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Creative workers: returns to education and experience. The evidence from Australia 创意工作者:教育和经验的回报。来自澳大利亚的证据
Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2018.46.33
K. Zawadzki, Monika Wojdyło
This paper uses unit record data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey conducted on 7340 individuals. The mapping methodology of Australian creative economy was implemented to extract 455 workers belonging to 27 creative occupations. To compare differentiation of influence of human capital on the creative workers’ hourly wage with the general population’s returns to education and work experience, the quantile and ordinary least squares regressions were used. Results indicate larger wage gap among creative workers than among other working persons. Returns to education and to experience are similar for the creative workforce, while in the general population return to education is three times as large as to experience. The most important finding is that investing in school education is less profitable for creative economy workers than that for other working people. Besides, there is a considerable difference in the profitability of investment in human capital among creative men and women.
本文使用来自澳大利亚家庭、收入和劳动力动态(HILDA)调查的单位记录数据,该调查对7340个人进行了调查。采用澳大利亚创意经济的绘图方法,抽取了27个创意职业的455名工人。为了比较人力资本对创意工作者小时工资的影响与一般人群的教育和工作经验回报的差异,我们使用了分位数回归和普通最小二乘回归。结果表明,创意工作者之间的工资差距比其他工作人员更大。对于创造性劳动力来说,教育回报和体验回报是相似的,而在一般人群中,教育回报是体验回报的三倍。最重要的发现是,对创意经济工作者来说,投资学校教育的利润低于其他劳动者。此外,有创造力的男性和女性在人力资本投资的盈利能力方面存在相当大的差异。
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引用次数: 0
The assessment of sustainability in Polish banks 对波兰银行可持续性的评估
Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2018.46.9
Bogna Janik
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引用次数: 0
Innovation of the Polish economy in comparison with the EU member states 波兰经济的创新与欧盟成员国的比较
Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.25167/ees.2018.46.31
M. Węglarz
In the paper, the change in the innovation level of the Polish economy over the years 2007-2016 will be presented and a comparison of the innovation level between the Polish economy and those of the EU member states over the years 2010-2016 will be made. The aim of the paper is to find the answer to the question what the reason of the relatively low innovation level of the Polish economy is in comparison with other countries. In 2016, the Polish economy took the fourth place from the last among all the EU member states, reaching the innovation level of less than 55% relative to that of the EU in 2010. In the first part, a measurement of innovation of the Polish economy will be presented. The measurement will use indicators that were described in three different reports of the Central Statistical Office. In the next part, the innovation level of all the EU member states will be described and the innovation level of the Polish economy will be compared with the innovation level of the EU member states’ economies, such as: Sweden (SE), the Czech republic (CZ), Slovenia (SI) Lithuania (LT) and the European Union. The analysis will be made on the basis of data from European Innovation Scoreboard 2017 (EIS). The methodology that was used in EIS is based on OECD Frascati Manual. In the last part of the article, the evaluation of the innovation level of the Polish economy will be completed.
本文将介绍2007-2016年波兰经济创新水平的变化,并对2010-2016年波兰经济与欧盟成员国的创新水平进行比较。本文的目的是寻找波兰经济创新水平相对于其他国家较低的原因的答案。2016年,波兰经济在欧盟成员国中由倒数第4位跃升至第4位,相对于2010年欧盟的创新水平不到55%。在第一部分中,将介绍波兰经济创新的衡量标准。测量将使用中央统计局三份不同报告中描述的指标。在接下来的部分中,将描述所有欧盟成员国的创新水平,并将波兰经济的创新水平与欧盟成员国经济的创新水平进行比较,例如:瑞典(SE),捷克共和国(CZ),斯洛文尼亚(SI),立陶宛(LT)和欧盟。分析将根据2017年欧洲创新记分牌(EIS)的数据进行。环境信息系统所使用的方法是根据经合组织的《弗拉斯卡蒂手册》。在文章的最后一部分,将完成对波兰经济创新水平的评价。
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引用次数: 4
The situation of generations on the labour market in Poland 波兰劳动力市场上几代人的情况
Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2018.46.32
J. Wiktorowicz
A generational shift is perceived as a significant challenge to organisations, especially in the ongoing changes in contemporary labour market. Four generations meet in the workplace now, while until recently one could talk only about two. Given the growing significance of human capital as a substantial factor of economic growth, the knowledge about individual generations is gaining importance. The aim of this article is to assess the position of particular generations on the labour market in Poland. The statistical analysis was carried out using the individual data of Social Diagnosis 2015 and allows for a quantitative assessment of the working situation of employees from different generations. Basic statistical tests to compare the population, as well as the multifactorial analysis of variance were applied.
一代人的转变被认为是对组织的重大挑战,特别是在当代劳动力市场的持续变化中。现在,四代人在工作场所相遇,而直到最近,一个人只能谈论两代人。鉴于人力资本作为经济增长的重要因素的重要性日益增加,对每代人的了解也变得越来越重要。本文的目的是评估特定世代在波兰劳动力市场上的地位。统计分析是使用2015年社会诊断的个人数据进行的,并允许对不同世代员工的工作情况进行定量评估。应用基本统计检验比较总体,以及多因子方差分析。
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引用次数: 5
Functions of the bonus-malus system in the motor third party liability insurance of motor vehicle owners 奖惩制度在机动车所有人机动车第三者责任保险中的作用
Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2018.46.28
A. Szymańska
The bonus-malus system is one of the stages of the ratemaking process in motor liability insurance. The purpose of the work is to discuss the role of the bonus-malus systems in the ratemaking and to present their functions. The article reviews the measures for assessment of the ratemaking function of the bonus-malus systems and attempts to investigate the impact of preventive and marketing functions. These functions fulfil their role under the condition that the insured party is aware of the functioning of the bonus-malus system. It has been hypothesized that the policyholders choosing the insurer do not know the bonus-malus system offered to them and that increasing the knowledge about the functioning of the system intensifies the impact of its preventive function. The study was conducted on the basis of an analysis of the insurance conditions offered by the insurers on the Polish market (GIT) and a questionnaire survey. Mathematical statistics methods have been used for the analysis. The results of the research confirm the hypothesis that the insured do not know the bonus-malus system while choosing an insurer. This is the effect of not passing enough information to the client. The results allow claiming that even offering brief information about the rules of the functioning of the bonus-malus system improves the awareness of policyholders and increases the impact of the preventive function, which makes it possible to positively verify the second research hypothesis.
奖惩制度是机动车责任保险费率制定过程中的一个环节。这项工作的目的是讨论奖惩制度在制订费率方面的作用,并说明它们的功能。本文回顾了评价奖惩制度费率制定功能的措施,并试图探讨预防功能和营销功能的影响。这些职能是在被保险人了解奖惩制度运作的条件下发挥作用的。假设选择保险公司的投保人不知道提供给他们的奖惩制度,并且增加对制度运作的了解会增强其预防功能的影响。该研究是在对波兰市场(GIT)保险公司提供的保险条件的分析和问卷调查的基础上进行的。采用数理统计方法进行分析。研究结果证实了被保险人在选择保险公司时不知道奖惩制度的假设。这是没有向客户机传递足够信息的结果。研究结果表明,即使提供关于奖惩制度运行规则的简短信息,也可以提高投保人的意识,增加预防功能的影响,从而有可能积极验证第二个研究假设。
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引用次数: 0
Negative aspects of the information society development 信息社会发展的消极方面
Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2018.46.29
S. Ślusarczyk, K. Wrzesinska
The development of an information society leads to a shift from material civilization towards an invisible civilization which should properly be called an information civilization. The information civilization creates enormous opportunities for society and economy. Internet-based functions, such as teleworking, tele-education or tele-information have their social and economic implications. Goal of the article: The goal of the study is to draw attention to the social consequences of the fast development of the information society with a presentation of selected threats to children and young people in cyberspace. Methodology: The study uses the research method based on the literature analysis of the phenomenon of threats to children and adolescents in cyberspace, results of research conducted among others by the Nobody's Children Foundation and the Central Statistical Office of Poland. Conclusions: Wide perception of the cyberbullying problem is needed as this issue concerns children and young people as well as parents and teachers.
信息社会的发展导致了从物质文明向无形文明的转变,这种文明应该被恰当地称为信息文明。信息文明为社会经济创造了巨大的机遇。基于互联网的功能,如远程工作、远程教育或远程信息,具有其社会和经济影响。文章的目的:研究的目的是引起人们对信息社会快速发展的社会后果的关注,并介绍了网络空间中对儿童和青少年的威胁。研究方法:本研究采用的研究方法基于对网络空间中儿童和青少年受到威胁现象的文献分析,以及无人儿童基金会和波兰中央统计局等机构进行的研究结果。结论:网络欺凌问题需要广泛的认知,因为这个问题涉及儿童和青少年以及家长和老师。
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引用次数: 0
Instruments of support for Polish enterprises’ innovativeness 支持波兰企业创新的工具
Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2018.46.19
P. Nowak
Innovativeness, as the ability to be innovative in regional, national and global environments, is nowadays the indicator of success in business. Due to rapidly changing environment, business units need to take risky measures in the field of new technologies and manufacturing techniques. Therefore, innovative activity of enterprises is supported by economic policies of countries that aim at achieving high level of innovativeness in their economies. There are various forms of instruments targeted at business units and the instruments themselves are available at various levels (a region, a country, the European Union). Enterprise output innovation may indicate varying regional needs for innovative support from the state. The aim of the article is to systematise the available forms of support for Polish enterprises and to assess regional variations in enterprise output innovation. The assessment includes 16 Polish voivodeships. Secondary information sources, such as statistics provided by the Polish Statistical Office and the Government’s reports on entrepreneurship, were used in the article. A review of Polish innovation policy instruments described on the government websites was made in order to systematise the instruments of innovation support. To assess regional output innovation variations (2014-2016), a comparative analysis of indicators such as: innovative enterprises as the share of the total industrial/service enterprises, revenues from sales of new or significantly improved products, was carried out. To define the regions with the structures similar in terms of enterprise output innovation, the agglomerative method of non-linear classification (Ward’s method) was applied. The analyses carried out allow systematising the available instruments of enterprise innovativeness support in terms of their sources of financing as well as their division into legal, financial, institutional and infrastructural instruments. The value of public support for innovative activity, in the light of public statistics, differs across regions. The assessment of enterprise output innovation also shows regional differences that seem to result from spatial aspects of development as well as from the size of public contribution. Recognition of these conditionings may have an impact on their effectiveness, while proposing and applying the instruments of Polish innovative policy.
创新能力,即在地区、国家和全球环境中创新的能力,是当今商业成功的标志。由于环境的快速变化,业务单位需要在新技术和制造工艺领域采取风险措施。因此,企业的创新活动受到旨在实现其经济中高水平创新性的国家的经济政策的支持。针对业务单位有各种形式的文书,这些文书本身可在各级(一个区域、一个国家、欧洲联盟)使用。企业产出创新可能反映了不同地区对国家创新支持的不同需求。本文的目的是将支持波兰企业的现有形式系统化,并评估企业产出创新的区域差异。评估包括16个波兰省。文章中使用了二手资料来源,例如波兰统计局提供的统计数字和政府关于企业精神的报告。对政府网站上描述的波兰创新政策工具进行了审查,以便使创新支持工具系统化。为了评估区域产出创新变化(2014-2016),对创新企业占工业/服务业企业总数的比例、新产品或显著改进产品的销售收入等指标进行了比较分析。为了确定企业产出创新结构相似的区域,采用了非线性分类的聚类方法(Ward法)。所进行的分析使现有的企业创新支助手段在资金来源方面有了系统化,并将其分为法律、财政、体制和基础设施手段。根据公共统计数据,公共支持创新活动的价值因区域而异。对企业产出创新的评估也显示出区域差异,这种差异似乎是由发展的空间方面以及公共贡献的规模造成的。承认这些条件可能对其有效性产生影响,同时提出和应用波兰创新政策的工具。
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引用次数: 1
Coopetition in the furniture industry cluster versus competitiveness and innovations of selected companies within the cluster 家具产业集群的竞争与集群内选定企业的竞争力和创新
Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2018.46.13
J. Kroik, Adam Świda
The paper analyses the phenomenon of coopetition in the conditions of a large cluster of companies from the furniture industry in the vicinity of Kępno. It covers a two-stage analysis. The first stage defines the general characteristics of the coopetition potential for the cluster on the basis of the authors’ previous research. In this respect, the methodology of J. Cygler was used. At the second stage, using the case study approach, three companies of different market and assets potential were assessed in detail. The study proved that, when assessing the character of business relations at the level of the furniture production cluster, particular entities can be classified in different categories of use in business practice, covering innovations in coopetition relations.
本文分析了Kępno周边大型家具企业集群条件下的合作现象。它包括两个阶段的分析。第一阶段在前人研究的基础上界定了集群竞争潜力的一般特征。在这方面,采用了J. Cygler的方法。第二阶段,采用案例研究的方法,对三家不同市场和资产潜力的公司进行了详细的评估。研究证明,在评估家具生产集群层面的商业关系特征时,可以将特定实体划分为不同的商业实践使用类别,涵盖合作关系中的创新。
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引用次数: 1
Methods of estimating the mean duration of enterprises and the mean additional duration of enterprises in Lodzkie Voivodship 洛茨基省企业平均经营年限和企业平均追加经营年限的估算方法
Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2018.46.15
A. Mikulec
In a duration analysis, the time of enterprises functioning, i.e. from the foundation to their liquidation, is represented by a random variable. The basic characteristic functions used for time description include: density function, distribution function, survival function and hazard function. The first one f(t) defines the probability of enterprise liquidation in the period denoted as t, i.e. in ⟨t, t + 1) period of time; the second one F(t) expresses the probability of enterprise persistence from the moment of its establishment to the maximum end of the period denoted as t, end of ⟨0, t) period of time; the third one S(t) defines the probability of enterprise survival for longer than the end of the period denoted as t, end of ⟨0, t) period of time; and the last one h(t) assesses the intensity of the process of enterprise liquidation in the period denoted as t. The article presents theoretical and practical aspects of determining selected distribution parameters of time duration: the mean duration of enterprises and the mean additional duration of enterprises, which are also used for characterizing patterns of companies’ survival. The considerations are supported by calculations of the above-mentioned measures for subsequent cohorts of established enterprises (including the liquidated ones) in Lodzkie Voivodship in the years 2001-2015.
在持续时间分析中,企业运作的时间,即从成立到清算,用一个随机变量来表示。用于时间描述的基本特征函数有:密度函数、分布函数、生存函数和危害函数。第一个f(t)定义了企业在t期间清算的概率,即在⟨t, t + 1)时间段内;第二个F(t)表示企业从成立之日起一直持续到最长期限结束(记为t)的概率,即⟨0,t)期限结束;第三个S(t)定义了企业生存时间长于周期结束的概率,记为t,为⟨0,t)周期结束的时间;最后一个h(t)评估了企业清算过程在t期间的强度。本文从理论和实践方面介绍了确定时间持续时间的选定分布参数:企业的平均持续时间和企业的平均额外持续时间,这两个参数也用于表征公司的生存模式。上述考虑得到了对2001-2015年洛兹基省后续建立企业(包括清算企业)的上述措施的计算的支持。
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引用次数: 0
An analysis of the determinants behind having an additional job by employees 对员工拥有额外工作背后的决定因素的分析
Pub Date : 2018-06-30 DOI: 10.25167/EES.2018.46.8
Wioletta Grzenda
Apart from having the main job, many people in Poland decide to take additional jobs. There are many potential factors which determine having a second job. These include varied needs of individuals, such as the desire to improve their material status, family situation, or the opportunities arising from human capital. In this study, apart from the aforementioned needs, the features of individuals, such as age, sex, place of residence and the features of the main workplace have been included. Unfortunately, some determinants of the studied phenomenon cannot be clearly observed or are generally unobservable. Hence, the models with unobservable heterogeneity, which were used in this study, are of particular importance in modelling this type of phenomena. The purpose of this paper was to show the demographic profile of a two-job worker. This has been done by the assessment of the impact of selected determinants on having an additional job. Furthermore, the scale of the impact of the studied determinants has been compared in the case of women and men. The study used the Bayesian logistic regression model.
除了拥有主要工作之外,许多波兰人还决定从事额外的工作。有许多潜在的因素决定是否要做第二份工作。这些需求包括个人的各种需求,如改善物质地位、家庭状况的愿望,或人力资本带来的机会。在本研究中,除了上述需求外,还包括了个人的特征,如年龄、性别、居住地和主要工作场所的特征。不幸的是,所研究现象的一些决定因素不能清楚地观察到或通常是不可观察到的。因此,本研究中使用的具有不可观测异质性的模型在模拟这类现象时尤为重要。本文的目的是显示一个两份工作的工人的人口统计资料。这是通过评估选定的决定因素对获得额外工作的影响来实现的。此外,还比较了所研究的决定因素对女性和男性的影响程度。本研究采用贝叶斯逻辑回归模型。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Economic and Environmental Studies
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