Worldwide, 85% of deaths from road traffic injury (RTI) occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) even though only 40% of all motor vehicles are found in LMICs. Death rates from RTI in high-income countries (HICs) have declined as a result of certain well-documented steps which have been taken. This paper discusses how LMICs and HICs can share models in RTI prevention, while emphasising local adaptation of the strategies and highlighting perspectives. A review of literature on traffic injury prevention, with an application of Haddon's principles of traffic injury prevention, was undertaken. A non-traffic strategy, related to Nigeria's level of economy, was also correlated with injury rates. Proven and promising models are presented, together with means of adaptation, and measures to reduce barriers to accepting their application. Personal documented evidence was used where available. Primary, secondary and tertiary phases of traffic injury prevention are identified, with possibilities for modelling effective strategies within LMICs themselves, and between HICs and LMICs. The non-traffic strategies showed how an inverse relationship exists between a country's overall economy and traffic injury rate, while the Transparency International Index of corruption correlates directly with traffic injury rates. Evidence for modelling abounds, but importing effective measures from one country to another may not succeed, implying the need for improvisation and innovation. Reliable data on traffic injury in LMICs, and implementing results from these data would assist global efforts in reducing traffic injury deaths in LMICs.
{"title":"Modelling traffic injury prevention in low and middle income countries (LMIC) : prospects and challenges","authors":"B. Solagberu","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31584","url":null,"abstract":"Worldwide, 85% of deaths from road traffic injury (RTI) occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) even though only 40% of all motor vehicles are found in LMICs. Death rates from RTI in high-income countries (HICs) have declined as a result of certain well-documented steps which have been taken. This paper discusses how LMICs and HICs can share models in RTI prevention, while emphasising local adaptation of the strategies and highlighting perspectives. A review of literature on traffic injury prevention, with an application of Haddon's principles of traffic injury prevention, was undertaken. A non-traffic strategy, related to Nigeria's level of economy, was also correlated with injury rates. Proven and promising models are presented, together with means of adaptation, and measures to reduce barriers to accepting their application. Personal documented evidence was used where available. Primary, secondary and tertiary phases of traffic injury prevention are identified, with possibilities for modelling effective strategies within LMICs themselves, and between HICs and LMICs. The non-traffic strategies showed how an inverse relationship exists between a country's overall economy and traffic injury rate, while the Transparency International Index of corruption correlates directly with traffic injury rates. Evidence for modelling abounds, but importing effective measures from one country to another may not succeed, implying the need for improvisation and innovation. Reliable data on traffic injury in LMICs, and implementing results from these data would assist global efforts in reducing traffic injury deaths in LMICs.","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"1 1","pages":"140-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86433366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Globally, injuries (intentional and unintentional) are amongst the 10 leading causes of death and disease burden in the 0-4, 5-14, and 15-29 year age groups. Despite the magnitude of this burden, it is surprising to note the relative lack of global attention to childhood injuries in terms of both public policies and resource investments. This paper focuses on low and middle income countries, and explores reasons why the health and development sectors have traditionally ignored childhood injuries, and then proposes critical steps for promoting childhood injuries as a priority in global health. Childhood injuries have not fared well in the health sector due to a variety of reasons including lack of data, traditional perceptions towards injuries, hesitancy by the health sector, lack of champions, and inability to demonstrate solutions in settings that need them most. Child health in the developing world has not been receptive to injuries due to a lack of recognition of the impact of childhood injuries on mortality and morbidity, and a dominant focus on infectious diseases. Relevant information on childhood injuries needs to be generated, interventions critical for reducing the burden of such injuries require testing and implementation in low and middle income countries, and the social and economic benefits of addressing this health problem need to be clearly defined. While these measures are necessary for facing the challenge of childhood injuries, they are not sufficient. This will require the development of new partnerships and refocusing current efforts. The paper calls on the global health community to recognise the toll of childhood injuries and make innovative efforts to reduce that burden.
{"title":"Childhood injuries: defining a global agenda for research and action","authors":"A. Hyder","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31579","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, injuries (intentional and unintentional) are amongst the 10 leading causes of death and disease burden in the 0-4, 5-14, and 15-29 year age groups. Despite the magnitude of this burden, it is surprising to note the relative lack of global attention to childhood injuries in terms of both public policies and resource investments. This paper focuses on low and middle income countries, and explores reasons why the health and development sectors have traditionally ignored childhood injuries, and then proposes critical steps for promoting childhood injuries as a priority in global health. Childhood injuries have not fared well in the health sector due to a variety of reasons including lack of data, traditional perceptions towards injuries, hesitancy by the health sector, lack of champions, and inability to demonstrate solutions in settings that need them most. Child health in the developing world has not been receptive to injuries due to a lack of recognition of the impact of childhood injuries on mortality and morbidity, and a dominant focus on infectious diseases. Relevant information on childhood injuries needs to be generated, interventions critical for reducing the burden of such injuries require testing and implementation in low and middle income countries, and the social and economic benefits of addressing this health problem need to be clearly defined. While these measures are necessary for facing the challenge of childhood injuries, they are not sufficient. This will require the development of new partnerships and refocusing current efforts. The paper calls on the global health community to recognise the toll of childhood injuries and make innovative efforts to reduce that burden.","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"42 1","pages":"87-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88560924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The story of injuries and their avoidance is as old as Africa, the cradle of humankind. History has fascinating accounts of ancient populations and their relationship with the beasts of the wild, and with fire, which was at times their strongest defense and at others their harshest tormentor. Encounters with water, the source of life and cause of sudden death alike. And with weapons crafted by fellow humans, typically arrows and poison. And so it is today, that in Africa, people of modern African states and communities still confront the challenges of injuries from fires and burns, drowning, violence, and the added bonus of motorised transportation. This paper looks at what Africans are doing to prevent injuries, and to make communities and neighbourhoods safer. It gives examples of successes, failures, and missed opportunities. It also looks at what contributions global partners have made, and what actions by global players may not have worked to Africa's benefit, and what lessons can be learnt from those experiences.
{"title":"Injury prevention and safety promotion in Africa - local actors and global partners","authors":"O. Kobusingye","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31574","url":null,"abstract":"The story of injuries and their avoidance is as old as Africa, the cradle of humankind. History has fascinating accounts of ancient populations and their relationship with the beasts of the wild, and with fire, which was at times their strongest defense and at others their harshest tormentor. Encounters with water, the source of life and cause of sudden death alike. And with weapons crafted by fellow humans, typically arrows and poison. And so it is today, that in Africa, people of modern African states and communities still confront the challenges of injuries from fires and burns, drowning, violence, and the added bonus of motorised transportation. This paper looks at what Africans are doing to prevent injuries, and to make communities and neighbourhoods safer. It gives examples of successes, failures, and missed opportunities. It also looks at what contributions global partners have made, and what actions by global players may not have worked to Africa's benefit, and what lessons can be learnt from those experiences.","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"129 1","pages":"44-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84151970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Burn injuries are a serious health threat to young children. Apart from causing death, thermal injuries may result in painful long-term effects, including disabling scars not only to the skin or body of the child, but also to his or her psyche. In South Africa, burn injury has been reported as a persisting threat predominantly affecting children from low-income settings. It is estimated that more than 1300 young children from low-income settings die every year as a result of preventable burn injuries. In response to this phenomenon, South African research has investigated the clinical profile and management of burn injuries, provided descriptions of the epidemiology of burn injuries, and initiated discussions on injury prevention. Despite the increasing scientific interest in these injuries, there remains a paucity of coordinated, systematic and evaluated prevention interventions. A number of promising public health interventions aimed at the reduction of the incidence, risks and deleterious outcomes of thermal injury have been recently implemented. This paper reports on recent South African investigations, and emerging prevention interventions.
{"title":"Childhood burns : emerging evidence for preventive action and policy in South Africa","authors":"A. Niekerk","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31580","url":null,"abstract":"Burn injuries are a serious health threat to young children. Apart from causing death, thermal injuries may result in painful long-term effects, including disabling scars not only to the skin or body of the child, but also to his or her psyche. In South Africa, burn injury has been reported as a persisting threat predominantly affecting children from low-income settings. It is estimated that more than 1300 young children from low-income settings die every year as a result of preventable burn injuries. In response to this phenomenon, South African research has investigated the clinical profile and management of burn injuries, provided descriptions of the epidemiology of burn injuries, and initiated discussions on injury prevention. Despite the increasing scientific interest in these injuries, there remains a paucity of coordinated, systematic and evaluated prevention interventions. A number of promising public health interventions aimed at the reduction of the incidence, risks and deleterious outcomes of thermal injury have been recently implemented. This paper reports on recent South African investigations, and emerging prevention interventions.","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"34 1","pages":"96-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73854507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The idea that scientifically-produced data can and should be used to inform violence prevention policies and practices is not new. Yet, within the public health oriented community safety promotion sector we know relatively little about the contextual, inter-personal, content, institutional and social actor factors that significantly influence the research-policy-practice nexus. Drawing on anecdotal accounts of trauma and loss, and an analysis of our social responses to the 2004 Asian tsunami and the anti-apartheid struggle, this paper represents an attempt at focusing on what matters in data to action.
{"title":"Data to action: mobilising compassion and merging voices in safety promotion","authors":"M. Seedat","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31570","url":null,"abstract":"The idea that scientifically-produced data can and should be used to inform violence prevention policies and practices is not new. Yet, within the public health oriented community safety promotion sector we know relatively little about the contextual, inter-personal, content, institutional and social actor factors that significantly influence the research-policy-practice nexus. Drawing on anecdotal accounts of trauma and loss, and an analysis of our social responses to the 2004 Asian tsunami and the anti-apartheid struggle, this paper represents an attempt at focusing on what matters in data to action.","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"12 1","pages":"7-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74023074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Issues of injury prevention and safety promotion are inextricably linked to questions of the application of knowledge to address the needs of society. Advances in science and technology have made it possible to minimise the occurrence and impact of injuries. We also know much more about what actions enhance or constrain safety promotion. Yet there is a gap between safety standards attained versus what is possible in both resource rich and poor settings all over the world. Violent acts and accidents continue to endanger the lives of many in spite of our knowledge base. The politics of application of knowledge bears some reflection. This paper focuses on the gap between what we know and what we do as scientists, practitioners, individuals and societies to prevent injury and promote safety. It identifies two clusters of the drivers of this gap. Environmental: constitutional, values including the strength of a science culture, policy, implementation capacity, monitoring and evaluation, and accountability. Human Factors: attitudes, education levels, skills, and motivation. It concludes that scientific knowledge and data analysis to inform policy-making and implementation in injury prevention and safety promotion is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for success. It suggests that securing safety as a right requires closing the gap between what we know and what we do. The application of knowledge and public accountability for performance are key drivers of safety and injury prevention.
{"title":"Securing safety as a right: from knowing to doing","authors":"M. Ramphele","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V4I1.31571","url":null,"abstract":"Issues of injury prevention and safety promotion are inextricably linked to questions of the application of knowledge to address the needs of society. Advances in science and technology have made it possible to minimise the occurrence and impact of injuries. We also know much more about what actions enhance or constrain safety promotion. Yet there is a gap between safety standards attained versus what is possible in both resource rich and poor settings all over the world. Violent acts and accidents continue to endanger the lives of many in spite of our knowledge base. The politics of application of knowledge bears some reflection. This paper focuses on the gap between what we know and what we do as scientists, practitioners, individuals and societies to prevent injury and promote safety. It identifies two clusters of the drivers of this gap. Environmental: constitutional, values including the strength of a science culture, policy, implementation capacity, monitoring and evaluation, and accountability. Human Factors: attitudes, education levels, skills, and motivation. It concludes that scientific knowledge and data analysis to inform policy-making and implementation in injury prevention and safety promotion is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for success. It suggests that securing safety as a right requires closing the gap between what we know and what we do. The application of knowledge and public accountability for performance are key drivers of safety and injury prevention.","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"3 1","pages":"22-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75555964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Book Review: Security and Politics in South Africa: The regional dimension","authors":"Tanya M. Swart","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V1I2.31553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V1I2.31553","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86577394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
by D.J. Christie, R.V. Wagner and D. DuNann Winter (Editors) New Jersey, Prentice Hall Inc., 2001, 426 pp., ISBN 0-13-096821-8
D. j .克里斯蒂、R.V.瓦格纳、D.杜南·温特著(编辑)新泽西普伦蒂斯·霍尔出版社，2001,426页，ISBN 0-13-096821-8
{"title":"Book Review: Peace, Conflict and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century","authors":"S. Suffla","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V1I2.31552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V1I2.31552","url":null,"abstract":"by D.J. Christie, R.V. Wagner and D. DuNann Winter (Editors)\u0000New Jersey, Prentice Hall Inc., 2001, 426 pp., ISBN 0-13-096821-8","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76179792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial: Building and Consolidating the Injury Prevention Sector in Africa","authors":"G. Stevens","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V1I2.31545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V1I2.31545","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90928895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Firearm-related fatalities accounted for nearly half (46.1%) of all homicides in Cape Town in 2001. Cape Town's homicide rate of 88 per 100 000 population was among the highest of five cities that had full coverage by the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS), and while the number of non-firearm homicides has remained fairly constant, firearm homicides have steadily increased from 36 to 40 per 100 000 population between 1999 and 2001. Cape Town homicides from the NIMSS database for 2001 were extracted and descriptive variables for firearm versus non-firearm homicides were compared. Age, sex, population group, time, scene and suburb of death data were examined for both groups in order to identify potential risk factors for firearm homicide that could assist in the development of more accurate prevention strategies. Males were more frequently the victims of homicide than females, particularly among the economically active age group of 15 to 44 years. The top seven suburbs in which homicides occurred could be characterised as low-income communities and accounted for a significantly higher percentage of firearm homicides than non-firearm homicides. The research findings highlight the importance of strategies to reduce the proliferation of firearms and to minimise gunshot injuries as an urgent public health imperative. African Safety Promotion Vol.1(2) 2002: 19-25
{"title":"The Magnitude of Firearm Homicide in Cape Town, 2001","authors":"M. Prinsloo, R. Matzopoulos, A. Sukhai","doi":"10.4314/ASP.V1I2.31547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ASP.V1I2.31547","url":null,"abstract":"Firearm-related fatalities accounted for nearly half (46.1%) of all homicides in Cape Town in 2001. Cape Town's homicide rate of 88 per 100 000 population was among the highest of five cities that had full coverage by the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS), and while the number of non-firearm homicides has remained fairly constant, firearm homicides have steadily increased from 36 to 40 per 100 000 population between 1999 and 2001. Cape Town homicides from the NIMSS database for 2001 were extracted and descriptive variables for firearm versus non-firearm homicides were compared. Age, sex, population group, time, scene and suburb of death data were examined for both groups in order to identify potential risk factors for firearm homicide that could assist in the development of more accurate prevention strategies. Males were more frequently the victims of homicide than females, particularly among the economically active age group of 15 to 44 years. The top seven suburbs in which homicides occurred could be characterised as low-income communities and accounted for a significantly higher percentage of firearm homicides than non-firearm homicides. The research findings highlight the importance of strategies to reduce the proliferation of firearms and to minimise gunshot injuries as an urgent public health imperative. African Safety Promotion Vol.1(2) 2002: 19-25","PeriodicalId":41085,"journal":{"name":"African Safety Promotion","volume":"48 2 1","pages":"19-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78422455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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