In his pioneering work on the subject, French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (2001, p.1-2) defines symbolic violence as “a type of submission… a gentle violence, imperceptible and invisible even to its victims, exerted for the most part through purely symbolic channels of communication and cognition, recognition or even feeling....”. This Special Issue of African Safety Promotion: A Journal of Injury and Violence Prevention seeks to reflect on the multiple ways that symbolic violence is implicated in research; how research reproduces symbolic violence; and how hierarchies within research institutions determine the ‘legitimacy’ of specific knowledges and knowledge producers. We believe that a focus on symbolic violence is necessary to advance nuanced, complex and meaningful understandings of how different kinds of violence operate and are sustained in contemporary society.
{"title":"Symbolic violence: Enactments, articulations and resistances in research and beyond","authors":"Sipho Dlamini, Rebecca Helman, Nick Malherbe","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V16I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V16I2","url":null,"abstract":"In his pioneering work on the subject, French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (2001, p.1-2) defines symbolic violence as “a type of submission… a gentle violence, imperceptible and invisible even to its victims, exerted for the most part through purely symbolic channels of communication and cognition, recognition or even feeling....”. This Special Issue of African Safety Promotion: A Journal of Injury and Violence Prevention seeks to reflect on the multiple ways that symbolic violence is implicated in research; how research reproduces symbolic violence; and how hierarchies within research institutions determine the ‘legitimacy’ of specific knowledges and knowledge producers. We believe that a focus on symbolic violence is necessary to advance nuanced, complex and meaningful understandings of how different kinds of violence operate and are sustained in contemporary society.","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"40 1","pages":"2-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80168097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research and media reports indicate that most incidents of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in South Africa, as well as globally, are not reported to the police because of victims’ fears of retaliation, intimidation, stereotyping, secondary abuse and stigmatisation. As a result, there is a lack of accurate data available to the South African public and a certain level of ignorance to the realities of the incidence of SGBV across all sectors of society. The purpose of the study is to explore how non-personal data obtained through mapping the distress calls received on TEARS Foundation’s “Help-at-your-fingertips” service line can be used for SGBV research and prevention purposes. Given that in South Africa the death of women at the hands of an intimate partner has been estimated at six times the global average, the urgent need for alternative SGBV prevention strategies is unquestionable. The study shows how the calls received on the “Help-atyour- fingertips” service line across South African provinces and towns were analysed to identify trends, and visually represent the number of SGBV distress calls over two periods, namely July 2013 to August 2014 and September 2015 to October 2016. The key trends identified include times of year, times of day, highest call volumes in terms of provinces and differences in times of calls in different areas in South Africa as examples of the kinds of information that can be deduced from non-personal data. The study shows how non-personal data can be used as a powerful tool to make SGBV data visible and to raise public awareness of its incidence in South Africa. Keywords : Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), geographic mapping, crime mapping, communication, SGBV prevention, TEARS Foundation, “Help-at-your-fingertips”
{"title":"Exploring the heuristic value of nonpersonal data for sexual- and genderbased violence research and prevention in South Africa","authors":"Corné Davis, Dirk Meerkotter","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V15I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V15I1","url":null,"abstract":"Research and media reports indicate that most incidents of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in South Africa, as well as globally, are not reported to the police because of victims’ fears of retaliation, intimidation, stereotyping, secondary abuse and stigmatisation. As a result, there is a lack of accurate data available to the South African public and a certain level of ignorance to the realities of the incidence of SGBV across all sectors of society. The purpose of the study is to explore how non-personal data obtained through mapping the distress calls received on TEARS Foundation’s “Help-at-your-fingertips” service line can be used for SGBV research and prevention purposes. Given that in South Africa the death of women at the hands of an intimate partner has been estimated at six times the global average, the urgent need for alternative SGBV prevention strategies is unquestionable. The study shows how the calls received on the “Help-atyour- fingertips” service line across South African provinces and towns were analysed to identify trends, and visually represent the number of SGBV distress calls over two periods, namely July 2013 to August 2014 and September 2015 to October 2016. The key trends identified include times of year, times of day, highest call volumes in terms of provinces and differences in times of calls in different areas in South Africa as examples of the kinds of information that can be deduced from non-personal data. The study shows how non-personal data can be used as a powerful tool to make SGBV data visible and to raise public awareness of its incidence in South Africa. Keywords : Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), geographic mapping, crime mapping, communication, SGBV prevention, TEARS Foundation, “Help-at-your-fingertips”","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"26 1","pages":"16-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86098346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Cutts, Jill Olivier, S. Lazarus, Naiema Taliep, J. Cochrane, M. Seedat, R. V. Reenen, Cathy Hendricks, Haseena Carelse
In the context of addressing challenges relating to ongoing interpersonal violence, this article conducts a comparative analysis of findings from a community asset mapping process drawing responses from 100 community participants across the two sites of Erijaville, South Africa and Memphis, Tennessee in the USA. Specifically, we describe the similarities and differences across sites regarding community assets linked to safety and peace promotion, with a particular emphasis on tangible and intangible factors relevant to the promotion of safety and peace. The findings reveal a major emphasis on ‘intangible’ factors that relate to the promotion of safety and peace, including personal values and behaviour (such as love, compassion and prayer), family relationships (such as family socialisation, care and supervision, role modelling, and peer guidance), and community connectedness (including community hope and trust, and the development of ethical leadership). The findings suggest that religious assets and spiritual capacity constitute important resources, which should be more intentionally mobilised and enhanced to promote safety and peace. This constitutes an important challenge in relation to violence prevention in both South Africa and the USA. Keywords: community-based participatory research, community asset mapping, interpersonal violence, violence prevention, positive forms of masculinity, peace and safety, religious assets, spiritual capacity
{"title":"Community asset mapping for violence prevention: A comparison of views in Erijaville, South Africa and Memphis, USA","authors":"T. Cutts, Jill Olivier, S. Lazarus, Naiema Taliep, J. Cochrane, M. Seedat, R. V. Reenen, Cathy Hendricks, Haseena Carelse","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V14I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V14I1","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of addressing challenges relating to ongoing interpersonal violence, this article conducts a comparative analysis of findings from a community asset mapping process drawing responses from 100 community participants across the two sites of Erijaville, South Africa and Memphis, Tennessee in the USA. Specifically, we describe the similarities and differences across sites regarding community assets linked to safety and peace promotion, with a particular emphasis on tangible and intangible factors relevant to the promotion of safety and peace. The findings reveal a major emphasis on ‘intangible’ factors that relate to the promotion of safety and peace, including personal values and behaviour (such as love, compassion and prayer), family relationships (such as family socialisation, care and supervision, role modelling, and peer guidance), and community connectedness (including community hope and trust, and the development of ethical leadership). The findings suggest that religious assets and spiritual capacity constitute important resources, which should be more intentionally mobilised and enhanced to promote safety and peace. This constitutes an important challenge in relation to violence prevention in both South Africa and the USA. Keywords: community-based participatory research, community asset mapping, interpersonal violence, violence prevention, positive forms of masculinity, peace and safety, religious assets, spiritual capacity","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"195 1","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74201141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The biennial World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion hosts a range of oral and poster presentations on numerous disciplines, including: epidemiology, preventive medicine, public health, social and behavioural sciences, as well as social and economic medicine. In 2016, the 12th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion was held in Tampere, Finland between 18 and 21 September. The conference was hosted by the National Institute for Health and Welfare, cosponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), and supported by the Government of Finland and Bloomberg Philanthropies. The conference theme “from research to implementation” emphasised the importance of connecting knowledge around violence with injury prevention, while stressing the need to address the multitude of transnational public health challenges. In speaking to this theme, the Tampere Declaration - that is, the key conference outcome - expresses a commitment to global injury prevention and safety promotion.
{"title":"Conference report: The 12th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, Tampere, Finland","authors":"Nick Malherbe","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V14I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V14I2","url":null,"abstract":"The biennial World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion hosts a range of oral and poster presentations on numerous disciplines, including: epidemiology, preventive medicine, public health, social and behavioural sciences, as well as social and economic medicine. In 2016, the 12th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion was held in Tampere, Finland between 18 and 21 September. The conference was hosted by the National Institute for Health and Welfare, cosponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), and supported by the Government of Finland and Bloomberg Philanthropies. The conference theme “from research to implementation” emphasised the importance of connecting knowledge around violence with injury prevention, while stressing the need to address the multitude of transnational public health challenges. In speaking to this theme, the Tampere Declaration - that is, the key conference outcome - expresses a commitment to global injury prevention and safety promotion.","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"11 1","pages":"24-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77896944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Young lesbian and bisexual women resisting discrimination and negotiating safety : a photovoice study : original contributions","authors":"F. Boonzaier, Maia Zway","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V13I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V13I1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78745048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karl Peltzer, N. Phaswana-Mafuya, P. Arokiasamy, R. Biritwum, Alfred Yawson, Nadia Minicuci, Jennifer Stewart Williams, P. Kowal, S. Chatterji
Unintentional injuries are one of the main contributors to mortality and disability in elderly populations in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to examine the annual road traffic and other bodily (not including falls) injury prevalence and associated risk factors among older adults across six lower and upper middle-income countries. A cross- sectional survey involving face-to-face household interviews were conducted in China (n=13,177), Ghana (n=4305), India (n=6560), Mexico (n=2318), the Russian Federation (n=3938) and South Africa (n=3840), resulting in population-based cohorts of persons aged 50+ years. Measures included questions on injury, self-rated visual difficulties, alcohol use, depression treatment, sleeping problems, self-reported health status, and vision assessment using LogMAR (logarithm of Minimum Angle of Resolution) eye charts. It comprises rows of letters and is used to measure visual acuity. Results indicate that the overall annual non-fatal road traffic injury prevalence was 2.0% and for other bodily injury 2.1% (not including falls) across the six countries. The multivariate logistic regression analysis found that residing in a rural area, taking medications or other treatment for depression in the past 12 months and having a sleeping problem were associated with road traffic injury, while younger age, residing in a rural area, hazardous or harmful alcohol use and having a sleeping problem were associated with other bodily injury. Visual impairment was not associated with prevalence of road traffic injuries. This study provides the burden of non-fatal road traffic injury and other bodily injury and their associated risk factors across the six countries’ studies. The findings of this study improves the understanding of non-fatal road traffic injury and other bodily injury upon which policy makers, programme developers and researchers in public health can design strategic interventions to reduce these preventable injuries as well as improve safety associated with unintentional injuries. Keywords : injury, traffic, ageing, China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russian Federation, South Africa.
{"title":"Prevalence, circumstances and consequences of non-fatal road traffic injuries and other bodily injuries among older people in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa","authors":"Karl Peltzer, N. Phaswana-Mafuya, P. Arokiasamy, R. Biritwum, Alfred Yawson, Nadia Minicuci, Jennifer Stewart Williams, P. Kowal, S. Chatterji","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V13I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V13I2","url":null,"abstract":"Unintentional injuries are one of the main contributors to mortality and disability in elderly populations in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to examine the annual road traffic and other bodily (not including falls) injury prevalence and associated risk factors among older adults across six lower and upper middle-income countries. A cross- sectional survey involving face-to-face household interviews were conducted in China (n=13,177), Ghana (n=4305), India (n=6560), Mexico (n=2318), the Russian Federation (n=3938) and South Africa (n=3840), resulting in population-based cohorts of persons aged 50+ years. Measures included questions on injury, self-rated visual difficulties, alcohol use, depression treatment, sleeping problems, self-reported health status, and vision assessment using LogMAR (logarithm of Minimum Angle of Resolution) eye charts. It comprises rows of letters and is used to measure visual acuity. Results indicate that the overall annual non-fatal road traffic injury prevalence was 2.0% and for other bodily injury 2.1% (not including falls) across the six countries. The multivariate logistic regression analysis found that residing in a rural area, taking medications or other treatment for depression in the past 12 months and having a sleeping problem were associated with road traffic injury, while younger age, residing in a rural area, hazardous or harmful alcohol use and having a sleeping problem were associated with other bodily injury. Visual impairment was not associated with prevalence of road traffic injuries. This study provides the burden of non-fatal road traffic injury and other bodily injury and their associated risk factors across the six countries’ studies. The findings of this study improves the understanding of non-fatal road traffic injury and other bodily injury upon which policy makers, programme developers and researchers in public health can design strategic interventions to reduce these preventable injuries as well as improve safety associated with unintentional injuries. Keywords : injury, traffic, ageing, China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russian Federation, South Africa.","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"61 1","pages":"59-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77674975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jalika C. Street, Karie A. Gaska, Kelly M. Lewis, Michael L. Wilson
Skin bleaching is the use of creams, gels, or soaps to lighten the skin and is known to cause a number of injuries, many of which are potentially life-threatening. Despite the growing body of research identifying the harmful effects of skin bleaching, this topic has received little attention in the field of public health. This study provides a literature review of the current research documenting health risks associated with skin bleaching. Articles pertaining to skin bleaching practices and their health consequences were extracted from databases that publish research in the biomedical, public health, and social science literatures. Twenty-two articles that met search criteria were analysed and thematically coded using a priori research questions examining: (1) harms caused by skin bleaching, (2) alignment with accepted definitions of injury, and (3) suggestions for prevention and intervention. Results indicate skin bleaching poses a serious public health risk and threat to skin safety. Researchers have called for increased governmental and individual/community intervention to address this growing problem. Limitations of the study include the small number of scholarly publications on the topic, limited epidemiological study of the topic, and various selection biases in individual articles that may skew results.
{"title":"Skin bleaching: A neglected form of injury and threat to global skin","authors":"Jalika C. Street, Karie A. Gaska, Kelly M. Lewis, Michael L. Wilson","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V12I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V12I1","url":null,"abstract":"Skin bleaching is the use of creams, gels, or soaps to lighten the skin and is known to cause a number of injuries, many of which are potentially life-threatening. Despite the growing body of research identifying the harmful effects of skin bleaching, this topic has received little attention in the field of public health. This study provides a literature review of the current research documenting health risks associated with skin bleaching. Articles pertaining to skin bleaching practices and their health consequences were extracted from databases that publish research in the biomedical, public health, and social science literatures. Twenty-two articles that met search criteria were analysed and thematically coded using a priori research questions examining: (1) harms caused by skin bleaching, (2) alignment with accepted definitions of injury, and (3) suggestions for prevention and intervention. Results indicate skin bleaching poses a serious public health risk and threat to skin safety. Researchers have called for increased governmental and individual/community intervention to address this growing problem. Limitations of the study include the small number of scholarly publications on the topic, limited epidemiological study of the topic, and various selection biases in individual articles that may skew results.","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"1 1","pages":"52-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75612704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this policy brief is to provide an evidence-informed answer to the question: ‘What is the role and scope of pre-hospital emergency care providers to domestic violence (DV) intervention as a form of gender-based violence prevention?’ The answer is intended to determine the theoretical and clinical best practice to inform the emergency care community and policy development by critically appraising the evidence that considers the responsiveness of Emergency Medical Services to the health needs of DV victims. Evidence-informed Decision Making methods are employed. The evidence appraised was based on electronic searches using the Cape Peninsula University of Technology database. Research and non-research publications were considered with publication dates mostly from 1999 to 2011. Upon screening 164 articles for content relevance, 53 were critically appraised against predetermined criteria for relevance of the evidence, robust nature of the evidence and presence of bias. A thematic/narrative analysis ensued in terms of strength of evidence and frequency of findings. Early recognition and intervention is seen as one of the most effective methods of DV prevention. This finding is nuanced if it is male caregivers doing so. There is an ethical obligation to implement a comprehensive health approach to manage domestic violence victims. The strong, majority findings are that educational intervention/s increases the health care provider’s understanding of DV and improves screening for DV. The research supports the development and use of screening tools/guidelines/ procedures for DV as they are found to improve DV intervention. The evidence supports an integrated effort of the health system in achieving its goal of DV prevention by promoting the participation of pre-hospital emergency care providers as critical stakeholders. Key words : Domestic Violence (DV) management and prevention, Emergency Care Providers (ECP’s), Gender-based violence (GBV) prevention, Evidence-informed Decision Making (EiDM), Emergency Medical Service
{"title":"Urban density, deprivation and road safety: A small area study in the eThekwini metropolitan area, South Africa","authors":"N. Naidoo, Lilian Artz, L. Martin, M. Zalgaonker","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V12I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V12I2","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this policy brief is to provide an evidence-informed answer to the question: ‘What is the role and scope of pre-hospital emergency care providers to domestic violence (DV) intervention as a form of gender-based violence prevention?’ The answer is intended to determine the theoretical and clinical best practice to inform the emergency care community and policy development by critically appraising the evidence that considers the responsiveness of Emergency Medical Services to the health needs of DV victims. Evidence-informed Decision Making methods are employed. The evidence appraised was based on electronic searches using the Cape Peninsula University of Technology database. Research and non-research publications were considered with publication dates mostly from 1999 to 2011. Upon screening 164 articles for content relevance, 53 were critically appraised against predetermined criteria for relevance of the evidence, robust nature of the evidence and presence of bias. A thematic/narrative analysis ensued in terms of strength of evidence and frequency of findings. Early recognition and intervention is seen as one of the most effective methods of DV prevention. This finding is nuanced if it is male caregivers doing so. There is an ethical obligation to implement a comprehensive health approach to manage domestic violence victims. The strong, majority findings are that educational intervention/s increases the health care provider’s understanding of DV and improves screening for DV. The research supports the development and use of screening tools/guidelines/ procedures for DV as they are found to improve DV intervention. The evidence supports an integrated effort of the health system in achieving its goal of DV prevention by promoting the participation of pre-hospital emergency care providers as critical stakeholders. Key words : Domestic Violence (DV) management and prevention, Emergency Care Providers (ECP’s), Gender-based violence (GBV) prevention, Evidence-informed Decision Making (EiDM), Emergency Medical Service","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"45 1","pages":"30-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74966239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most homicide deaths in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (DSM) are a result of violence arising from within the community. This type of violence is commonly called, by perpetrators and victims, “mob justice”. Unilateral non-state collective violence can take four forms: lynching, vigilantism, rioting, and terrorism. The purpose of this paper is to report what leads to death by such violence in DSM. A cross-sectional mixed methods study design was used. Surveillance data were collected on all 206 victims of “mob justice” in DSM for the year 2005. Fifteen in-depth interviews were conducted with the relatives of deceased victims, a policeman, a journalist, community members, and youths who survived these types of community violence. A focus group discussion was conducted with eight youths at risk of such violence. The deceased were young adult males and differed significantly from assault victims as to age, occupation, weapon causing death, and injury site. Ninety percent were identified as: unemployed, thieves, unknowns, or street vendors. The immediate history of the deceased usually involved theft. The stated desire of community members was to live in peace; they acknowledged that murder is unlawful. Often the victims had been warned; if transgressions continued, male community members punished the individual, which led to death. Family reactions varied from relief, to confusion, and loss. Community level violence in DSM is defensive; the goal is to protect the community. It is focused on individuals, not groups; incidents can be classified along the continuum of lynching and vigilantism in which lynching is a spontaneous reaction to deviance and vigilantism is an organised activity. Decreasing the number of deviant social acts should theoretically decrease cases of lynching and vigilantism. The most humane way to decrease petty theft is through appropriate employment. Keywords : homicide; Africa; Tanzania; vigilantism; lynching; community; mob
{"title":"Community violence in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A mixed methods study","authors":"A. Outwater, E. Mgaya, Jacquelyn C. Campbell","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V11I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V11I1","url":null,"abstract":"Most homicide deaths in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (DSM) are a result of violence arising from within the community. This type of violence is commonly called, by perpetrators and victims, “mob justice”. Unilateral non-state collective violence can take four forms: lynching, vigilantism, rioting, and terrorism. The purpose of this paper is to report what leads to death by such violence in DSM. A cross-sectional mixed methods study design was used. Surveillance data were collected on all 206 victims of “mob justice” in DSM for the year 2005. Fifteen in-depth interviews were conducted with the relatives of deceased victims, a policeman, a journalist, community members, and youths who survived these types of community violence. A focus group discussion was conducted with eight youths at risk of such violence. The deceased were young adult males and differed significantly from assault victims as to age, occupation, weapon causing death, and injury site. Ninety percent were identified as: unemployed, thieves, unknowns, or street vendors. The immediate history of the deceased usually involved theft. The stated desire of community members was to live in peace; they acknowledged that murder is unlawful. Often the victims had been warned; if transgressions continued, male community members punished the individual, which led to death. Family reactions varied from relief, to confusion, and loss. Community level violence in DSM is defensive; the goal is to protect the community. It is focused on individuals, not groups; incidents can be classified along the continuum of lynching and vigilantism in which lynching is a spontaneous reaction to deviance and vigilantism is an organised activity. Decreasing the number of deviant social acts should theoretically decrease cases of lynching and vigilantism. The most humane way to decrease petty theft is through appropriate employment. Keywords : homicide; Africa; Tanzania; vigilantism; lynching; community; mob","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"7 1","pages":"25-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89151625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article takes as its starting point that crime fiction is a public and political response to gender-based violence. Using the methods of both discourse analysis and literary analysis of the crime fiction genre, the novels of Margie Orford, internationally acclaimed crime author and patron of Rape Crisis, are examined for their representations of violence against women, and the role played by these representations in Orford’s overall feminist project in the Clare Hart series. The article also considers theories about gender-based violence which link male violence to a purported crisis in the established gender order of South Africa. An attempt is made to understand the relationship between fictionalised representations of violence and the ‘banality’ of real-life violence. Finally, Hart, Orford’s hard-boiled female detective figure, is assessed to determine whether this character constitutes a significant feminist achievement that contributes to discourses which counter gender-based violence. Keywords : South Africa; crime fiction; gender-based violence; representation; feminist detective
{"title":"Vrou is Gif : the representation of violence against women in Margie Orford's Clare Hart novels : perspectives","authors":"L. Vincent, S. Naidu","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V11I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V11I2","url":null,"abstract":"This article takes as its starting point that crime fiction is a public and political response to gender-based violence. Using the methods of both discourse analysis and literary analysis of the crime fiction genre, the novels of Margie Orford, internationally acclaimed crime author and patron of Rape Crisis, are examined for their representations of violence against women, and the role played by these representations in Orford’s overall feminist project in the Clare Hart series. The article also considers theories about gender-based violence which link male violence to a purported crisis in the established gender order of South Africa. An attempt is made to understand the relationship between fictionalised representations of violence and the ‘banality’ of real-life violence. Finally, Hart, Orford’s hard-boiled female detective figure, is assessed to determine whether this character constitutes a significant feminist achievement that contributes to discourses which counter gender-based violence. Keywords : South Africa; crime fiction; gender-based violence; representation; feminist detective","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"21 1","pages":"48-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73896190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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