Pub Date : 2022-10-07DOI: 10.1163/18775462-bja10030
M. N. Michael
This article analyses how the ruling party in Turkey and President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan are trying to construct a new Turkish nation on an ideological level through a different reading of Ottoman history. In this process, a special reading of Ottoman history comes to the fore after the Kemalist state tried to undermine its importance. The article studies the importance of the ideological use of history and the instrumentalization of the events of the Ottoman past by the administration in Turkey. This effort is analysed as an attempt to prove the historical continuity of the Turkish nation, which includes the long Ottoman history that the Kemalist state challenged. It is argued that Erdoğan is in essence nationalizing and religionizing the Ottoman Empire as a Turkish and Islamic empire and Ottomanizing the contemporary Turkish nation as one that should rely on the religious aspect of its identity.
{"title":"Nationalizing the Ottomans and Ottomanizing the Turks","authors":"M. N. Michael","doi":"10.1163/18775462-bja10030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10030","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article analyses how the ruling party in Turkey and President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan are trying to construct a new Turkish nation on an ideological level through a different reading of Ottoman history. In this process, a special reading of Ottoman history comes to the fore after the Kemalist state tried to undermine its importance. The article studies the importance of the ideological use of history and the instrumentalization of the events of the Ottoman past by the administration in Turkey. This effort is analysed as an attempt to prove the historical continuity of the Turkish nation, which includes the long Ottoman history that the Kemalist state challenged. It is argued that Erdoğan is in essence nationalizing and religionizing the Ottoman Empire as a Turkish and Islamic empire and Ottomanizing the contemporary Turkish nation as one that should rely on the religious aspect of its identity.","PeriodicalId":41042,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Historical Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42128553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-07DOI: 10.1163/18775462-bja10044
Okcan Yildirimtürk
This article discusses how the Turkish historical narratives of Cyprus evolved in mutually antagonistic and constitutive ways from the 1920s to the 1970s. Based on a genealogical perspective and a thematic focus on the conquest(s) of the island, it ultimately questions how and why Islamist authors approached the island’s history and in what ways they reproduced and/or challenged the official historiography and ruling ideology of the Turkish Republic. In doing so, the article attempts to contextualize the development and transformation of modern Turkish historiography, standing at the juncture of possible pasts, presents and futures, along with identity formations, ideologies and political upheavals.
{"title":"An Island of (Dis)Agreement Within Modern Turkish Historiography: the Chronic Conquest(s) of Cyprus Through the Turkish Past, Present and Future","authors":"Okcan Yildirimtürk","doi":"10.1163/18775462-bja10044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10044","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article discusses how the Turkish historical narratives of Cyprus evolved in mutually antagonistic and constitutive ways from the 1920s to the 1970s. Based on a genealogical perspective and a thematic focus on the conquest(s) of the island, it ultimately questions how and why Islamist authors approached the island’s history and in what ways they reproduced and/or challenged the official historiography and ruling ideology of the Turkish Republic. In doing so, the article attempts to contextualize the development and transformation of modern Turkish historiography, standing at the juncture of possible pasts, presents and futures, along with identity formations, ideologies and political upheavals.","PeriodicalId":41042,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Historical Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48990074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-07DOI: 10.1163/18775462-bja10042
Georgios Michalakopoulos
Language constitutes a powerful tool for the transmission of information and of ideology and power alike. Should this succeed, groups of people acquire an ‘identity’ and feel different from the ‘others’. Thus, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan uses poetry as a means to connect the past with the present and the future and also to promote his personal world view and that of the Justice and Development Party (akp). This method has been criticized, but seems to serve him well in terms of communicational needs. However, it is premature to evaluate the potential outcome of the new mixture between Turkishness and Islam that both the akp and Erdoğan himself promote.
{"title":"Recitation of Poetry by a Leader as a Means to Combine History with Politics and Ideology: Erdoğan and the Promotion of the akp’s Policy Formula","authors":"Georgios Michalakopoulos","doi":"10.1163/18775462-bja10042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10042","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Language constitutes a powerful tool for the transmission of information and of ideology and power alike. Should this succeed, groups of people acquire an ‘identity’ and feel different from the ‘others’. Thus, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan uses poetry as a means to connect the past with the present and the future and also to promote his personal world view and that of the Justice and Development Party (akp). This method has been criticized, but seems to serve him well in terms of communicational needs. However, it is premature to evaluate the potential outcome of the new mixture between Turkishness and Islam that both the akp and Erdoğan himself promote.","PeriodicalId":41042,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Historical Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49625335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-07DOI: 10.1163/18775462-bja10031
Erdem Sönmez
The nineteenth century was a period of profound transformation in Ottoman historical writing, as in other avenues of Ottoman cultural, intellectual, and socio-political life. Aiming to establish a general framework for nineteenth-century Ottoman historiography, the present article traces the evolution of late Ottoman historical writing and explores the ways in which Ottoman historiographical practices changed over the century. The article first focuses on the Tanzimat period and examines the process of what can be called historiographical expansion, which took place with the emergence of a new understanding of history among the Ottomans. Then, the article considers Ottoman historiography during the Hamidian era and traces how it received a relatively Islamized and nationalized content as a result of the shift in the political context. Lastly, the article concludes with an epilogue on Ottoman/Turkish historiography after the 1908 Constitutional Revolution, which led to a decisive break from traditional patterns of historical writing.
{"title":"Historical Writing in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire: Expansion, Islamization, and Nationalization (1839–1908)","authors":"Erdem Sönmez","doi":"10.1163/18775462-bja10031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10031","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The nineteenth century was a period of profound transformation in Ottoman historical writing, as in other avenues of Ottoman cultural, intellectual, and socio-political life. Aiming to establish a general framework for nineteenth-century Ottoman historiography, the present article traces the evolution of late Ottoman historical writing and explores the ways in which Ottoman historiographical practices changed over the century. The article first focuses on the Tanzimat period and examines the process of what can be called historiographical expansion, which took place with the emergence of a new understanding of history among the Ottomans. Then, the article considers Ottoman historiography during the Hamidian era and traces how it received a relatively Islamized and nationalized content as a result of the shift in the political context. Lastly, the article concludes with an epilogue on Ottoman/Turkish historiography after the 1908 Constitutional Revolution, which led to a decisive break from traditional patterns of historical writing.","PeriodicalId":41042,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Historical Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43395338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-07DOI: 10.1163/18775462-bja10001
Nadya Manolova-Nikolova, H. Atanasov
The article discusses the funds for orphans (eytam sandıkları) in the Danube Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire during the 1860s and 1870s. Information from Ottoman and Bulgarian sources—registers (kondiki) of Orthodox church boards, official Ottoman yearbooks (salname), the loan register of the fund for orphans in the town of Trân, and others—has been collected, statistically processed and analysed. The macro- and micro-level analysis is focused on the capital and administrators (müdür) of the funds for orphans, while we also discuss the interest rates that they charged. A comparison with another credit institution (menafi-i umumiye sandıkları) allows us to point to differences that are essential for understanding credit practices in the Ottoman Empire in the period under consideration.
{"title":"Taking Care of Orphans’ Properties: the Funds for Orphans in the Danube Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire (1864–78)","authors":"Nadya Manolova-Nikolova, H. Atanasov","doi":"10.1163/18775462-bja10001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The article discusses the funds for orphans (eytam sandıkları) in the Danube Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire during the 1860s and 1870s. Information from Ottoman and Bulgarian sources—registers (kondiki) of Orthodox church boards, official Ottoman yearbooks (salname), the loan register of the fund for orphans in the town of Trân, and others—has been collected, statistically processed and analysed. The macro- and micro-level analysis is focused on the capital and administrators (müdür) of the funds for orphans, while we also discuss the interest rates that they charged. A comparison with another credit institution (menafi-i umumiye sandıkları) allows us to point to differences that are essential for understanding credit practices in the Ottoman Empire in the period under consideration.","PeriodicalId":41042,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Historical Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43579169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-16DOI: 10.1163/18775462-bja10036
Y. Terzibaşoğlu
In contesting claims of private ownership of landed estates in mid-nineteenth-century Niş and Leskofçe, peasants argued that they cultivated and possessed the land ‘jointly and commonly’. It was a claim that questioned existing property relations, based on tenancy and sharecropping in landed estates (çiftliks) owned by urban landholders. This article attempts to reconstruct the social organisation of production in the estates by exploring forms of land use and labour which were embedded in forms of collective peasant organisation and practice. It is argued that the co-existence of multiple land use and labour forms under a dominant framework of estate agriculture generated social tensions with long-term consequences.
{"title":"Landed Estates, Rural Commons and Collective Agriculture in Ottoman Niş and Leskofçe in the Nineteenth Century","authors":"Y. Terzibaşoğlu","doi":"10.1163/18775462-bja10036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10036","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In contesting claims of private ownership of landed estates in mid-nineteenth-century Niş and Leskofçe, peasants argued that they cultivated and possessed the land ‘jointly and commonly’. It was a claim that questioned existing property relations, based on tenancy and sharecropping in landed estates (çiftliks) owned by urban landholders. This article attempts to reconstruct the social organisation of production in the estates by exploring forms of land use and labour which were embedded in forms of collective peasant organisation and practice. It is argued that the co-existence of multiple land use and labour forms under a dominant framework of estate agriculture generated social tensions with long-term consequences.","PeriodicalId":41042,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Historical Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47773386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-16DOI: 10.1163/18775462-bja10033
Ayşe Ozil
The Ottoman state, Greek communal authorities and Greek individuals used various forms and renditions of Greek personal names across imperial and communal spaces, sometimes simultaneously. Based on how these names were written in Ottoman and Greek documentation, this article focuses on the implications of the variations in personal names to explore Greek personal identification in the late Ottoman Empire. Concentrating on Istanbul and its environs in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the article is concerned with one of the results of increasing literacy and formal education, the growing dominance of modern bureaucracies and efforts for national linguistic formalization. It examines the Ottoman usage of colloquial Greek, practices of linguistic standardization by Greek administrative/literate circles and the intersection of the two practices. The article demonstrates how variations in personal names reflected and also contributed to the shaping of a multiplicity of forms of personal identification for Ottoman Greeks.
{"title":"Greek Personal Names and the Question of Personal Identification in the Late Ottoman Empire: A Social Historical Approach","authors":"Ayşe Ozil","doi":"10.1163/18775462-bja10033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10033","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Ottoman state, Greek communal authorities and Greek individuals used various forms and renditions of Greek personal names across imperial and communal spaces, sometimes simultaneously. Based on how these names were written in Ottoman and Greek documentation, this article focuses on the implications of the variations in personal names to explore Greek personal identification in the late Ottoman Empire. Concentrating on Istanbul and its environs in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the article is concerned with one of the results of increasing literacy and formal education, the growing dominance of modern bureaucracies and efforts for national linguistic formalization. It examines the Ottoman usage of colloquial Greek, practices of linguistic standardization by Greek administrative/literate circles and the intersection of the two practices. The article demonstrates how variations in personal names reflected and also contributed to the shaping of a multiplicity of forms of personal identification for Ottoman Greeks.","PeriodicalId":41042,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Historical Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44262301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-10DOI: 10.1163/18775462-bja10032
Sevtap Demirci
The wars of the 1910s (Italo-Ottoman, Balkan, First World) gave clear signs that the Ottoman Empire would not last for long faced with the belligerent hostility of the Great Powers and its former subjects. The question was whether or not a consensus could be reached as to its division in accordance with each belligerent’s interests. After Russia’s pulling out of the First World War due to the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, the new government appeared to be quite enthusiastic to develop friendly relations with the Ottomans first and the Turkish nationalists later, giving them political and financial support throughout the Turkish National Struggle (1919–22). For both sides establishing good relations was of cardinal importance for a variety of reasons that pushed them towards a ‘marriage of convenience’. This article seeks to explain the reasons for this brief Turkish-Bolshevik alliance and why it could not last.
{"title":"Turkish and Soviet Revolutionaries, 1919–22: Cooperation on the Basis of Common Interests","authors":"Sevtap Demirci","doi":"10.1163/18775462-bja10032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10032","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The wars of the 1910s (Italo-Ottoman, Balkan, First World) gave clear signs that the Ottoman Empire would not last for long faced with the belligerent hostility of the Great Powers and its former subjects. The question was whether or not a consensus could be reached as to its division in accordance with each belligerent’s interests. After Russia’s pulling out of the First World War due to the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, the new government appeared to be quite enthusiastic to develop friendly relations with the Ottomans first and the Turkish nationalists later, giving them political and financial support throughout the Turkish National Struggle (1919–22). For both sides establishing good relations was of cardinal importance for a variety of reasons that pushed them towards a ‘marriage of convenience’. This article seeks to explain the reasons for this brief Turkish-Bolshevik alliance and why it could not last.","PeriodicalId":41042,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Historical Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46555884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-21DOI: 10.1163/18775462-bja10035
Christos Teazis
The First Grand National Assembly of 1920–23 provided the ideological basis not only for the creation of Turkey in 1923, but also for the establishment of the New Turkey of 2023. The main goal of the Turkish government in 1923 was for the state to disseminate the values of the Enlightenment to society through the army. This goal was expressed in the Assembly by the First Group and its political wing, which was the Republican People’s Party (chp). On the other hand, the Second Group and its political ideas were the ideological founding fathers of the Justice and Development Party (akp). This article argues that both the chp and the akp share a common ground which is the Protestant values of the Enlightenment. It also claims that during the akp era, the blending of Islam with the Protestant values of capitalism has transformed the former into Protestant Islam.
{"title":"The Ideological Basis of the Old (1923) and the New (2023) Turkey: the First Grand National Assembly","authors":"Christos Teazis","doi":"10.1163/18775462-bja10035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10035","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The First Grand National Assembly of 1920–23 provided the ideological basis not only for the creation of Turkey in 1923, but also for the establishment of the New Turkey of 2023. The main goal of the Turkish government in 1923 was for the state to disseminate the values of the Enlightenment to society through the army. This goal was expressed in the Assembly by the First Group and its political wing, which was the Republican People’s Party (chp). On the other hand, the Second Group and its political ideas were the ideological founding fathers of the Justice and Development Party (akp). This article argues that both the chp and the akp share a common ground which is the Protestant values of the Enlightenment. It also claims that during the akp era, the blending of Islam with the Protestant values of capitalism has transformed the former into Protestant Islam.","PeriodicalId":41042,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Historical Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44860740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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