterprises. The research questionnaire technique was applied in the survey. The results obtained indicated that the level of cooperation between Polish small and mediumsized enterprises operating in the BEI services sector is very low. This cooperation was found to be usually sporadic or only periodic. Most of the institutions have no influence on the innovativeness of the enterprises surveyed. Only cooperation with entities representing the area of science, research and development transpires to have a significant impact on the level of innovativeness among the respondents.
本文讨论了三个基本问题。第一个问题是波兰中小型服务企业,第二个问题是营商环境制度,第三个问题是这些制度对相关实体创新的影响。本文介绍了对260多家中小型服务企业进行研究的部分结果。所作分析的重点是这些实体与商业环境机构在其创新领域内的合作强度。本文的研究目的是评估营商环境制度对波兰中小服务企业创新的影响。在研究开始之前,我们制定了以下研究假设:大学是对中小微服务企业创新产生最积极影响的机构。调查采用问卷调查法。结果表明,在东北工业园区服务领域经营的波兰中小企业之间的合作水平很低。人们发现这种合作通常是零星的或只是周期性的。大多数制度对被调查企业的创新能力没有影响。只有与代表科学、研究和发展领域的实体合作才会对受访者的创新水平产生重大影响。
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引用次数: 1
On the application of selected exploratory data analysis methods to assess differences in the level of sustainable development in the environmental domain of voivodships in Poland 关于应用选定的探索性数据分析方法来评估波兰各省环境领域可持续发展水平的差异
Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2018.46.17
M. Misztal
The purpose of the study was to assess the differences in the level of sustainable development in environmental domain of voivodships in Poland in the years 2008-2015. Seven indicators belonging to 3 areas of the environmental domain (energy, air protection, waste management) were analysed with the use of principal component analysis (PCA) and the between-class PCA. The results revealed large differences between voivodships mainly due to the level of air pollutants emissions from plants especially noxious to air purity. It has also been shown that in the years 2008-2015 a visible increase in the outlays on fixed assets serving environmental protection and development of ecological awareness of society was observed.
本研究的目的是评估2008-2015年波兰各省环境领域可持续发展水平的差异。使用主成分分析(PCA)和类间主成分分析(PCA)对环境领域(能源、空气保护、废物管理)3个领域的7个指标进行了分析。结果显示,各省之间的巨大差异主要是由于植物排放的空气污染物水平,尤其是对空气纯度有害的污染物。2008年至2015年,服务于环境保护和社会生态意识建设的固定资产支出明显增加。
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引用次数: 0
Public aid as part of the restructuring procedure: Private Creditor Test exemplified by limited liability company under restructuring 作为重组程序一部分的公共援助:以重组中的有限责任公司为例的私人债权人测试
Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2018.46.20
E. Piątek, Magdalena Konat-Staniek
When the new Restructuring Law entered into force on 1 January 2016, it opened a lot of possibilities for entrepreneurs to use aid for the purpose of keeping a company on the market. As part of the procedure, it is necessary to determine whether the granted aid does not constitute incompatible public aid that disrupts free market rules. The answer to this issue is provided by the private creditor test and the private investor test. The objective of the article is to present the developed method of a private creditor test for the restructuring of a company in which one of the authors participated as an auditor. The article presents the method which allows verification of justifiability of participation of a public creditor in the process of debtor restructuring. The method was developed on the basis of hitherto studies and practical experience of the authors. The Wilcox method was used in one of the test stages to assess property. The prepared method has been successfully applied in other cases of company restructuring, and the case presented in this article is used to explain the principles of operation.
当新的《企业法》于2016年1月1日生效时,它为企业家提供了许多可能性,使他们能够利用援助来维持公司在市场上的生存。作为程序的一部分,有必要确定授予的援助是否构成破坏自由市场规则的不相容的公共援助。私人债权人测试和私人投资者测试提供了这个问题的答案。这篇文章的目的是提出一种私营债权人测试公司重组的发展方法,其中一名作者作为审计师参与了重组。本文提出了公共债权人参与债务人重组过程的正当性验证方法。该方法是在笔者多年研究和实践经验的基础上发展起来的。其中一个测试阶段使用了Wilcox方法来评估属性。所制备的方法已成功应用于其他公司重组案例,本文以案例说明其操作原理。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Economic and Environmental Studies
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