Pub Date : 1998-06-07DOI: 10.1109/BEAMS.1998.817012
G. Bondarenko, V. A. Belov, A. N. Tikhonov, E.M. Slyusarenko, M.M. Yakunkin
At present stage of development of material research the principal attention is attracted the physio-chemical systems with a high degree of disequilibrium; such as amorphous alloys, compositive materials, thin-film multilayer materials etc. These systems possessed unique properties only in states remote on equilibrium are unstable. The spontaneous processes develop continuously in these systems, which transform ones in states more like to equilibrium. In the overwhelming majority these processes are carried out in solid-phase materials by diffusion mechanism. However, in last time it was found out that analogous migration of atoms in materials was possible without thermal activation under high-energy electron irradiation. Apparently, for the first time this effect was found under investigation of radiation resistance of alloys. Anomalously high mobility of atoms and the formation of new phases was detected under irradiation. After that the direct evidences of this effect were received in investigations of the electron-stimulated mass transport in flaky systems.
{"title":"Investigation of the effect of high-energy electron beam irradiation on the process of formation of intermetallic phases in Mo-Ni system","authors":"G. Bondarenko, V. A. Belov, A. N. Tikhonov, E.M. Slyusarenko, M.M. Yakunkin","doi":"10.1109/BEAMS.1998.817012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BEAMS.1998.817012","url":null,"abstract":"At present stage of development of material research the principal attention is attracted the physio-chemical systems with a high degree of disequilibrium; such as amorphous alloys, compositive materials, thin-film multilayer materials etc. These systems possessed unique properties only in states remote on equilibrium are unstable. The spontaneous processes develop continuously in these systems, which transform ones in states more like to equilibrium. In the overwhelming majority these processes are carried out in solid-phase materials by diffusion mechanism. However, in last time it was found out that analogous migration of atoms in materials was possible without thermal activation under high-energy electron irradiation. Apparently, for the first time this effect was found under investigation of radiation resistance of alloys. Anomalously high mobility of atoms and the formation of new phases was detected under irradiation. After that the direct evidences of this effect were received in investigations of the electron-stimulated mass transport in flaky systems.","PeriodicalId":410823,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams. BEAMS'98. Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX103)","volume":"169 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114409802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-06-07DOI: 10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822395
V. Fortov, K. Dyabilin, M. Lebedev, E. Grabovskij, V. Smirnov, B. Sharkov, A. Golubev, D. Hoffmann, K. Eidmann
ANGARA-5-I Z-pinch facility produces plasma with temperatures up to 80 eV and the radiation flux up to 5 TW/cm/sup 2/. The definite attention is paid on the studies of the interaction of the powerful radiation with different substances. The experiments with the targets with normal density allow to study formation and propagation of the shock waves, to accelerate thin foils and in accompany with the numerical modelling to investigate the thermodynamical and hydrodynamical properties of the matters. The experiments with the ultralow density targets allow to study heat waves and give information about the transport phenomena and optical characteristics of the foams. The results of the investigations showed that a Z-pinch plasma is a promising source for the high energy density physics studies. The greater duration of the radiation pulse together with high spatial homogeneity of the irradiation flux compared with conversion of laser radiation into X-rays makes it possible to increase the target thickness and, thus, significantly reduce the effect of sample preheating, which distorts the hydrodynamical picture of the process. The set of parameters of the ITEP-TWAC facility opens opportunity for experiments addressing some fundamental issues in the physics of dense plasmas like EOS, thermodynamics of strongly compressed matter, plasma phase transitions etc. and experiments related to the physics of HIF targets, especially cylindrical targets with magnetized fuel.
{"title":"The application of high intensive Z-pinch radiation and heavy ion beams for research on high energy density physics","authors":"V. Fortov, K. Dyabilin, M. Lebedev, E. Grabovskij, V. Smirnov, B. Sharkov, A. Golubev, D. Hoffmann, K. Eidmann","doi":"10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822395","url":null,"abstract":"ANGARA-5-I Z-pinch facility produces plasma with temperatures up to 80 eV and the radiation flux up to 5 TW/cm/sup 2/. The definite attention is paid on the studies of the interaction of the powerful radiation with different substances. The experiments with the targets with normal density allow to study formation and propagation of the shock waves, to accelerate thin foils and in accompany with the numerical modelling to investigate the thermodynamical and hydrodynamical properties of the matters. The experiments with the ultralow density targets allow to study heat waves and give information about the transport phenomena and optical characteristics of the foams. The results of the investigations showed that a Z-pinch plasma is a promising source for the high energy density physics studies. The greater duration of the radiation pulse together with high spatial homogeneity of the irradiation flux compared with conversion of laser radiation into X-rays makes it possible to increase the target thickness and, thus, significantly reduce the effect of sample preheating, which distorts the hydrodynamical picture of the process. The set of parameters of the ITEP-TWAC facility opens opportunity for experiments addressing some fundamental issues in the physics of dense plasmas like EOS, thermodynamics of strongly compressed matter, plasma phase transitions etc. and experiments related to the physics of HIF targets, especially cylindrical targets with magnetized fuel.","PeriodicalId":410823,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams. BEAMS'98. Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX103)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115314756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-06-07DOI: 10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822472
E. A. Kornilov, P. Markov, G. Sotnikov
The excitation of UHF-oscillations by electron beam in disk loaded coaxial transmission line with combs on inner and external conductors is theoretically investigated. The structure passage channel, where annular electron beam propagates, is fully filled by plasma. The eigenwaves of the plasma filled coaxial transmission line and their dependencies versus plasma density are investigated. It is shown that the plasma has resulted in essentially enhancement of gain and at the same time widens the excited oscillation spectrum.
{"title":"The spectrum broadening of excited oscillations in coaxial slowing structure when filling by plasma","authors":"E. A. Kornilov, P. Markov, G. Sotnikov","doi":"10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822472","url":null,"abstract":"The excitation of UHF-oscillations by electron beam in disk loaded coaxial transmission line with combs on inner and external conductors is theoretically investigated. The structure passage channel, where annular electron beam propagates, is fully filled by plasma. The eigenwaves of the plasma filled coaxial transmission line and their dependencies versus plasma density are investigated. It is shown that the plasma has resulted in essentially enhancement of gain and at the same time widens the excited oscillation spectrum.","PeriodicalId":410823,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams. BEAMS'98. Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX103)","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116099425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-06-07DOI: 10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822452
O. Zabaidullin, M. Nitiahinskii
Dynamics of a plasma opening switch (POS), operating like a plasma piston and of a microsecond POS are numerically studied. Dependance of the conduction phase time versus both a number of particles in a plasma bridge cross-section and an electron magnetization value (Hall parameter) near a cathode is found. Results of modeling indicate, that the phenomena of rarefied gap production could be described in the frame of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) with account of the Hall effect, without using the erosion theory.
{"title":"Electrodynamics of a microsecond plasma opening switch","authors":"O. Zabaidullin, M. Nitiahinskii","doi":"10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822452","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamics of a plasma opening switch (POS), operating like a plasma piston and of a microsecond POS are numerically studied. Dependance of the conduction phase time versus both a number of particles in a plasma bridge cross-section and an electron magnetization value (Hall parameter) near a cathode is found. Results of modeling indicate, that the phenomena of rarefied gap production could be described in the frame of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) with account of the Hall effect, without using the erosion theory.","PeriodicalId":410823,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams. BEAMS'98. Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX103)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114808605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-06-07DOI: 10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822501
V. Variale, A. Bazzani, T. Clauser, A. Pisent, V. Stagno
Space-charge dominated beams can induce chaotic behavior of particle trajectories leading to halo formation on the beam spot. This causes particle losses along the beam transportation that must be minimized. The fractional losses must be kept below 10/sup -7//m. This is a very low threshold to check with standard multiparticle codes. To study this kind of problems a new particle simulation approach is proposed in this paper in analogy with the single particle to core interaction model which is the most used calculation technique applied in these kind of phenomena.
{"title":"Simulations on halo formation in high intensity ion beams","authors":"V. Variale, A. Bazzani, T. Clauser, A. Pisent, V. Stagno","doi":"10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822501","url":null,"abstract":"Space-charge dominated beams can induce chaotic behavior of particle trajectories leading to halo formation on the beam spot. This causes particle losses along the beam transportation that must be minimized. The fractional losses must be kept below 10/sup -7//m. This is a very low threshold to check with standard multiparticle codes. To study this kind of problems a new particle simulation approach is proposed in this paper in analogy with the single particle to core interaction model which is the most used calculation technique applied in these kind of phenomena.","PeriodicalId":410823,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams. BEAMS'98. Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX103)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125361993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-06-07DOI: 10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822405
J. Swegle, J. Benford
The field of high-power microwaves (HPM) has matured considerably in the 25 years since the initial development of relativistic backward wave oscillators (BWOs) by researchers from the Institute of Applied Physics and the Lebedev Institute in Russia and from Cornell University in the US. In this paper, we review some of the signs of the maturity of the field, including changes such as an observed narrowing in the number of source types under development, an increase in commercial suppliers, and a growing internationalization of the research field. In addition, within the context of historical developments in the field, we discuss the development of high peak power systems and the apparent abandonment of the pursuit of ever-higher power in favor of the development of gigawatt-level systems with manageable weight and volume, repetitive operation, and tunability.
{"title":"High-power microwaves at 25 years: the current state of development","authors":"J. Swegle, J. Benford","doi":"10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822405","url":null,"abstract":"The field of high-power microwaves (HPM) has matured considerably in the 25 years since the initial development of relativistic backward wave oscillators (BWOs) by researchers from the Institute of Applied Physics and the Lebedev Institute in Russia and from Cornell University in the US. In this paper, we review some of the signs of the maturity of the field, including changes such as an observed narrowing in the number of source types under development, an increase in commercial suppliers, and a growing internationalization of the research field. In addition, within the context of historical developments in the field, we discuss the development of high peak power systems and the apparent abandonment of the pursuit of ever-higher power in favor of the development of gigawatt-level systems with manageable weight and volume, repetitive operation, and tunability.","PeriodicalId":410823,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams. BEAMS'98. Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX103)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125673118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-06-07DOI: 10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822457
A. L. Babkin, V. Chelpanov, A. Dubinov, S. Galkin, D. Gladilin, A. A. Khizhnyakov, V. Kornilov, V. Selemir, A. V. Sudovtsov, V. Zhdanov
Theoretical and experimental investigations, performed during the development of microwave generators with virtual cathode, where anode in the form of thin plasma sheet is used by Babkin, Dubinov and Kornilov, (1997), suggested an idea to replace thin films and foils in the transporting channels by thin plasma dams. But this decision requires verification. There is the possibility of beam and plasma-beam instabilities in the channel, which could ruin the transportation process. For this purpose the 2.5-dimensional version of the known software pack "ICARAT", based on fully compatible PIC-code, were used for computer simulation of the channel with plasma dams.
{"title":"Transportation of over-limiting beam in the waveguide with plasma dams","authors":"A. L. Babkin, V. Chelpanov, A. Dubinov, S. Galkin, D. Gladilin, A. A. Khizhnyakov, V. Kornilov, V. Selemir, A. V. Sudovtsov, V. Zhdanov","doi":"10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822457","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretical and experimental investigations, performed during the development of microwave generators with virtual cathode, where anode in the form of thin plasma sheet is used by Babkin, Dubinov and Kornilov, (1997), suggested an idea to replace thin films and foils in the transporting channels by thin plasma dams. But this decision requires verification. There is the possibility of beam and plasma-beam instabilities in the channel, which could ruin the transportation process. For this purpose the 2.5-dimensional version of the known software pack \"ICARAT\", based on fully compatible PIC-code, were used for computer simulation of the channel with plasma dams.","PeriodicalId":410823,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams. BEAMS'98. Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX103)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126862230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-06-07DOI: 10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822482
B. Knyazev, J. Greenly, D. Hammer
The active Stark atomic spectroscopy (ASAS) diagnostic method can be applied to an ion diode with the obvious requirement of using probe atoms different from the ions being accelerated. For example, in a Li ion diode it is reasonable to use sodium atoms in the probe beam. The features of the ASAS diagnostic technique with Na atoms are practically the same as with Li atoms, and so a separate description is unnecessary here. The ASAS diagnostic method can be turned into a combined spectroscopic and particle diagnostic by crossing the atomic beam with three laser beams.
{"title":"\"Triply-active\" diagnostic method for ion beam diodes","authors":"B. Knyazev, J. Greenly, D. Hammer","doi":"10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822482","url":null,"abstract":"The active Stark atomic spectroscopy (ASAS) diagnostic method can be applied to an ion diode with the obvious requirement of using probe atoms different from the ions being accelerated. For example, in a Li ion diode it is reasonable to use sodium atoms in the probe beam. The features of the ASAS diagnostic technique with Na atoms are practically the same as with Li atoms, and so a separate description is unnecessary here. The ASAS diagnostic method can be turned into a combined spectroscopic and particle diagnostic by crossing the atomic beam with three laser beams.","PeriodicalId":410823,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams. BEAMS'98. Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX103)","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126872191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-06-07DOI: 10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822417
N. Gavrilov, S.P. Nikulin, E. Oks, P.M. Schanin
The paper reviews the experimental study and development of technological ion sources performed under a joint IEP-IHCE program for recent years. The sources are based on pulsed high-current glow and arc discharges and are designed for surface treatment applications. The use of cold cathodes makes the sources more reliable when operated under elevated residual gas pressure and at the presence of reactive gases, while the use of a repetitive pulse mode of plasma production provides optimum conditions for stable operation of the discharge, for controlling the average beam current over a wide range, and for formation of homogeneous broad ion beams. The electrode systems used in the ion sources provide for operation of high-current discharges at low pressures, production of stable, dense, and homogeneous plasmas, and decrease the impurities content in the beam. Some design versions of the sources developed are presented that are capable of producing /spl sim/1-10 mA/cm/sup 2/ of current density in beams with a cross section of some hundreds of square centimeters at accelerating voltages of 10-100 kV, pulse durations of 10-10/sup 3/ /spl mu/s, and pulse repetition rates of 1-500 Hz. Some applications of the sources for surface modification of materials are described.
{"title":"High-current pulse sources of broad gaseous and metallic ion beams for surface treatment applications","authors":"N. Gavrilov, S.P. Nikulin, E. Oks, P.M. Schanin","doi":"10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BEAMS.1998.822417","url":null,"abstract":"The paper reviews the experimental study and development of technological ion sources performed under a joint IEP-IHCE program for recent years. The sources are based on pulsed high-current glow and arc discharges and are designed for surface treatment applications. The use of cold cathodes makes the sources more reliable when operated under elevated residual gas pressure and at the presence of reactive gases, while the use of a repetitive pulse mode of plasma production provides optimum conditions for stable operation of the discharge, for controlling the average beam current over a wide range, and for formation of homogeneous broad ion beams. The electrode systems used in the ion sources provide for operation of high-current discharges at low pressures, production of stable, dense, and homogeneous plasmas, and decrease the impurities content in the beam. Some design versions of the sources developed are presented that are capable of producing /spl sim/1-10 mA/cm/sup 2/ of current density in beams with a cross section of some hundreds of square centimeters at accelerating voltages of 10-100 kV, pulse durations of 10-10/sup 3/ /spl mu/s, and pulse repetition rates of 1-500 Hz. Some applications of the sources for surface modification of materials are described.","PeriodicalId":410823,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams. BEAMS'98. Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX103)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126019952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-06-07DOI: 10.1109/BEAMS.1998.816925
P. Silva, M. Favre, P. Choi, C. Dumitrescu‐Zoita, H. Chuaqui, E. Wyndham
Dense transient plasmas of high energy density, can be easily produced in a plasma focus device, on a cost effective basis. High energy ion beam emission is one, among several others, of the very interesting transient plasma phenomena observed in plasma focus discharges. Although some of the properties of these ion beams have been investigated in the past, the physical mechanisms involved in their generation are still not clear, and further investigations are required on order to establish the exact correlations of the ion beam emission with other plasma focus phenomena. We present a preliminary series of measurements on ion beams in a plasma focus operating with hydrogen/gas mixtures, using an XRD probe array, which allows the characteristic ion energy to be determined from the time of flight across the probe array, and the time of the ion beam emission to be correlated with plasma emission events associated with the soft X-ray pulses detected by the probes.
{"title":"Ion beam measurements in a small plasma focus operating in hydrogen/gas mixtures","authors":"P. Silva, M. Favre, P. Choi, C. Dumitrescu‐Zoita, H. Chuaqui, E. Wyndham","doi":"10.1109/BEAMS.1998.816925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BEAMS.1998.816925","url":null,"abstract":"Dense transient plasmas of high energy density, can be easily produced in a plasma focus device, on a cost effective basis. High energy ion beam emission is one, among several others, of the very interesting transient plasma phenomena observed in plasma focus discharges. Although some of the properties of these ion beams have been investigated in the past, the physical mechanisms involved in their generation are still not clear, and further investigations are required on order to establish the exact correlations of the ion beam emission with other plasma focus phenomena. We present a preliminary series of measurements on ion beams in a plasma focus operating with hydrogen/gas mixtures, using an XRD probe array, which allows the characteristic ion energy to be determined from the time of flight across the probe array, and the time of the ion beam emission to be correlated with plasma emission events associated with the soft X-ray pulses detected by the probes.","PeriodicalId":410823,"journal":{"name":"12th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams. BEAMS'98. Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX103)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124855119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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