Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27665
H. Mohd Hanif, K. C. Yong
Epoxidised natural rubber, ENR has emerged as a sustainable material for many applications due to its unique properties. This study sets out to investigate the effects of ENR on the oil resistance property of nitrile rubber, NBR composites used for safety footwear application. Blends of NBR/ENR i.e. 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40 and 50/50 were prepared and tested for their oil resistance property and other physical properties such as hardness, tensile properties and abrasion loss. Results showed that varying the amount of ENR did not significantly affect the hardness and tensile properties of the composites. Nonetheless, it was found that ENR content highly influences the abrasion loss of the composites in which the abrasion resistance decreased with further addition of ENR contents. Despite the increase in oil swelling of the composites with increasing ENR content, the oil swelling values are considered low (< 5% volume change), indicating superior oil resistance property of the composites. These results confirm the possibility of ENR as a sustainable material for the production of eco-friendly composites with high oil resistance property for the footwear industry.
{"title":"Effects of Epoxidised Natural Rubber on the Oil Resistance Property of NBR/ENR Blends used for Safety Footwear Application","authors":"H. Mohd Hanif, K. C. Yong","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27665","url":null,"abstract":"Epoxidised natural rubber, ENR has emerged as a sustainable material for many applications due to its unique properties. This study sets out to investigate the effects of ENR on the oil resistance property of nitrile rubber, NBR composites used for safety footwear application. Blends of NBR/ENR i.e. 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40 and 50/50 were prepared and tested for their oil resistance property and other physical properties such as hardness, tensile properties and abrasion loss. Results showed that varying the amount of ENR did not significantly affect the hardness and tensile properties of the composites. Nonetheless, it was found that ENR content highly influences the abrasion loss of the composites in which the abrasion resistance decreased with further addition of ENR contents. Despite the increase in oil swelling of the composites with increasing ENR content, the oil swelling values are considered low (< 5% volume change), indicating superior oil resistance property of the composites. These results confirm the possibility of ENR as a sustainable material for the production of eco-friendly composites with high oil resistance property for the footwear industry. ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"206 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80441886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27713
A. N. Arshad, M. N. Sarip, E. Z. Engku Zaharah, M. D. Rozana
PVDF-TrFE (70:30 mol%) powders were dissolved individually in three polar solvents of Diethyl Carbonate (DEC), Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) and N-, N-, Dimethylformamide (DMF). The solution was spin coated and formed PVDF-TrFE films of 250 nm thickness; UN DEC, UN MEK and UN DMF films. PVDF-TrFE powders were found to readily dissolve in DMF solvent as indicated by Hansen solubility parameters (δt). Hansen parameter showed small difference in reading (δt = 1.7) for PVDF-TrFE and DMF, and low relative energy difference (RED) value. All films were annealed at 120°C (AN DEC, AN MEK, AN DMF). The AN DMF film showed high presence of polar β-phase crystals as evident from the ATR-FTIR spectrum. This is given by the significant peaks at 848, 1190, and 1290 cm-1. The trend is consistent with XRD pattern, where relative increment of cps value (53%) at 19.2° (2θ) is observed. This further supports the high degree of β-phase crystals observed in AN DMF film.
将PVDF-TrFE (70:30 mol%)粉末分别溶解于碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、甲乙酮(MEK)和N-， N-，二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)三种极性溶剂中。对溶液进行自旋涂覆，形成厚度为250 nm的PVDF-TrFE薄膜;联合国DEC，联合国MEK和联合国DMF电影。根据汉森溶解度参数(δt)，发现PVDF-TrFE粉末在DMF溶剂中易于溶解。PVDF-TrFE和DMF的Hansen参数读数差异较小(δt = 1.7)，相对能差(RED)值较低。所有薄膜在120°C下退火(AN DEC, AN MEK, AN DMF)。从ATR-FTIR光谱可以看出，AN DMF薄膜中存在大量极性β相晶体。这是由848、1190和1290 cm-1处的显著峰给出的。在19.2°(2θ)处，cps值相对增加53%，与XRD图一致。这进一步支持了在AN DMF薄膜中观察到的高程度的β相晶体。
{"title":"Effect of Varying Solvents on Structural Properties of Annealed PVDF-Trfe Thin Films","authors":"A. N. Arshad, M. N. Sarip, E. Z. Engku Zaharah, M. D. Rozana","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27713","url":null,"abstract":"PVDF-TrFE (70:30 mol%) powders were dissolved individually in three polar solvents of Diethyl Carbonate (DEC), Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) and N-, N-, Dimethylformamide (DMF). The solution was spin coated and formed PVDF-TrFE films of 250 nm thickness; UN DEC, UN MEK and UN DMF films. PVDF-TrFE powders were found to readily dissolve in DMF solvent as indicated by Hansen solubility parameters (δt). Hansen parameter showed small difference in reading (δt = 1.7) for PVDF-TrFE and DMF, and low relative energy difference (RED) value. All films were annealed at 120°C (AN DEC, AN MEK, AN DMF). The AN DMF film showed high presence of polar β-phase crystals as evident from the ATR-FTIR spectrum. This is given by the significant peaks at 848, 1190, and 1290 cm-1. The trend is consistent with XRD pattern, where relative increment of cps value (53%) at 19.2° (2θ) is observed. This further supports the high degree of β-phase crystals observed in AN DMF film. ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84213986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27788
N. A. Mustaffa, N. S. Mohamed, . .
Electrical properties of Li - ion conducting Li1+xCrxSn2-x(PO4)3 ceramic electrolytes with 0 < x < 1 were studied using electrical impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 10 MHz at room temperature. Impedance analysis showed an increase in bulk and grain boundary conductivity with the increment of x up to x = 0.7. The highest bulk and grain boundary conductivity were 6.52 ×10-6 S cm-1 and 1.62 ×10-6 S cm-1 in the system of Li1.7Cr0.7Sn1.3(PO4)3 at room temperature. The charge carrier concentration, mobile ion concentration, ionic hopping rate and ionic mobility were calculated by fitting the AC conductivity spectra. The ionic hopping rate and ionic mobility of the compound increased with the substitution of chromium due to the extra interstitial Li+ ions in the system. Additionally, the highest conducting sample with x = 0.7 had a negligible electronic conductivity based on transference number measurements. These results imply that the Li1+xCrxSn2-x(PO4)3 electrolytes obtained in this work can be considered as future candidates for solid state electrolytes.
采用电阻抗谱法研究了Li离子导电0 < x < 1的Li1+xCrxSn2-x(PO4)3陶瓷电解质在1 Hz ~ 10 MHz范围内的室温电学特性。阻抗分析表明，体积电导率和晶界电导率随x的增加而增加，达到x = 0.7。室温下，Li1.7Cr0.7Sn1.3(PO4)3体系的体积电导率和晶界电导率分别为6.52 ×10-6 S cm-1和1.62 ×10-6 S cm-1。通过拟合交流电导率谱，计算了载流子浓度、移动离子浓度、离子跳变速率和离子迁移率。随着铬的取代，化合物的离子跳跃率和离子迁移率增加，这是由于系统中额外的间隙Li+离子。此外，根据迁移数测量，x = 0.7的最高导电性样品的电子导电性可以忽略不计。这些结果表明，本工作获得的Li1+xCrxSn2-x(PO4)3电解质可以被认为是未来固态电解质的候选者。
{"title":"Electrical Properties of Li-based NASICON Structured Ceramic Electrolytes Substituted With Chromium","authors":"N. A. Mustaffa, N. S. Mohamed, . .","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27788","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical properties of Li - ion conducting Li1+xCrxSn2-x(PO4)3 ceramic electrolytes with 0 < x < 1 were studied using electrical impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 10 MHz at room temperature. Impedance analysis showed an increase in bulk and grain boundary conductivity with the increment of x up to x = 0.7. The highest bulk and grain boundary conductivity were 6.52 ×10-6 S cm-1 and 1.62 ×10-6 S cm-1 in the system of Li1.7Cr0.7Sn1.3(PO4)3 at room temperature. The charge carrier concentration, mobile ion concentration, ionic hopping rate and ionic mobility were calculated by fitting the AC conductivity spectra. The ionic hopping rate and ionic mobility of the compound increased with the substitution of chromium due to the extra interstitial Li+ ions in the system. Additionally, the highest conducting sample with x = 0.7 had a negligible electronic conductivity based on transference number measurements. These results imply that the Li1+xCrxSn2-x(PO4)3 electrolytes obtained in this work can be considered as future candidates for solid state electrolytes. ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79864078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27715
D. P.C. Aiman, M. F. Yahya, M. R. Ahmad, S. A. Ghani
The aim of this study was to investigate impact resistance of 3D woven composites, impacted by three different impactor shapes. An experimental study was carried out to compare the impact resistance on four types of 3D woven fiberglass composites. Impact resistance test will be performed using standard method ASTM D2444, with a set up initial impact energy is 20 J, velocity of 3.4901 m/s, height of 0.6163m and mass applied is 3.29 kg. Three different impactor shapes which are hemispherical, conical and ogival were used for testing woven fabric composite impact test. Hand lay-up technique was used to fabricate the composites. From results, 4 float Layer-to-layer Interlock (4L) gave the highest impact resistance for all impactor shapes with 6258.0 N for hemispherical impactor, 4000.1 N for conical impactor and 3750.7 N for ogival impactor. Ogival impactor tends to penetrate the woven composite samples better compared to conical and hemispherical impactors.
{"title":"Impact Resistance of 3D Woven Composites Impacted by Different Impactor Shapes","authors":"D. P.C. Aiman, M. F. Yahya, M. R. Ahmad, S. A. Ghani","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27715","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to investigate impact resistance of 3D woven composites, impacted by three different impactor shapes. An experimental study was carried out to compare the impact resistance on four types of 3D woven fiberglass composites. Impact resistance test will be performed using standard method ASTM D2444, with a set up initial impact energy is 20 J, velocity of 3.4901 m/s, height of 0.6163m and mass applied is 3.29 kg. Three different impactor shapes which are hemispherical, conical and ogival were used for testing woven fabric composite impact test. Hand lay-up technique was used to fabricate the composites. From results, 4 float Layer-to-layer Interlock (4L) gave the highest impact resistance for all impactor shapes with 6258.0 N for hemispherical impactor, 4000.1 N for conical impactor and 3750.7 N for ogival impactor. Ogival impactor tends to penetrate the woven composite samples better compared to conical and hemispherical impactors. ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80187568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27785
Nurul Izza Taib, Timothy G. St. Pierre, Robert C. Woodward, Michael J. House
Here, we present the magnetic properties of silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles. We have coated 7 nm of Fe3O4 with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) for phase transformation from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. Core-shell structure of silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles have been obtained using surfactant templated sol-gel method. The obtained silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and superconducting quantum interference device (SQuID). The hysteresis loops of the coated particles were measured using SQuID and the results showed a superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. The saturation magnetization (Ms) of the coated particles indicate the presence of non-magnetic surface layers resulting from the strong chemical attachment of the silica to the Fe3O4’s surface, also observed by FTIR spectroscopy.
{"title":"Magnetic Properties of Magnetite Nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) Coated with Mesoporous Silica by Surfactant Templated Sol-Gel Method","authors":"Nurul Izza Taib, Timothy G. St. Pierre, Robert C. Woodward, Michael J. House","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27785","url":null,"abstract":"Here, we present the magnetic properties of silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles. We have coated 7 nm of Fe3O4 with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) for phase transformation from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. Core-shell structure of silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles have been obtained using surfactant templated sol-gel method. The obtained silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and superconducting quantum interference device (SQuID). The hysteresis loops of the coated particles were measured using SQuID and the results showed a superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. The saturation magnetization (Ms) of the coated particles indicate the presence of non-magnetic surface layers resulting from the strong chemical attachment of the silica to the Fe3O4’s surface, also observed by FTIR spectroscopy. ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"65 1 Suppl 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76386753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27517
A. A. Abu Bakar, N. H. Hashim, . .
The complexity of environmental chemical exposure become a major concern because an essential objective of the global research effort is to improve life quality feature. Currently, environmental monitoring has become even more critical as human population increase, with the increasing strains on the environment. The unwanted synthetic compounds that presence from grey water in natural water was lead a toxic effect on ecosystems thus may lead to changes in biodiversity. This paper aims to discuss the studies of characterization in the environmental water sample from greywater which were laundry wastewater and car wash wastewater in the area surrounding Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. The samples were directly brought to the laboratory for analysis and the content of grey water quality was characterized by using physicochemical analyses including pH, conductivity, suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), anionic surfactants (AS), oil and grease, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, and nitrite. All parameters were tested according to the standard method (APHA 2012). The result of this studies showed that the concentrations of AS by using methylene blue active substances (MBAS) were higher in laundry wastewater compared to car wash wastewater which was maximum at 105.0 mg/L. While the COD for car wash wastewater was maximum at 531.1 mg/L which was higher than laundry wastewater. Some of the characterizations indicated high values for many parameters and there is the need for specific treatment prior to discharge to before it has been directly discharged to the drainage.
{"title":"Monitoring of Wastewater Quality from Laundry and Car Wash Industries at Batu Pahat, Johor","authors":"A. A. Abu Bakar, N. H. Hashim, . .","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27517","url":null,"abstract":"The complexity of environmental chemical exposure become a major concern because an essential objective of the global research effort is to improve life quality feature. Currently, environmental monitoring has become even more critical as human population increase, with the increasing strains on the environment. The unwanted synthetic compounds that presence from grey water in natural water was lead a toxic effect on ecosystems thus may lead to changes in biodiversity. This paper aims to discuss the studies of characterization in the environmental water sample from greywater which were laundry wastewater and car wash wastewater in the area surrounding Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. The samples were directly brought to the laboratory for analysis and the content of grey water quality was characterized by using physicochemical analyses including pH, conductivity, suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), anionic surfactants (AS), oil and grease, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, and nitrite. All parameters were tested according to the standard method (APHA 2012). The result of this studies showed that the concentrations of AS by using methylene blue active substances (MBAS) were higher in laundry wastewater compared to car wash wastewater which was maximum at 105.0 mg/L. While the COD for car wash wastewater was maximum at 531.1 mg/L which was higher than laundry wastewater. Some of the characterizations indicated high values for many parameters and there is the need for specific treatment prior to discharge to before it has been directly discharged to the drainage. ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89282754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27511
N. S Mohammad, M. I A Halim, M. M. Mahat, M. F Safian, Z. Z Ariffin
Nitrofurans (NFs) such as furaltadone (FTD), furazolidone (FZD) and nitrofurazone (NFZ) have been used as antibacterials and growth promoters for the poultry and aquaculture industry. These antibiotics have now been banned from use due to their carcinogenic properties; therefore there is an urgent need to remove or degrade NFs from contaminated areas. Aspergillus tamarii isolate TN-7 isolated from antibiotic overexposed soil shows an ability to degrade the NFs antibiotics. After 5 days of incubating of Aspergillus tamarii isolate TN-7 with 500 µg/mL NF, the residual of the NF concentration was determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Solid phase extraction was performed to clean-up the fermentation broth prior to HPLC-DAD analysis. Antimicrobial of the NFs residues showed a decreased in the percentage of inhibition that FTD, FZD and NFZ were reduced to to 85.71 %, 75.86 % and 70.97 % after 96 hours of incubation. Quantification using HPLC-DAD showed, after 96 hours of incubation, Aspergillus tamarii isolate TN-7 reduced furaltadone, furazolidone and nitrofurazone to 86.73 %, 37.49 % and 29.17 % respectively. This finding shows that Aspergillus tamarii isolate TN-7 has the potential to be used as a bioremediation tool in removing NF antibiotics from the contaminated areas.
{"title":"Biotransformation of Furaltadone, Furazolidone and Nitrofurazone using Aspergillus Tamarii isolate TN-7 : in Vitro Residual Identification and Quantification by HPLC-DAD","authors":"N. S Mohammad, M. I A Halim, M. M. Mahat, M. F Safian, Z. Z Ariffin","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27511","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrofurans (NFs) such as furaltadone (FTD), furazolidone (FZD) and nitrofurazone (NFZ) have been used as antibacterials and growth promoters for the poultry and aquaculture industry. These antibiotics have now been banned from use due to their carcinogenic properties; therefore there is an urgent need to remove or degrade NFs from contaminated areas. Aspergillus tamarii isolate TN-7 isolated from antibiotic overexposed soil shows an ability to degrade the NFs antibiotics. After 5 days of incubating of Aspergillus tamarii isolate TN-7 with 500 µg/mL NF, the residual of the NF concentration was determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Solid phase extraction was performed to clean-up the fermentation broth prior to HPLC-DAD analysis. Antimicrobial of the NFs residues showed a decreased in the percentage of inhibition that FTD, FZD and NFZ were reduced to to 85.71 %, 75.86 % and 70.97 % after 96 hours of incubation. Quantification using HPLC-DAD showed, after 96 hours of incubation, Aspergillus tamarii isolate TN-7 reduced furaltadone, furazolidone and nitrofurazone to 86.73 %, 37.49 % and 29.17 % respectively. This finding shows that Aspergillus tamarii isolate TN-7 has the potential to be used as a bioremediation tool in removing NF antibiotics from the contaminated areas. ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73933834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27567
T. K. Meng, D. Y.Y. Beng, A. S. Mohd Kassim, A. H. A. Razak, N. A. Mohd Fauzi
Nearly 280 kilotons of polystyrene (PS) waste being discarded yearly in Malaysia. Banning usage of PS food packaging aims to minimize this “white pollution”. However, the existing PS waste volume remains the same despite the termination of PS production. Therefore, this study has investigated the optimization of biodegradation of PS using isolated strain Bacillus aryabhattai as an alternative solution to the biodegradation of recalcitrant plastic. The effect of pH and temperature as independent variables were studied at three levels each (pH: 6, 7.5 and 9, temperature: 25 °C, 35 °C and 45 °C) under the designation by three level-factorial and analysed using response surface methodology (RSM) by Design Expert Version 10.0. The biodegradation activity of Bacillus aryabhattai was quantified using simple colorimetric method. Bacillus aryabhattai was inoculated on the dye PS-film and incubated under designed conditions. As a result of biodegradation, the entrapped methylene blue dye was released and measured photometrically. Optimum conditions for the highest reading of blue dye absorbance were obtained at pH 9 and temperature of 25ºC with the desirability of 75.9%. This study provides significant information on the biodegradation activity of Bacillus aryabhattai for future research that can be applied in waste management.
马来西亚每年丢弃近28万吨聚苯乙烯(PS)废物。禁止使用PS食品包装旨在最大限度地减少这种“白色污染”。然而，尽管停止生产PS，现有的PS废物量仍保持不变。因此，本研究利用分离菌株aryabhattai作为生物降解难降解塑料的替代方案，对PS的生物降解进行了优化研究。pH和温度作为自变量分别在三个水平(pH: 6、7.5和9，温度:25°C、35°C和45°C)下通过三个水平因子进行研究，并使用Design Expert Version 10.0使用响应面法(RSM)进行分析。采用简单比色法测定了aryabhattai芽孢杆菌的生物降解活性。将aryabhattai芽孢杆菌接种于ps染色膜上，并在设计的条件下进行培养。作为生物降解的结果，捕获的亚甲基蓝染料被释放出来并进行光度测定。在pH为9、温度为25℃的条件下，蓝色染料吸光度的最佳读数为75.9%。该研究为今后研究aryabhattai的生物降解活性提供了重要信息，可用于废物管理。
{"title":"Optimization of Polystyrene Biodegradation using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Measured by Simple Colorimetric Method","authors":"T. K. Meng, D. Y.Y. Beng, A. S. Mohd Kassim, A. H. A. Razak, N. A. Mohd Fauzi","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27567","url":null,"abstract":"Nearly 280 kilotons of polystyrene (PS) waste being discarded yearly in Malaysia. Banning usage of PS food packaging aims to minimize this “white pollution”. However, the existing PS waste volume remains the same despite the termination of PS production. Therefore, this study has investigated the optimization of biodegradation of PS using isolated strain Bacillus aryabhattai as an alternative solution to the biodegradation of recalcitrant plastic. The effect of pH and temperature as independent variables were studied at three levels each (pH: 6, 7.5 and 9, temperature: 25 °C, 35 °C and 45 °C) under the designation by three level-factorial and analysed using response surface methodology (RSM) by Design Expert Version 10.0. The biodegradation activity of Bacillus aryabhattai was quantified using simple colorimetric method. Bacillus aryabhattai was inoculated on the dye PS-film and incubated under designed conditions. As a result of biodegradation, the entrapped methylene blue dye was released and measured photometrically. Optimum conditions for the highest reading of blue dye absorbance were obtained at pH 9 and temperature of 25ºC with the desirability of 75.9%. This study provides significant information on the biodegradation activity of Bacillus aryabhattai for future research that can be applied in waste management. ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79784744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27579
S. Shaharuddin, A. Othman, W. Zain.
Herbs with antioxidant properties are usually preserved and extracted before being converted into commercial products. The main focus of this study was to determine the effect of preservation of A. sessilis red as well as extraction method on its antioxidant properties. A. sessilis red was preserved using two different methods; freeze drying and superheated steam drying, followed by extraction with 70% ethanol using conventional extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Drying in the superheated steam oven displayed shorter drying period of 1 hour compared to freeze drying (several days). Combination of superheated steam drying and ultrasonic-assisted extraction showed the highest extraction yields (12.99%). Results showed that superheated steam drying and ultrasonic-assisted extraction displayed an increase in the total phenolic content. In terms of antioxidant capacity, A. sessilis extracts obtained from superheated steam drying has higher radical scavenging activity (72.39% - 76.70%) than those freeze-dried (60.68% - 65.33%). Meanwhile, ultrasonic-assisted extraction had negatively impacted the radical scavenging activity of the extracts due to the formation of free radicals that are related to acoustic cavitation. As for ferric reducing antioxidant power, both superheated steam drying and ultrasonic assisted extraction yielded extracts with greater capacity. Present result shows that the combination of superheated steam drying and ultrasonic-assisted extraction enhanced total phenolic content by 60% and improved antioxidant activity based on ferric reducing antioxidant power assay
{"title":"Effect of Post-Harvest Preservation and Extraction Methods on Antioxidant Properties of Alternanthera Sessilis Red","authors":"S. Shaharuddin, A. Othman, W. Zain.","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27579","url":null,"abstract":"Herbs with antioxidant properties are usually preserved and extracted before being converted into commercial products. The main focus of this study was to determine the effect of preservation of A. sessilis red as well as extraction method on its antioxidant properties. A. sessilis red was preserved using two different methods; freeze drying and superheated steam drying, followed by extraction with 70% ethanol using conventional extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Drying in the superheated steam oven displayed shorter drying period of 1 hour compared to freeze drying (several days). Combination of superheated steam drying and ultrasonic-assisted extraction showed the highest extraction yields (12.99%). Results showed that superheated steam drying and ultrasonic-assisted extraction displayed an increase in the total phenolic content. In terms of antioxidant capacity, A. sessilis extracts obtained from superheated steam drying has higher radical scavenging activity (72.39% - 76.70%) than those freeze-dried (60.68% - 65.33%). Meanwhile, ultrasonic-assisted extraction had negatively impacted the radical scavenging activity of the extracts due to the formation of free radicals that are related to acoustic cavitation. As for ferric reducing antioxidant power, both superheated steam drying and ultrasonic assisted extraction yielded extracts with greater capacity. Present result shows that the combination of superheated steam drying and ultrasonic-assisted extraction enhanced total phenolic content by 60% and improved antioxidant activity based on ferric reducing antioxidant power assay ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"135 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79550833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27696
N. Mat Shom, M. I.A. Kadir, M. R. Ahmad
Of late, dyeing fabrics with natural colorants have been the attention of the industry. Natural colorants especially from plants have the advantage of being friendly towards the environment as the extraction, processing and dyeing procedures are considered green and safe. However, most natural dyes have poor colourfastness and needed mordants to improve their dyeability. In this study, the addition of Entada spiralis was utilized as a surface modifier to improve dyeability on 100% silk fabrics using extracts from red cabbage. The plant serves as a surface-active agent to reduce the surface tension of the fabrics. The surfactant is also a natural resource and therefore is not harmful to the environment. The Entada spiralis was extracted through boiling for 30 minutes on a hot plate before treating the extracts on the fabrics. During dyeing, lime was used as the mordant simultaneously with dyeing. The dyed fabrics were evaluated for colorfastness to washing, rubbing/crocking and perspiration using the Gray Scale Standard. In addition, the dyed fabrics were also measured for their colour strength, colour coordinates and % reflectance. The results showed that dyed fabrics with Entada spiralis have darker shades in comparisons with the untreated fabric.
{"title":"Dyeability of Red Cabbage Colorant on Silk Fabric Treated With Entada Spiralis Extracts","authors":"N. Mat Shom, M. I.A. Kadir, M. R. Ahmad","doi":"10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27696","url":null,"abstract":"Of late, dyeing fabrics with natural colorants have been the attention of the industry. Natural colorants especially from plants have the advantage of being friendly towards the environment as the extraction, processing and dyeing procedures are considered green and safe. However, most natural dyes have poor colourfastness and needed mordants to improve their dyeability. In this study, the addition of Entada spiralis was utilized as a surface modifier to improve dyeability on 100% silk fabrics using extracts from red cabbage. The plant serves as a surface-active agent to reduce the surface tension of the fabrics. The surfactant is also a natural resource and therefore is not harmful to the environment. The Entada spiralis was extracted through boiling for 30 minutes on a hot plate before treating the extracts on the fabrics. During dyeing, lime was used as the mordant simultaneously with dyeing. The dyed fabrics were evaluated for colorfastness to washing, rubbing/crocking and perspiration using the Gray Scale Standard. In addition, the dyed fabrics were also measured for their colour strength, colour coordinates and % reflectance. The results showed that dyed fabrics with Entada spiralis have darker shades in comparisons with the untreated fabric. ","PeriodicalId":40905,"journal":{"name":"EMITTER-International Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89438888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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