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‘Old Testament’ as the origin of the patriarchy 《旧约》作为父权制的起源
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.30752/nj.125918
Hanna Liljefors
This article explores and compares two similar debates in Germany and Sweden during the 1980s, in which feminists blamed the Hebrew Bible, or ‘Old Testament’, for being the origin of the patriarchy. In Germany, the psychologist and pedagogue Gerda Weiler articulated the discourse in several writings, which led to a scholarly debate on anti-Jewish tendencies within Christian femi­nist theology. In Sweden, the debate mainly became a media event, initiated by the author Birgitta Onsell. Instead of criticising the discourse, as in the German debate, other actors reinforced it, for example by highlighting Jesus as a feminist and a contrast to the Old Testament religion. The article further examines ideological consequences of the discourse, including the interdiscursive link to the notion of Judaism as responsible for the patriarchal moral that enabled the Holocaust, also expressed in the public sphere in Germany and Sweden.
这篇文章探讨并比较了20世纪80年代在德国和瑞典发生的两场类似的辩论,在这场辩论中,女权主义者指责希伯来圣经或“旧约”是父权制的起源。在德国,心理学家和教育家格尔达·韦勒(Gerda Weiler)在几篇文章中阐述了这一话语,这引发了一场关于基督教女权主义神学中反犹倾向的学术辩论。在瑞典,这场辩论主要是由作家Birgitta Onsell发起的媒体事件。其他演员没有像在德国辩论中那样批评这种论述,而是加强了这种论述,例如强调耶稣是女权主义者,并与旧约宗教形成对比。这篇文章进一步研究了话语的意识形态后果,包括与犹太教概念的话语间联系,犹太教是导致大屠杀的父权道德的罪魁祸首,这也在德国和瑞典的公共领域得到了表达。
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引用次数: 0
medieval roots of antisemitism in Sweden 瑞典反犹太主义的中世纪根源
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.30752/nj.125978
Cordelia Heß
The lack of a local Jewish community did not prevent medieval Swedish clerics and lay people from being interested in Jews and Jewish questions. They bought, translated, read and preached from most of the available textual sources and thus spread the widely available views of the hermeneutical Jew: a cruel, stubborn and ugly person and at the same time a cipher for the entire Jewish people both in biblical times and today. This article gives an overview of the Latin and vernacular manuscripts with anti-Jewish motifs and texts and shows that the main and most common textual models and motifs were available in Swedish libraries and collections, from legends via apocryphal texts to fake disputations – adding up to a relatively complete ‘hermeneutical Jew’. A focus was, as in the rest of Europe, on Passion-related piety, which was the most common form of piety in the late Middle Ages – and usually connected with distinct anti-Jewish features. The fact that we can establish direct and indirect textual and narrative lines of tradition between the medieval codices and modern printed booklets of the nineteenth century proves the long-lasting intelligibility of anti-Jewish stereotypes in Sweden – developed and spread completely independently from the Jewish minority. The medieval perspective thus adds a much-needed nuance to the debate about antisemitism in the North: it did not need any actual Jews; it simply made up its own, based on the general Christian tradition.
当地犹太社区的缺乏并没有阻止中世纪瑞典的神职人员和俗人对犹太人和犹太问题的兴趣。他们购买、翻译、阅读和宣讲了大多数可用的文本来源,从而传播了广为流传的释经学犹太人的观点:一个残酷、固执和丑陋的人,同时也是整个犹太人的密码,无论是在圣经时代还是今天。本文概述了带有反犹太主题和文本的拉丁语和白话手稿,并表明瑞典图书馆和收藏中可以找到主要和最常见的文本模型和主题,从传说到伪文本再到假争论——加起来是一个相对完整的“解释学犹太人”。和欧洲其他地方一样,重点是与激情有关的虔诚,这是中世纪晚期最常见的虔诚形式,通常与明显的反犹太特征有关。我们可以在中世纪抄本和19世纪的现代印刷小册子之间建立直接和间接的传统文本和叙述线,这一事实证明,瑞典的反犹太刻板印象长期以来是可理解的- -完全独立于犹太少数民族发展和传播。因此,中世纪的观点为关于北方反犹主义的辩论增加了一个急需的细微差别:它不需要任何真正的犹太人;它只是根据一般的基督教传统,自己编造出来的。
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引用次数: 0
Hugo Valentin's scholarly campaign against antisemitism 雨果·瓦伦丁反对反犹主义的学术运动
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.30752/nj.126119
Olof Bortz
The Swedish Jewish historian Hugo Valentin (1888–1963) founded the field of Swedish Jewish history in the 1920s. Valentin was also a prominent and public figure in Swedish Jewish affairs, as a writer, Zionist and refugee activist. This article focuses on Valentin’s analysis of antisemitism, from the 1920s to the early 1950s. It pays equal attention to the continuity and change of his writings on the topic, analysed in relation to such political contexts as the ‘Jewish question’, Zionism and anti-Nazi responses, and advances within scholarly research on antisemitism. It shows that Valen­tin staked out a new approach to the topic of antisemitism, in which Jewish characteristics and the so-called Jewish question, while not completely absent, were placed within parentheses. Instead, he presented antisemitism and individual antisemites as problems in their own right, which, given Nazi German expansionism and the outbreak of the Second World War, seemed to be a greater and more urgent issue than whatever questions might have pertained to Jews and their place in modern society.
瑞典犹太历史学家雨果·瓦伦丁(Hugo Valentin, 1888-1963)在20世纪20年代创立了瑞典犹太历史研究领域。瓦伦丁也是瑞典犹太人事务中的杰出公众人物,他是作家、犹太复国主义者和难民活动家。本文主要关注瓦伦丁对20世纪20年代至50年代初的反犹太主义的分析。它同样关注他关于这个主题的著作的连续性和变化,分析了诸如“犹太人问题”、犹太复国主义和反纳粹反应等政治背景,以及反犹主义学术研究的进展。这表明瓦伦丁提出了一种新的反犹太主义的方法,其中犹太人的特点和所谓的犹太问题,虽然不是完全不存在,但被放在括号里。相反,他认为反犹主义和个别反犹主义者本身就是问题,鉴于纳粹德国的扩张主义和第二次世界大战的爆发,这似乎是一个比任何可能与犹太人及其在现代社会中的地位有关的问题更大、更紧迫的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Tysk-judisk migration till Sverige
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.30752/nj.126103
Carl Henrik Carlsson
Artikeln är en översikt av den tysk-judiska invandringen till Sverige från 1770-talet och framåt. Till en början skedde invandringen till stor del i form av kedjemigration från Mecklenburg. Många i pionjären Aaron Isaacs släktkrets invandrade, likaså i släktkretsen kring hans kompanjon Abraham Aaron. Under 1800-talet fortsatte frivilliginvandringen men nu i mindre form av kedjemigration och med mer differentierad geografisk bakgrund än tidigare. Så småningom kom invandringen från Tyskland numerärt att överflygas av den så kallade östjudiska invandringen; av de judar som bodde i Sverige 1880 var bara åtta procent födda i Tyskland och 1920 mindre än fem procent. Många tysk-judiska invandrare vid denna tid, såsom bankmannen Louis Frænckel, gjorde betydelsefulla insatser i det svenska industriundret. Trots den restriktiva invandringspolitiken på 1930-talet kom ett antal tysk-judiska flyktingar till Sverige, såväl individuellt som genom särskilda kvoter. Många blev betydande aktörer i olika sektorer av samhället, och några blev internationellt kända namn som författaren och Nobelpristagaren Nelly Sachs och kärnfysikern Lise Meitner. Många flyktingar fick dock inte arbete som motsvarade deras utbildningar. Bland ”1945 års räddade” fanns tämligen få från Tyskland.
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引用次数: 0
faith and actions of Greta Andrén, missionary to the Jews of Vienna, 1938–41 维也纳犹太人传教士格蕾塔·安德列姆的信仰和行动,1938-41
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.30752/nj.126017
Samuel Wenell
In this microhistorical study of the Swedish Mission to the Jews (Svenska Israelsmissionen) in Vienna, I explore the everyday life and work of the deaconess Greta Andrén (1909–71) during the time of the Nazi occupation of Austria. Andrén’s actions are presented and related to the parts of her faith that are revealed in the sources. From this I distil a triad of meaningful categories, namely her work, the children she worked with, and God. These resulted in her sustaining an on­­going state of over-exertion during her wartime refugee work.
在对维也纳瑞典犹太人传教会(Svenska israelmissionen)的微观历史研究中,我探索了纳粹占领奥地利期间女执事格里塔·安德里姆(1909-71)的日常生活和工作。安德里姆的行为被呈现出来,并与她的信仰部分有关,这些信仰部分在资料来源中被揭示出来。从中我提炼出三个有意义的范畴,即她的工作、与她一起工作的孩子和上帝。这导致她在战时难民工作期间持续过度劳累。
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引用次数: 0
Ett judiskt kristet arv
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.30752/nj.129059
Tage Kurtén
Recension av Caterina Stenius, ”Sanningen är alltid större. En essä på sju famnars djup” (Vasa: Förlaget Scriptum, 2022). 
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引用次数: 0
Cultural transfer in Swedish exile 瑞典流亡中的文化转移
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.30752/nj.126105
Irene Nawrocka
After the death in 1934 of his father-in-law Samuel Fischer, founder of the well-known publishing house S. Fischer in Berlin, Gottfried Bermann Fischer moved to Vienna with the aim of publishing the works of prominent German-speaking Jewish and non-Jewish authors who could no longer publish in National Socialist Germany. After the ‘Anschluss’ to Nazi Germany in March 1938 he fled to Sweden with help from Karl Otto and Tor Bonnier, heads of Albert Bonniers Förlag. Eagerly observed by the Nazi authorities, Gottfried Bermann Fischer published books of well-known German, Austrian, and Swedish writers. What did this German-language publishing work look like in a foreign-language environment? Who were the employees? Where were the sales markets? Why did this cooperation between Bermann Fischer and Bonnier fail in the end? The main focus of this article is on Bermann Fischer’s efforts on behalf of German-speaking authors outside Nazi Germany, and on the resentments against a (foreign) Jewish entrepreneur and Bonniers’ engagement in this last remaining large German publishing house in exile after May 1940, even after Gottfried Bermann Fischer’s expulsion from Sweden.
戈特弗里德·伯曼·费舍尔(Gottfried Bermann Fischer)的岳父塞缪尔·费舍尔(Samuel Fischer)是柏林著名的S. Fischer出版社的创始人,1934年去世后,戈特弗里德·伯曼·费舍尔(Gottfried Bermann Fischer)搬到了维也纳,目的是出版那些不能再在国家社会主义德国出版的著名德语犹太和非犹太作家的作品。1938年3月纳粹德国“合并”后,他在Albert Bonniers Förlag负责人Karl Otto和Tor Bonnier的帮助下逃到了瑞典。戈特弗里德·伯曼·菲舍尔受到纳粹当局的热切关注,出版了德国、奥地利和瑞典著名作家的著作。这种德语出版工作在外语环境中是什么样子的?员工是谁?销售市场在哪里?为什么伯曼·费希尔和邦尼耶的合作最终失败了?这篇文章的主要焦点是Bermann Fischer为纳粹德国之外的德语作家所做的努力,以及1940年5月之后,即使在戈特弗里德·Bermann Fischer被驱逐出瑞典之后,对(外国)犹太企业家和Bonniers在流亡期间参与最后一家大型德国出版社的怨恨。
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引用次数: 0
‘Only the murder accusations are missing’ “只有谋杀指控被遗漏了”
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.30752/nj.122604
Jens Carlesson Magalhães
In 1848, the Götheborgs Dagblad newspaper was revived after a ten-year gap, and launched the anonymous submission column entitled ‘Anonyma Lådan’ (the Anonymous Box). In January and February 1849, many antisemitic letters and articles were published in the Swedish newspapers. Some letters defending Jews and Judaism were published in both ‘Anonyma Lådan’ and Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfartstidning. Short of blood libel, the antisemitic side accused Jews of typical anti-Jewish stereotypes: for example, greed, hypocrisy and Jewish hatred of Christianity. Anti-antisemitic writers proclaimed a Christian identity that was based on humanism, stating that one could not be a true Christian if one attacked and hated Jews and Judaism. The Jewish congregation in Gothenburg and the society Judiska Intresset (The Jewish Cause) both chose a non-engaged approach to the antisemitic attacks in the newspaper, since it was not respectable to engage in such debates and, in their view, it would only cause more anti-Jewish sentiments if they did so. In this art­icle, it is argued that the reasons behind the attacks were societal changes, but also, more importantly, that with ‘Anonyma Lådan’, antisemitic sentiments found a platform where such sentiments could be freely expressed.
1848年,停刊10年的Götheborgs Dagblad报纸恢复了生机,并推出了名为“匿名盒子”(anonymous Box)的匿名投稿专栏。1849年1月和2月,瑞典报纸上刊登了许多反犹信件和文章。一些捍卫犹太人和犹太教的信件发表在“匿名者”和Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfartstidning上。除了血腥诽谤,反犹主义的一方还指责犹太人有典型的反犹太人的刻板印象:例如,贪婪、虚伪和犹太人对基督教的仇恨。反反犹主义作家宣称,基督徒的身份是建立在人道主义的基础上的,如果一个人攻击和憎恨犹太人和犹太教,他就不能成为真正的基督徒。哥德堡的犹太集会和犹太事业协会(Judiska Intresset)都选择了一种不参与的方式来应对报纸上的反犹攻击,因为参与这样的辩论是不体面的,而且在他们看来,这样做只会引起更多的反犹太情绪。本文认为,袭击背后的原因是社会变化,但更重要的是,通过“匿名者”,反犹情绪找到了一个可以自由表达这种情绪的平台。
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引用次数: 0
Christianity without Christ? 没有基督的基督教?
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.30752/nj.125987
J. Schoeps
Ever since the publication of Dohm’s Ueber die bürgerliche Verbesserung der Juden (On the Civil Improvement of the Jews) in 1781, which argued for Jewish political equality on humanitarian grounds, more and more voices joined those demands. Prominent among them was David Friedländer, a friend and disciple of Moses Mendelssohn. One of the leading figures of the Berlin Haskalah, he worked towards establishing equal legal status for Jews in Prussia. Friedländer did not accept the given view of his times, the antithesis of Jew and German. For him only the antithesis Jew–Christian existed and even that he tried to reconcile by finding common ground in a religion of reason, the groundwork of which he laid out in an Open Letter in 1799. What he proposed at that time may have been illusionary, but it certainly met with approval in enlightened Jewish circles. Friedländer therefore not only stands for those who dared to break with the traditions, but also for the generation of those who consciously aimed at the denationalization of traditional Judaism – and thus decided in favour of the confessionalization and the Germanness of the Jews.
自从多姆在1781年出版的《论犹太人的公民进步》一书中主张犹太人在人道主义基础上的政治平等以来,越来越多的声音加入了这些要求。其中最著名的是大卫Friedländer,他是摩西·门德尔松的朋友和门徒。作为柏林Haskalah的主要人物之一,他致力于为犹太人在普鲁士建立平等的法律地位。Friedländer不接受他那个时代的既定观点,犹太人和德国人的对立面。对他来说,只有对立的犹太教和基督教存在,他甚至试图通过在理性宗教中找到共同点来和解,他在1799年的一封公开信中奠定了基础。他当时的提议可能是虚幻的,但它肯定得到了开明的犹太人圈子的认可。因此Friedländer不仅代表那些敢于打破传统的人,而且也代表那些有意识地以传统犹太教的非国家化为目标的一代人,从而决定支持犹太人的忏悔化和德国化。
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引用次数: 0
En resa genom judiska bibliografier och bibliotek
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.30752/nj.129376
Sofia Sjö
Bokrecension av Joacim Hanssons De ordnade böckernas folk: om klassifikation i judiska bibliografier och bibliotek (Stockholm: Hilleförlaget, 2022)
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Nordisk Judaistik-Scandinavian Jewish Studies
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