Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.1163/18775462-bja10023
Erol Ülker
This article aims to reassess the evolution of Mahir Çayan’s theory of uninterrupted revolution in the context of the radical ideological currents of the long sixties in Turkey. It concentrates on Çayan’s relations with the National Democratic Revolution (Milli Demokratik Devrim, mdd) movement that enjoyed a considerable degree of political and ideological authority over the youth movements starting in the second half of the 1960s. The article discusses how Çayan interpreted and attempted to revise the theory of national democratic revolution by reference to the changing characteristics of imperialism and colonial domination. Consideration is given to Çayan’s critical approach towards the role of Kemalists in the anti-imperialist bloc to be formed.
本文旨在重新评估马希尔·恰扬不间断革命理论在土耳其60年代激进意识形态潮流背景下的演变。它集中于恰扬与全国民主革命（Milli Demokratik Devrim，mdd）运动的关系，该运动在政治和意识形态上对20世纪60年代后半叶开始的青年运动享有相当大的权威。本文论述了恰扬如何参照帝国主义和殖民统治不断变化的特点来解释和试图修正民族民主革命理论。考虑到恰扬对凯末尔主义者在即将成立的反帝国主义集团中的作用的批判态度。
{"title":"Anti-Imperialism and Kemalism in Turkey’s Long Sixties: Mahir Çayan’s Theory of Revolution in Context","authors":"Erol Ülker","doi":"10.1163/18775462-bja10023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article aims to reassess the evolution of Mahir Çayan’s theory of uninterrupted revolution in the context of the radical ideological currents of the long sixties in Turkey. It concentrates on Çayan’s relations with the National Democratic Revolution (Milli Demokratik Devrim, mdd) movement that enjoyed a considerable degree of political and ideological authority over the youth movements starting in the second half of the 1960s. The article discusses how Çayan interpreted and attempted to revise the theory of national democratic revolution by reference to the changing characteristics of imperialism and colonial domination. Consideration is given to Çayan’s critical approach towards the role of Kemalists in the anti-imperialist bloc to be formed.","PeriodicalId":41042,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Historical Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46978677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.1163/18775462-bja10027
Zeynep Beşpinar
The main objective of this article is to elaborate on the narratives of women who were in leading positions in the ’68 student movement in Turkey and to grasp their experiences and strategies of bargaining with patriarchy. The analysis is based on six selected in-depth interviews I conducted in 2004 with prominent women figures of the movement. By using the theoretical framework offered by the works of Deniz Kandiyoti and Ayşe Durakbaşa, I make a comparison between the women of ’68 and the previous generation, namely the “daughters of the Republic”, in terms of their values, norms and relational patterns. Furthermore, I exhibit the continuities and discontinuities in strategies of bargaining with patriarchy between these two generations of women. Finally, I evaluate the change they triggered in the construction of womanhood and their impact on the next generations of women.
{"title":"Women of ’68 and Their Experiences of Bargaining With Patriarchy","authors":"Zeynep Beşpinar","doi":"10.1163/18775462-bja10027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The main objective of this article is to elaborate on the narratives of women who were in leading positions in the ’68 student movement in Turkey and to grasp their experiences and strategies of bargaining with patriarchy. The analysis is based on six selected in-depth interviews I conducted in 2004 with prominent women figures of the movement. By using the theoretical framework offered by the works of Deniz Kandiyoti and Ayşe Durakbaşa, I make a comparison between the women of ’68 and the previous generation, namely the “daughters of the Republic”, in terms of their values, norms and relational patterns. Furthermore, I exhibit the continuities and discontinuities in strategies of bargaining with patriarchy between these two generations of women. Finally, I evaluate the change they triggered in the construction of womanhood and their impact on the next generations of women.","PeriodicalId":41042,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Historical Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46468265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.1163/18775462-bja10024
M. Şener
Turkey’s long sixties started with a military coup (May 27, 1960) and ended with another military coup (March 12, 1971). During this period, there was an explosion in the number of radical left and socialist movements in Turkey. One of the leading left movements of the period was the Yön-Devrim movement. The most distinctive feature of this movement was the special role it placed on the military in the transition to socialism. In this article, we will focus on the relationship between the military and left/socialist politics during this period. To this end, we will examine the Yön-Devrim movement, specifically their approach to the military. In particular, we will examine why this movement imposed a “progressive” mission on the military, what kind of a transition a possible military coup would provide for socialism, and what role they envisioned for the army, and the bureaucracy in general, in the class struggle.
{"title":"Left Movements and the Army in Turkey (1961–71): The Case of the Yön-Devrim Movement","authors":"M. Şener","doi":"10.1163/18775462-bja10024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10024","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Turkey’s long sixties started with a military coup (May 27, 1960) and ended with another military coup (March 12, 1971). During this period, there was an explosion in the number of radical left and socialist movements in Turkey. One of the leading left movements of the period was the Yön-Devrim movement. The most distinctive feature of this movement was the special role it placed on the military in the transition to socialism. In this article, we will focus on the relationship between the military and left/socialist politics during this period. To this end, we will examine the Yön-Devrim movement, specifically their approach to the military. In particular, we will examine why this movement imposed a “progressive” mission on the military, what kind of a transition a possible military coup would provide for socialism, and what role they envisioned for the army, and the bureaucracy in general, in the class struggle.","PeriodicalId":41042,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Historical Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45508711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.1163/18775462-bja10021
Nikos Christofis
The transnational phenomenon that was “1968” was felt keenly around the globe with direct and virtually immediate impact. Turkey stands as a clear example, wherein the development and dynamism of the “Western” student movement had an immediate impact and shaped developments unfolding in Turkey at the time. As elsewhere in the world, “1968” did not hit Turkey out of thin air. The “1968 generation,” and the student movement in general, was mainly Kemalist, one of the significant characteristics that differentiated it from others. It first emerged as a student movement focused on reform within the university system, but toward the end of the 1960s, it evolved into a revolutionary movement, eventually deploying revolutionary violence from 1971–72.
{"title":"“Turkey Will Be a Second France, Unless Our Demands Are Satisfied”: The Turkish Student Movement in the Long 1960s","authors":"Nikos Christofis","doi":"10.1163/18775462-bja10021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The transnational phenomenon that was “1968” was felt keenly around the globe with direct and virtually immediate impact. Turkey stands as a clear example, wherein the development and dynamism of the “Western” student movement had an immediate impact and shaped developments unfolding in Turkey at the time. As elsewhere in the world, “1968” did not hit Turkey out of thin air. The “1968 generation,” and the student movement in general, was mainly Kemalist, one of the significant characteristics that differentiated it from others. It first emerged as a student movement focused on reform within the university system, but toward the end of the 1960s, it evolved into a revolutionary movement, eventually deploying revolutionary violence from 1971–72.","PeriodicalId":41042,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Historical Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47565762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.1163/18775462-bja10026
Azat Zana Gündoğan
Global 1968 stood in opposition to the two major social movements of the previous two centuries, namely the nationalist movements and the old left. Turkey entered into this epoch as a Third World country with a record of broken promises to various social groups, including the Kurds. This article focuses on the Kurdish ’68ers who protested the systematic oppression, exploitation, and forced assimilation of the Kemalist Republic through new action repertoires and organizational capabilities. It explores their particular subjectivity and agency and analyzes their unlikely alliance with the Workers’ Party of Turkey (tİp). The article’s overarching argument is that the Turkish left’s historical burden of nation-state centrism and a Turkish national identity determined the failure of the New Left in Turkey. In contrast, the Kurdish left was able to carry on the legacy of the New Left and the ’68ers today because of the said historical subjectivity and agency.
{"title":"The New Left in Turkey’s Long Sixties: The Kurdish ’68ers and the Workers’ Party of Turkey","authors":"Azat Zana Gündoğan","doi":"10.1163/18775462-bja10026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Global 1968 stood in opposition to the two major social movements of the previous two centuries, namely the nationalist movements and the old left. Turkey entered into this epoch as a Third World country with a record of broken promises to various social groups, including the Kurds. This article focuses on the Kurdish ’68ers who protested the systematic oppression, exploitation, and forced assimilation of the Kemalist Republic through new action repertoires and organizational capabilities. It explores their particular subjectivity and agency and analyzes their unlikely alliance with the Workers’ Party of Turkey (tİp). The article’s overarching argument is that the Turkish left’s historical burden of nation-state centrism and a Turkish national identity determined the failure of the New Left in Turkey. In contrast, the Kurdish left was able to carry on the legacy of the New Left and the ’68ers today because of the said historical subjectivity and agency.","PeriodicalId":41042,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Historical Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43407026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.1163/18775462-bja10019
Selda Tuncer, İnan Özdemir Taştan
Despite worldwide interest in the history of the sixties—particularly in 1968—gender as a category of analysis has received little attention in the majority of academic research about them. Most national historiographies of ’68 have disregarded women’s political actions and their struggles with the gendered political culture. Like its counterparts, Turkey’s ’68 experience was also strongly gendered male. Given the underrepresentation of female historical agency and political subjectivity in the scholarship on 1968, this article aims to explore women’s accounts of Turkey’s ’68 experience with a particular focus on their struggles in leaving home and getting involved in political life.
{"title":"Leaving Home, Claiming the Street: Exploring Women’s Challenges in Turkey’s ’68 Movement","authors":"Selda Tuncer, İnan Özdemir Taştan","doi":"10.1163/18775462-bja10019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Despite worldwide interest in the history of the sixties—particularly in 1968—gender as a category of analysis has received little attention in the majority of academic research about them. Most national historiographies of ’68 have disregarded women’s political actions and their struggles with the gendered political culture. Like its counterparts, Turkey’s ’68 experience was also strongly gendered male. Given the underrepresentation of female historical agency and political subjectivity in the scholarship on 1968, this article aims to explore women’s accounts of Turkey’s ’68 experience with a particular focus on their struggles in leaving home and getting involved in political life.","PeriodicalId":41042,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Historical Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46089615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.1163/18775462-bja10022
Ömer Turan
The student movement of ’68 was both a major source of inspiration and subject of research for the social movement scholars. One persistent disagreement about studying ’68 lies between the world-system theory—Wallerstein views the movement as “a single revolution”—and the contentious politics approach—McAdam, Tarrow, and Tilly refuse to consider ’68 “one grand movement.” Expanding this theoretical debate, this article overviews Turkey’s ’68 movement and discusses its divergence from the global movement. Wallerstein summarizes “the single revolution” of ’68 with five points: challenging US hegemony, working-class solidarity, demanding education reform, counter-culture, and challenging the old left. This article revisits these points and cross-reads them with insights of the contentious politics approach to evaluate Turkey’s ’68 movement. It then focuses on mobilizing structures, framing processes, and repertoires of contention that have shaped student activism.
{"title":"The ’68 Movements around the World and in Turkey: One Movement or Many?","authors":"Ömer Turan","doi":"10.1163/18775462-bja10022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The student movement of ’68 was both a major source of inspiration and subject of research for the social movement scholars. One persistent disagreement about studying ’68 lies between the world-system theory—Wallerstein views the movement as “a single revolution”—and the contentious politics approach—McAdam, Tarrow, and Tilly refuse to consider ’68 “one grand movement.” Expanding this theoretical debate, this article overviews Turkey’s ’68 movement and discusses its divergence from the global movement. Wallerstein summarizes “the single revolution” of ’68 with five points: challenging US hegemony, working-class solidarity, demanding education reform, counter-culture, and challenging the old left. This article revisits these points and cross-reads them with insights of the contentious politics approach to evaluate Turkey’s ’68 movement. It then focuses on mobilizing structures, framing processes, and repertoires of contention that have shaped student activism.","PeriodicalId":41042,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Historical Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44256216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.1163/18775462-bja10028
K. Sharpe
Using developments in poetry, music, and cinema as case studies, this article examines the relationship between left-wing politics and cultural production during the long 1960s in Turkey. Intellectual and artistic pursuits flourished alongside trade unionism, student activism, peasant organizing, guerrilla movements. This article explores the convergences between militants and artists, arguing for the centrality of culture in the social movements of the period. It focuses on three revealing debates: between the modernist İkinci Yeni poets and young socialist poets, between left-wing protest rockers and supporters of folk music, and between proponents of radical art film and those of cinematic “social realism”.
{"title":"Poetry, Rock ’n’ Roll, and Cinema in Turkey’s 1960s","authors":"K. Sharpe","doi":"10.1163/18775462-bja10028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18775462-bja10028","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Using developments in poetry, music, and cinema as case studies, this article examines the relationship between left-wing politics and cultural production during the long 1960s in Turkey. Intellectual and artistic pursuits flourished alongside trade unionism, student activism, peasant organizing, guerrilla movements. This article explores the convergences between militants and artists, arguing for the centrality of culture in the social movements of the period. It focuses on three revealing debates: between the modernist İkinci Yeni poets and young socialist poets, between left-wing protest rockers and supporters of folk music, and between proponents of radical art film and those of cinematic “social realism”.","PeriodicalId":41042,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Historical Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45913116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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