Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27567
T. K. Meng, D. Y.Y. Beng, A. S. Mohd Kassim, A. H. A. Razak, N. A. Mohd Fauzi
Nearly 280 kilotons of polystyrene (PS) waste being discarded yearly in Malaysia. Banning usage of PS food packaging aims to minimize this “white pollution”. However, the existing PS waste volume remains the same despite the termination of PS production. Therefore, this study has investigated the optimization of biodegradation of PS using isolated strain Bacillus aryabhattai as an alternative solution to the biodegradation of recalcitrant plastic. The effect of pH and temperature as independent variables were studied at three levels each (pH: 6, 7.5 and 9, temperature: 25 °C, 35 °C and 45 °C) under the designation by three level-factorial and analysed using response surface methodology (RSM) by Design Expert Version 10.0. The biodegradation activity of Bacillus aryabhattai was quantified using simple colorimetric method. Bacillus aryabhattai was inoculated on the dye PS-film and incubated under designed conditions. As a result of biodegradation, the entrapped methylene blue dye was released and measured photometrically. Optimum conditions for the highest reading of blue dye absorbance were obtained at pH 9 and temperature of 25ºC with the desirability of 75.9%. This study provides significant information on the biodegradation activity of Bacillus aryabhattai for future research that can be applied in waste management.
马来西亚每年丢弃近28万吨聚苯乙烯(PS)废物。禁止使用PS食品包装旨在最大限度地减少这种“白色污染”。然而，尽管停止生产PS，现有的PS废物量仍保持不变。因此，本研究利用分离菌株aryabhattai作为生物降解难降解塑料的替代方案，对PS的生物降解进行了优化研究。pH和温度作为自变量分别在三个水平(pH: 6、7.5和9，温度:25°C、35°C和45°C)下通过三个水平因子进行研究，并使用Design Expert Version 10.0使用响应面法(RSM)进行分析。采用简单比色法测定了aryabhattai芽孢杆菌的生物降解活性。将aryabhattai芽孢杆菌接种于ps染色膜上，并在设计的条件下进行培养。作为生物降解的结果，捕获的亚甲基蓝染料被释放出来并进行光度测定。在pH为9、温度为25℃的条件下，蓝色染料吸光度的最佳读数为75.9%。该研究为今后研究aryabhattai的生物降解活性提供了重要信息，可用于废物管理。
{"title":"Optimization of Polystyrene Biodegradation using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Measured by Simple Colorimetric Method","authors":"T. K. Meng, D. Y.Y. Beng, A. S. Mohd Kassim, A. H. A. Razak, N. A. Mohd Fauzi","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27567","url":null,"abstract":"Nearly 280 kilotons of polystyrene (PS) waste being discarded yearly in Malaysia. Banning usage of PS food packaging aims to minimize this “white pollution”. However, the existing PS waste volume remains the same despite the termination of PS production. Therefore, this study has investigated the optimization of biodegradation of PS using isolated strain Bacillus aryabhattai as an alternative solution to the biodegradation of recalcitrant plastic. The effect of pH and temperature as independent variables were studied at three levels each (pH: 6, 7.5 and 9, temperature: 25 °C, 35 °C and 45 °C) under the designation by three level-factorial and analysed using response surface methodology (RSM) by Design Expert Version 10.0. The biodegradation activity of Bacillus aryabhattai was quantified using simple colorimetric method. Bacillus aryabhattai was inoculated on the dye PS-film and incubated under designed conditions. As a result of biodegradation, the entrapped methylene blue dye was released and measured photometrically. Optimum conditions for the highest reading of blue dye absorbance were obtained at pH 9 and temperature of 25ºC with the desirability of 75.9%. This study provides significant information on the biodegradation activity of Bacillus aryabhattai for future research that can be applied in waste management. ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79784744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27779
Norhamizan Hashim, R. Subban
In this work, poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) is doped with Lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) salt and 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluromethanesulfonyl) imide (EMIm-TFSI) ionic liquid, a plasticiser, for preparation of PEO-LiTFSI-EMImTFSI plasticised polymer electrolyte (PPE) system. Impedance spectroscopy is used to analyse the dependence of dielectric behaviour of the films on frequency and temperature. It is performed in the temperature range between 303K to 343K for frequencies between 50 Hz to 1 MHz. The cationic transport in the films may be explained from the dielectric constant, ԑr and dielectric loss, ԑi where they are found to increase with temperature at lower frequency and decrease at higher frequency, showing that the electrodes were being polarized. Both real parts, Mr and imaginary part, Mi of the modulus showed an increase at high frequency that indicates the spread of conductivity relaxation. The highest temperature (343K) achieved the lowest relaxation time, τ due to increase in number of ions and increase in mobility of ions in the polymer system indicating that conductivity in this system is thermally activated.
{"title":"Dielectric Studies of PEO-based Polymer Electrolytes Doped with LiTFSI Salt and EMIMTFSI Ionic Liquid","authors":"Norhamizan Hashim, R. Subban","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27779","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) is doped with Lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) salt and 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluromethanesulfonyl) imide (EMIm-TFSI) ionic liquid, a plasticiser, for preparation of PEO-LiTFSI-EMImTFSI plasticised polymer electrolyte (PPE) system. Impedance spectroscopy is used to analyse the dependence of dielectric behaviour of the films on frequency and temperature. It is performed in the temperature range between 303K to 343K for frequencies between 50 Hz to 1 MHz. The cationic transport in the films may be explained from the dielectric constant, ԑr and dielectric loss, ԑi where they are found to increase with temperature at lower frequency and decrease at higher frequency, showing that the electrodes were being polarized. Both real parts, Mr and imaginary part, Mi of the modulus showed an increase at high frequency that indicates the spread of conductivity relaxation. The highest temperature (343K) achieved the lowest relaxation time, τ due to increase in number of ions and increase in mobility of ions in the polymer system indicating that conductivity in this system is thermally activated. ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81522498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27472
M. F Z Raja Yahya, Z. Alias, S. A Karsani
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is known to inhibit biofilm formation by Salmonella typhimurium and cause infrared spectral variations of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix. However, the impact of DMSO treatment on EPS protein secretion in S. typhimurium biofilm remains not well investigated. The present study was performed to investigate the EPS protein profile of S. typhimurium biofilm following treatment with DMSO. Biofilm was developed in 6-well microplate at 37 OC for 24 hours. Quantitative resazurin assay and infrared spectroscopy were performed to determine biofilm viability and cell surface chemistry respectively. Subtractive EPS protein profiling was carried out using a combination of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. Treatment with 32% DMSO caused significant reduction in biofilm viability and alteration of cell surface chemistry. Subtractive comparison of EPS protein profiles highlighted one unique protein band, 52.1 kDa, which was secreted only in 32% DMSO treated EPS matrix and not in control EPS matrix. In turn, three EPS proteins were successfully identified from the 51.2 kDa protein band. In conclusion, altered EPS protein secretion following treatment with 32% DMSO may mediate inhibition of S. typhimurium biofilm.
{"title":"Altered EPS Protein Secretion in Salmonella Typhimurium Biofilm Following Treatment with DMSO","authors":"M. F Z Raja Yahya, Z. Alias, S. A Karsani","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27472","url":null,"abstract":"Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is known to inhibit biofilm formation by Salmonella typhimurium and cause infrared spectral variations of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix. However, the impact of DMSO treatment on EPS protein secretion in S. typhimurium biofilm remains not well investigated. The present study was performed to investigate the EPS protein profile of S. typhimurium biofilm following treatment with DMSO. Biofilm was developed in 6-well microplate at 37 OC for 24 hours. Quantitative resazurin assay and infrared spectroscopy were performed to determine biofilm viability and cell surface chemistry respectively. Subtractive EPS protein profiling was carried out using a combination of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. Treatment with 32% DMSO caused significant reduction in biofilm viability and alteration of cell surface chemistry. Subtractive comparison of EPS protein profiles highlighted one unique protein band, 52.1 kDa, which was secreted only in 32% DMSO treated EPS matrix and not in control EPS matrix. In turn, three EPS proteins were successfully identified from the 51.2 kDa protein band. In conclusion, altered EPS protein secretion following treatment with 32% DMSO may mediate inhibition of S. typhimurium biofilm. ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89130577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27678
N. W. Mohd Rusli, A. H. Abdul Rashid, M. R. Ahmad, M. M.N. Roslan, D. Mohd Harun, S. Che Ismail
Controlling sliver evenness is very important since this parameter can affect the quality of the yarn produced. In kenaf sliver production, kenaf fibres alone could not form a good sliver. Thus, fibres such as polyester are needed to blend with kenaf to improve fibre cohesiveness and form a better sliver. The aim of this study is to identify the optimum ratio of kenaf that can be used for sliver production. The heart of the process for the production of kenaf/polyester slivers is carding. The weight percentage of kenaf used for the kenaf/polyester sliver production was 50%, 60% and 70%. After sliver formation, the waste percentage, diameter and size were determined. The sliver images were analysed under video analyser and captured by digital SLR camera to observe the fibre blending. The research showed that lower percentage of kenaf offered better waste percentage and sliver diameter. Whereas, sliver size showed some decrement with an increment of kenaf fibre percentage. The presence of polyester in the production of kenaf/polyester sliver seems to play an important role to bind the kenaf fibres together.
{"title":"Evaluation of Kenaf/Polyester Fiber Blended Sliver Produced from Carding Machine","authors":"N. W. Mohd Rusli, A. H. Abdul Rashid, M. R. Ahmad, M. M.N. Roslan, D. Mohd Harun, S. Che Ismail","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27678","url":null,"abstract":"Controlling sliver evenness is very important since this parameter can affect the quality of the yarn produced. In kenaf sliver production, kenaf fibres alone could not form a good sliver. Thus, fibres such as polyester are needed to blend with kenaf to improve fibre cohesiveness and form a better sliver. The aim of this study is to identify the optimum ratio of kenaf that can be used for sliver production. The heart of the process for the production of kenaf/polyester slivers is carding. The weight percentage of kenaf used for the kenaf/polyester sliver production was 50%, 60% and 70%. After sliver formation, the waste percentage, diameter and size were determined. The sliver images were analysed under video analyser and captured by digital SLR camera to observe the fibre blending. The research showed that lower percentage of kenaf offered better waste percentage and sliver diameter. Whereas, sliver size showed some decrement with an increment of kenaf fibre percentage. The presence of polyester in the production of kenaf/polyester sliver seems to play an important role to bind the kenaf fibres together. ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79515564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27510
M. I Adenan, N. A Jusril, K. A Radzun, Z. Z Hafiz
Neuroinflammation and deficiency of cholinergic are major factors of neurodegenerative damage correlated to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of apple and date vinegars added with Centella asiatica in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The neuroprotective effect of apple or date vinegar added with various percentage of C. asiatica (0, 0.5, 2, 5) % w/v was determined in vitro. The methanolic extract of apple vinegar added with 2% C. asiatica (AV-2% CA) and date vinegar added with 2% C. asiatica (DV-2% CA) extracts showed potent neuroprotective effect. Both extracts were subjected to liquid-liquid partitioning yielded aqueous (H2O: AV/DV-2% CA) and ethyl acetate (EA: AV/DV-2% CA) extracts. Anti-inflammatory response against nitric oxide (NO) of all extracts was measured in LPS-induced SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and percentage inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was measured using commercially available test kits. It was found that EA: DV-2% CA showed potent ameliorating effect against LPS-induced inflammation (I50: 563.5 ± 0.13μg/mL) and was also responsible in the AChE inhibition activity (IC50: 9.087 ± 0.02). Thus, this extract is suggested to have dual properties of anti-inflammatory and anti-acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity that could be beneficial in the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative disease.
{"title":"Comparative Study on Anti-Acetylcholinesterase and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Date and Apple Vinegars Fortified with Centella Asiatica","authors":"M. I Adenan, N. A Jusril, K. A Radzun, Z. Z Hafiz","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27510","url":null,"abstract":"Neuroinflammation and deficiency of cholinergic are major factors of neurodegenerative damage correlated to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of apple and date vinegars added with Centella asiatica in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The neuroprotective effect of apple or date vinegar added with various percentage of C. asiatica (0, 0.5, 2, 5) % w/v was determined in vitro. The methanolic extract of apple vinegar added with 2% C. asiatica (AV-2% CA) and date vinegar added with 2% C. asiatica (DV-2% CA) extracts showed potent neuroprotective effect. Both extracts were subjected to liquid-liquid partitioning yielded aqueous (H2O: AV/DV-2% CA) and ethyl acetate (EA: AV/DV-2% CA) extracts. Anti-inflammatory response against nitric oxide (NO) of all extracts was measured in LPS-induced SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and percentage inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was measured using commercially available test kits. It was found that EA: DV-2% CA showed potent ameliorating effect against LPS-induced inflammation (I50: 563.5 ± 0.13μg/mL) and was also responsible in the AChE inhibition activity (IC50: 9.087 ± 0.02). Thus, this extract is suggested to have dual properties of anti-inflammatory and anti-acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity that could be beneficial in the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative disease. ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78608625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27514
A. Abu Seman, N. H. Berahim, M. G.M. Noh
Exploration and production of sour gas field raise the need for CO2 management to minimize the adverse effect of green house gas venting to the environment. It is a fine balance between the sunken value of CO2 reinjection and value creation in CO2 conversion to value product, essential in ensuring project’s economic viability. Conversion to methane is selected due to the ease of integration with current process facility. Catalytic conversion of CO2 to methane are reported here over metal oxides (Al2O3, ZrO2 and La2O3) supported Nickel base catalysts over a range of temperature and GHSV with fixed H2/CO2 molar ratio. The catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation technique at room temperature. It was then characterized with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) and Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD). All catalyst systems showed trend of decreasing CO2 conversion when the GHSV is increased from 10000 to 15000 h-1, which is in line with short reactant contact time. The impact is more pronounced at low temperature of 300 °C, but at high temperature of 400 °C, the conversion is almost comparable irrespective of GHSV. Experimental results indicate that Ni/Al2O3 gives the highest CO2 conversion of 74% while 7% and 67% for Ni/ZrO2 and Ni/La2O3 respectively. There is a prospect for further scaling up to complement the current commercial catalyst proven for handling low concentration of CO2.
{"title":"Mitigating CO2 Emission Via Catalytic Conversion to Methane : a Feasibility Study of Metal Oxide Supported Nickel Based Catalysts","authors":"A. Abu Seman, N. H. Berahim, M. G.M. Noh","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27514","url":null,"abstract":"Exploration and production of sour gas field raise the need for CO2 management to minimize the adverse effect of green house gas venting to the environment. It is a fine balance between the sunken value of CO2 reinjection and value creation in CO2 conversion to value product, essential in ensuring project’s economic viability. Conversion to methane is selected due to the ease of integration with current process facility. Catalytic conversion of CO2 to methane are reported here over metal oxides (Al2O3, ZrO2 and La2O3) supported Nickel base catalysts over a range of temperature and GHSV with fixed H2/CO2 molar ratio. The catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation technique at room temperature. It was then characterized with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) and Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD). All catalyst systems showed trend of decreasing CO2 conversion when the GHSV is increased from 10000 to 15000 h-1, which is in line with short reactant contact time. The impact is more pronounced at low temperature of 300 °C, but at high temperature of 400 °C, the conversion is almost comparable irrespective of GHSV. Experimental results indicate that Ni/Al2O3 gives the highest CO2 conversion of 74% while 7% and 67% for Ni/ZrO2 and Ni/La2O3 respectively. There is a prospect for further scaling up to complement the current commercial catalyst proven for handling low concentration of CO2. ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88619298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27475
N. A N Zamani, T. E Tengku Zainal Mulok, R. MAT NOR, . .
Biosurfactants are amphiphilic compound, having hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties enabling them to reduce surface and interfacial tension at the surface. Their unique properties are applied in various industries such as foaming and wetting agents, emulsifiers, detergents and bioremediation. A total of 98 isolates showed biosurfactant activity using hemolytic activity, drop collapse test and oil spreading assay. All isolates were rod-shaped, Gram positive and majority of them were non-endospore former. Only the isolates showing the highest percentage of emulsification index (E24) and ability to reduce tension were used for species identification using 16S rDNA gene sequencing which were isolates A1(6) and A2(1). Both isolates were identified as Bacillus sp. cp-h50 and Bacillus sp. XT-24 respectively, rod-shaped, endospore former and Gram positive. The biosurfactant produced by both species showed high emulsification index (E24) (A1(6), 63.3% and A2(1), 46.7%) and good surfactant capacity. The size of amplified gene of 16S rDNA gene was approximately 1.5 kb. These features provide evidence that both species could be a potential biosurfactant producer with proper optimization for the production of biosurfactant. The biosurfactant produced by both bacterial species were identified as surfactin using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).
{"title":"Isolation and Molecular Identification of Biosurfactant Producing Soil Bacteria","authors":"N. A N Zamani, T. E Tengku Zainal Mulok, R. MAT NOR, . .","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27475","url":null,"abstract":"Biosurfactants are amphiphilic compound, having hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties enabling them to reduce surface and interfacial tension at the surface. Their unique properties are applied in various industries such as foaming and wetting agents, emulsifiers, detergents and bioremediation. A total of 98 isolates showed biosurfactant activity using hemolytic activity, drop collapse test and oil spreading assay. All isolates were rod-shaped, Gram positive and majority of them were non-endospore former. Only the isolates showing the highest percentage of emulsification index (E24) and ability to reduce tension were used for species identification using 16S rDNA gene sequencing which were isolates A1(6) and A2(1). Both isolates were identified as Bacillus sp. cp-h50 and Bacillus sp. XT-24 respectively, rod-shaped, endospore former and Gram positive. The biosurfactant produced by both species showed high emulsification index (E24) (A1(6), 63.3% and A2(1), 46.7%) and good surfactant capacity. The size of amplified gene of 16S rDNA gene was approximately 1.5 kb. These features provide evidence that both species could be a potential biosurfactant producer with proper optimization for the production of biosurfactant. The biosurfactant produced by both bacterial species were identified as surfactin using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88297814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27524
H. M. Lahuri, N. H. Berahim, M. S. Onn, M. G.M. Noh, R. Othman
Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) is synthetic calcium carbonate that has high purity of more than 98 wt% of CaCO3 content. Owing to its unique characteristic whereby its shape and size can be controlled to tailor to various applications, PCC has seen great demands in many industries such as paper, paint, plastic, food, ceramics, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and many others. PCC can be synthesized via various methods and the most often used method in industry is via carbonation process. This process has caught interest of the oil and gas industry for utilizing existing carbon dioxide waste from plant processes. Precipitation of PCC is carried out using hydrated lime under various conditions at different gas purity (1 mol% CH4 + 99 mol% CO2 , 40 mol% CH4 + 60 mol% CO2 ), different gas flowrate, and different stirring rate. All experiments are carried out using 1 litre of ionic solution at ambient conditions. All samples are characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Particle Size Distribution, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). FESEM analysis shows different surface morphology for different methane content with calcite formation. The particle size for all PCC produced at different parameters are comparable at the range 5-9 microns depending on the mixing rate used whereas XRF results indicate very high purity of CaCO3 of more than 99 wt%.
{"title":"Effect of Methane on the Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate via Carbonation Process","authors":"H. M. Lahuri, N. H. Berahim, M. S. Onn, M. G.M. Noh, R. Othman","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27524","url":null,"abstract":"Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) is synthetic calcium carbonate that has high purity of more than 98 wt% of CaCO3 content. Owing to its unique characteristic whereby its shape and size can be controlled to tailor to various applications, PCC has seen great demands in many industries such as paper, paint, plastic, food, ceramics, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and many others. PCC can be synthesized via various methods and the most often used method in industry is via carbonation process. This process has caught interest of the oil and gas industry for utilizing existing carbon dioxide waste from plant processes. Precipitation of PCC is carried out using hydrated lime under various conditions at different gas purity (1 mol% CH4 + 99 mol% CO2 , 40 mol% CH4 + 60 mol% CO2 ), different gas flowrate, and different stirring rate. All experiments are carried out using 1 litre of ionic solution at ambient conditions. All samples are characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Particle Size Distribution, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). FESEM analysis shows different surface morphology for different methane content with calcite formation. The particle size for all PCC produced at different parameters are comparable at the range 5-9 microns depending on the mixing rate used whereas XRF results indicate very high purity of CaCO3 of more than 99 wt%. ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73073566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27525
N. I.I. Nor Azman, N. Hashim, R. Ahmad
Muntingia calabura Linn. also known locally as “ceri kampung” is a plant of the family Elaeocarpaceae. The plant has been reported to possess several medicinal properties including reducing high blood pressure, lowering cholesterol level and controlling Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is usually related to postprandial hyperglycemia, which is related to the rise of blood sugar level after a meal. This condition can be controlled by α-glucosidase inhibitors which inhibit the enzyme from catalyzing the liberation of glucose from carbohydrates in the digestive tract. Despite many biological studies reported for the plant, its antidiabetic potential has not been widely explored. Thus the aim of this study was to find potential α-glucosidase inhibitors from 16 extracts of M. calabura as a therapeutic approach in decreasing postprandial hyperglycemia. The hexane (Hx), ethyl acetate (Ea), 75% ethanol (Et) and aqueous (Aq) extracts of four parts (fruit, leaf, stem and root) of M. calabura (collected from Bangi, Selangor) were screened for their a-glucosidase inhibitory activities at 50.00, 25.00, 12.50, 6.25, 3.13, 1.56 and 0.78 ppm prepared via two-fold serial dilution against the positive control, acarbose. The aqueous leaf (AqL) and root extracts (AqR) exhibited very strong activities with IC50 values of 0.15 and 0.41 µg/ml while the other extracts showed strong to moderately strong activities with IC50 values ranging from 1.83-11.66 µg/ml against acarbose (4.3 µg/ml).
{"title":"In-Vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Muntingia Calabura Linn.","authors":"N. I.I. Nor Azman, N. Hashim, R. Ahmad","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27525","url":null,"abstract":"Muntingia calabura Linn. also known locally as “ceri kampung” is a plant of the family Elaeocarpaceae. The plant has been reported to possess several medicinal properties including reducing high blood pressure, lowering cholesterol level and controlling Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is usually related to postprandial hyperglycemia, which is related to the rise of blood sugar level after a meal. This condition can be controlled by α-glucosidase inhibitors which inhibit the enzyme from catalyzing the liberation of glucose from carbohydrates in the digestive tract. Despite many biological studies reported for the plant, its antidiabetic potential has not been widely explored. Thus the aim of this study was to find potential α-glucosidase inhibitors from 16 extracts of M. calabura as a therapeutic approach in decreasing postprandial hyperglycemia. The hexane (Hx), ethyl acetate (Ea), 75% ethanol (Et) and aqueous (Aq) extracts of four parts (fruit, leaf, stem and root) of M. calabura (collected from Bangi, Selangor) were screened for their a-glucosidase inhibitory activities at 50.00, 25.00, 12.50, 6.25, 3.13, 1.56 and 0.78 ppm prepared via two-fold serial dilution against the positive control, acarbose. The aqueous leaf (AqL) and root extracts (AqR) exhibited very strong activities with IC50 values of 0.15 and 0.41 µg/ml while the other extracts showed strong to moderately strong activities with IC50 values ranging from 1.83-11.66 µg/ml against acarbose (4.3 µg/ml). ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75207473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27690
N. A.A. Rahim, M. F. Yahya, S. A. Ghani
High tenacity polyester plain woven fabric punctured at multi angle layers were investigated. The main objective of the work was to analyse the effect of multi angle layered arrangement to quasi static puncture energy on different magnitude force. High tenacity polyester plain woven fabrics were weaved by using a rapier weaving machine at 300 rpm and 100% efficiency. The woven fabric samples consisted of different angles (90º, 0º, 45º and 135º). The maximum layers of woven fabric samples were two layers. The work was designed to evaluate the relationship between quasi static puncture energy of different load cell and multi angle layered of woven fabric. The results suggested that 10kN load cell gave the best value of puncture test and had been considered the appropriate force to test on woven fabrics.
{"title":"The Effect of Puncture Load Cell Variation on Multi-Angle Layered Woven Fabric","authors":"N. A.A. Rahim, M. F. Yahya, S. A. Ghani","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27690","url":null,"abstract":"High tenacity polyester plain woven fabric punctured at multi angle layers were investigated. The main objective of the work was to analyse the effect of multi angle layered arrangement to quasi static puncture energy on different magnitude force. High tenacity polyester plain woven fabrics were weaved by using a rapier weaving machine at 300 rpm and 100% efficiency. The woven fabric samples consisted of different angles (90º, 0º, 45º and 135º). The maximum layers of woven fabric samples were two layers. The work was designed to evaluate the relationship between quasi static puncture energy of different load cell and multi angle layered of woven fabric. The results suggested that 10kN load cell gave the best value of puncture test and had been considered the appropriate force to test on woven fabrics. ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82400272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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