Internal combustion (IC) engines have contributed to global economic development in industrialized societies. Hydrocarbon fuels used for fueling the IC engines need to be replaced by sustainable and eco-friendly origins that do not adversely impact the environment locally and globally. Electro-fuels (or E-fuels) and biofuels are essential to displace fossil fuels. They are primarily produced using renewable electricity and feedstocks, respectively, and represent an emerging class of carbon-neutral drop-in fuels for the transport sector, which are becoming increasingly important with every passing day globally and have an essential role in the ‘net-zero’ future. This paper comprehensively reviews the advancements in IC engines to become more efficient in taking the fuel property advantages of various E-fuels and biofuels in existing engines. The paper focuses on several fuels, among the most studied ones in the open literature in the last decade, since their adoption might depend on factors such as the local economic considerations, cultural contexts and the application itself, storability, power requirement, and government policies. The paper covers these fuels by briefly introducing their production pathways and properties. It then focuses on their engine use to meet the future tailpipe and greenhouse gas emissions norms. Challenges regarding the modelling of engines powered by E- or bio-fuels are also included. E-fuels offer a straightforward advantage even in engine-out emissions and after-exhaust emission control technologies. It represents an opportunity to limit GHG emissions. Moreover, the E−(or Bio-) fuels powered engines can cover the same operating range (or a larger one) with similar efficiency or greater than hydrocarbon fuels. However, using these fuels still remain challenging. Retrofitting existing engines for using E−(or Bio-) fuels depends on the cost of the fuel injection system for injecting the fuel into the combustion chamber. The transition from fossil fuels can be done using liquid fuels such as methanol, ethanol, etc., by blending them with conventional fuels. In the long run, methanol, hydrogen, and ammonia are expected to significantly decarbonize the transport sector globally.
{"title":"Future of internal combustion engines using sustainable, scalable, and storable E-fuels and biofuels for decarbonizing transport and enabling advanced combustion technologies","authors":"Avinash Kumar Agarwal , Christine Mounaïm-Rousselle , Pierre Brequigny , Atul Dhar , Camille Hespel , Chetankumar Patel , Dhananjay Kumar Srivastava , Ganesh Duraisamy , Luis Le Moyne , Nikhil Sharma , Nitin Labhasetwar , Paramvir Singh , Piyali Das , Pradipta Kumar Panigrahi , Pravesh Chandra Shukla , P. Sakthivel , S.Venkata Mohan , Snehasish Panigrahy , Swarnendu Sen , Hardikk Valera","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Internal combustion (IC) engines have contributed to global economic development in industrialized societies. Hydrocarbon fuels used for fueling the IC engines need to be replaced by sustainable and eco-friendly origins that do not adversely impact the environment locally and globally. Electro-fuels (or E-fuels) and biofuels are essential to displace fossil fuels. They are primarily produced using renewable electricity and feedstocks, respectively, and represent an emerging class of carbon-neutral drop-in fuels for the transport sector, which are becoming increasingly important with every passing day globally and have an essential role in the ‘net-zero’ future. This paper comprehensively reviews the advancements in IC engines to become more efficient in taking the fuel property advantages of various E-fuels and biofuels in existing engines. The paper focuses on several fuels, among the most studied ones in the open literature in the last decade, since their adoption might depend on factors such as the local economic considerations, cultural contexts and the application itself, storability, power requirement, and government policies. The paper covers these fuels by briefly introducing their production pathways and properties. It then focuses on their engine use to meet the future tailpipe and greenhouse gas emissions norms. Challenges regarding the modelling of engines powered by E- or bio-fuels are also included. E-fuels offer a straightforward advantage even in engine-out emissions and after-exhaust emission control technologies. It represents an opportunity to limit GHG emissions. Moreover, the E−(or Bio-) fuels powered engines can cover the same operating range (or a larger one) with similar efficiency or greater than hydrocarbon fuels. However, using these fuels still remain challenging. Retrofitting existing engines for using E−(or Bio-) fuels depends on the cost of the fuel injection system for injecting the fuel into the combustion chamber. The transition from fossil fuels can be done using liquid fuels such as methanol, ethanol, etc., by blending them with conventional fuels. In the long run, methanol, hydrogen, and ammonia are expected to significantly decarbonize the transport sector globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"110 ","pages":"Article 101236"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-30DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101233
Handel A. Martinez–Sarache , Vitor C. Simões , João A.F. Altoé , Juan Jesús Rico , David Patiño , Waldir A. Bizzo
Fixed-bed combustion is the oldest and most flexible method for generating heat from solid fuels with diverse morphological characteristics. This approach consolidates countercurrent fixed-bed burners as the most employed technique for biomass combustion in small- and medium-scale installations. In recent decades, researchers worldwide have generated significant experimental evidence to decipher the complex mechanisms behind reaction front propagation using laboratory-scale burners, which simulate the conditions of fuel in industrial plants. Many experimental results are available in the scientific literature, and the consolidation and discussion of the most relevant data can be useful for better understanding the current state of the art and identifying knowledge gaps on the subject. This paper presents a systematic review of the available literature concerning experimental studies of biomass fixed-bed combustion in laboratory-scale reactors. The central discussion encompasses the definition of the parameters employed to characterize the reaction zone behaviour and their dependence on fuel properties and primary air conditions. The insights gained in this review were addressed to propose criteria for harnessing the abundant availability of agricultural residues as alternative fuels in grate-firing systems.
{"title":"Experimental research on the countercurrent fixed-bed combustion of biomass","authors":"Handel A. Martinez–Sarache , Vitor C. Simões , João A.F. Altoé , Juan Jesús Rico , David Patiño , Waldir A. Bizzo","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fixed-bed combustion is the oldest and most flexible method for generating heat from solid fuels with diverse morphological characteristics. This approach consolidates countercurrent fixed-bed burners as the most employed technique for biomass combustion in small- and medium-scale installations. In recent decades, researchers worldwide have generated significant experimental evidence to decipher the complex mechanisms behind reaction front propagation using laboratory-scale burners, which simulate the conditions of fuel in industrial plants. Many experimental results are available in the scientific literature, and the consolidation and discussion of the most relevant data can be useful for better understanding the current state of the art and identifying knowledge gaps on the subject. This paper presents a systematic review of the available literature concerning experimental studies of biomass fixed-bed combustion in laboratory-scale reactors. The central discussion encompasses the definition of the parameters employed to characterize the reaction zone behaviour and their dependence on fuel properties and primary air conditions. The insights gained in this review were addressed to propose criteria for harnessing the abundant availability of agricultural residues as alternative fuels in grate-firing systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 101233"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-21DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101218
Vishnu Hariharan , Mahesh S , Debi Prasad Mishra
The gaseous Inverse Jet Diffusion Flame (IJDF) is a unique nonpremixed flame that can be established in a simple coaxial burner when central air jet surrounded by annular fuel jet is ignited. The active research on laminar IJDF was initiated in the early 1980's, with a primary focus on its sooting characteristics. The soot formation, evolution and morphology in inverse jet diffusion flame differ fundamentally from that of the normal jet diffusion flame (NJDF) due to its distinct reactant delivery mode and fluid dynamics. The unique feature of the IJDF configuration is its reduced soot formation as compared to the NJDF configuration, particularly at higher air-fuel velocity ratio, even for hydrocarbon fuels. The literature has reported six types of laminar IJDF based on visual appearance and air-fuel velocity ratio. Furthermore, laminar IJDF is mainly utilized as a lab-scale flame by various researchers for the fundamental investigation of soot evolution in nonpremixed flames. Unlike normal jet diffusion flame, which is established with the fuel jet enveloped by an oxidizer jet, the post-flame emissions and the flame stability aspects of turbulent IJDF are relatively less understood. From a global perspective, coherence in the research on inverse jet diffusion flame is lacking and there is a need for an extensive investigation to understand this special type of nonpremixed flame. The present review identifies different emerging areas related to IJDF that the combustion researchers can pursue in the future.
Various aspects of laminar and turbulent IJDF, such as flame structure, soot formation, flame height, flame stability, thermal and emission characteristics are discussed in this review. This review may serve as a reference that contributes to the research perspectives on laminar and turbulent inverse jet diffusion flames for adapting the favourable aspects of this flame configuration in a wide range of industrial and domestic applications.
{"title":"The inverse jet diffusion flames: A systematic review","authors":"Vishnu Hariharan , Mahesh S , Debi Prasad Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gaseous Inverse Jet Diffusion Flame (IJDF) is a unique nonpremixed flame that can be established in a simple coaxial burner when central air jet surrounded by annular fuel jet is ignited. The active research on laminar IJDF was initiated in the early 1980's, with a primary focus on its sooting characteristics. The soot formation, evolution and morphology in inverse jet diffusion flame differ fundamentally from that of the normal jet diffusion flame (NJDF) due to its distinct reactant delivery mode and fluid dynamics. The unique feature of the IJDF configuration is its reduced soot formation as compared to the NJDF configuration, particularly at higher air-fuel velocity ratio, even for hydrocarbon fuels. The literature has reported six types of laminar IJDF based on visual appearance and air-fuel velocity ratio. Furthermore, laminar IJDF is mainly utilized as a lab-scale flame by various researchers for the fundamental investigation of soot evolution in nonpremixed flames. Unlike normal jet diffusion flame, which is established with the fuel jet enveloped by an oxidizer jet, the post-flame emissions and the flame stability aspects of turbulent IJDF are relatively less understood. From a global perspective, coherence in the research on inverse jet diffusion flame is lacking and there is a need for an extensive investigation to understand this special type of nonpremixed flame. The present review identifies different emerging areas related to IJDF that the combustion researchers can pursue in the future.</div><div>Various aspects of laminar and turbulent IJDF, such as flame structure, soot formation, flame height, flame stability, thermal and emission characteristics are discussed in this review. This review may serve as a reference that contributes to the research perspectives on laminar and turbulent inverse jet diffusion flames for adapting the favourable aspects of this flame configuration in a wide range of industrial and domestic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 101218"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-20DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101231
Jun Liu , Tao Wang , Longchun Zhong , Mohamed A. Serageldin , Wei-Ping Pan
Organic pollutants are acknowledged as one of the primary environmental hazards in the atmosphere, posing a significant threat to human health and the environment. This work provides a critical review of the recent research on organic pollutants from stationary coal-burning sources, including an overview of the effect of coal composition and coal source, the types of organics material in coal, the generation of organic pollutants during coal combustion, emission of organic pollutants, co-removal by air pollution control devices (APCDs), and the technologies used to remove organic pollutants from coal-fired power plants (CFPPs). Field sampling and analysis showed that the organic pollutants produced from coal combustion processes are mainly composed of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organic components in condensable particulate matter (CPM). The VOCs and CPM are mainly discharged into the atmosphere as part of the gas and particulate phases, respectively, whereas, PAHs are mainly concentrated in fly ash and bottom ash. The generation of organic pollutants during coal combustion is mainly affected by coal grade, temperature, heating rate, residence time, and pressure. Considering that the flue gas temperature and composition can vary from one CFPP location to another, the choice of the sampling methods is based on the specific needs of a CFPP. Because, the selection of a sampling method can significantly affect the final results and should be given special attention. Typical sampling methods for VOCs, PAHs, and CPM are summarized and their advantages and disadvantages are compared. The adsorption tube sampling method is more suitable for the sampling of VOCs because it is not limited by the volume and miscellaneous components of the flue gas. EPA Method 0010 and the dry impactor condensation method (EPA Method 202) are more suitable for sampling PAHs and CPM in flue gas due to their higher accuracy. The APCDs in CFPPs have organic pollutants co-removal abilities besides those for conventional pollutants. As a result, they can remove VOCs, PAHs, and CPM at efficiencies of 55.8–87.6 %, 74.7–89.8 %, and 36.3–81.5 %, respectively, with corresponding emission concentrations of 0.058–16.29 mg/m3, 0.42–43.3 μg/m3, and 5.9–65.1 mg/m3. Based on current publicly reported data, the VOCs, PAHs and CPM contents emitted by global coal-fired power plants are estimated to be 88.1 Gg, 6.76 Gg (2.22 Gg in flue gas and 4.54 Gg in fly ash), and 600 Gg (organic components: 328 Gg, inorganic components: 272 Gg), respectively. Among the many removal technologies reviewed: include improved selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts; and an advanced oxidation process (AOP) combined with an SCR or with a wet flue gas desulphurization (WFGD) unit respectively are two potentially useful technologies for future use in CFPPs. The information collected and presented in this review will
{"title":"Review of organic pollutants in coal combustion processes and control technologies","authors":"Jun Liu , Tao Wang , Longchun Zhong , Mohamed A. Serageldin , Wei-Ping Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic pollutants are acknowledged as one of the primary environmental hazards in the atmosphere, posing a significant threat to human health and the environment. This work provides a critical review of the recent research on organic pollutants from stationary coal-burning sources, including an overview of the effect of coal composition and coal source, the types of organics material in coal, the generation of organic pollutants during coal combustion, emission of organic pollutants, co-removal by air pollution control devices (APCDs), and the technologies used to remove organic pollutants from coal-fired power plants (CFPPs). Field sampling and analysis showed that the organic pollutants produced from coal combustion processes are mainly composed of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organic components in condensable particulate matter (CPM). The VOCs and CPM are mainly discharged into the atmosphere as part of the gas and particulate phases, respectively, whereas, PAHs are mainly concentrated in fly ash and bottom ash. The generation of organic pollutants during coal combustion is mainly affected by coal grade, temperature, heating rate, residence time, and pressure. Considering that the flue gas temperature and composition can vary from one CFPP location to another, the choice of the sampling methods is based on the specific needs of a CFPP. Because, the selection of a sampling method can significantly affect the final results and should be given special attention. Typical sampling methods for VOCs, PAHs, and CPM are summarized and their advantages and disadvantages are compared. The adsorption tube sampling method is more suitable for the sampling of VOCs because it is not limited by the volume and miscellaneous components of the flue gas. EPA Method 0010 and the dry impactor condensation method (EPA Method 202) are more suitable for sampling PAHs and CPM in flue gas due to their higher accuracy. The APCDs in CFPPs have organic pollutants co-removal abilities besides those for conventional pollutants. As a result, they can remove VOCs, PAHs, and CPM at efficiencies of 55.8–87.6 %, 74.7–89.8 %, and 36.3–81.5 %, respectively, with corresponding emission concentrations of 0.058–16.29 mg/m<sup>3</sup>, 0.42–43.3 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, and 5.9–65.1 mg/m<sup>3</sup>. Based on current publicly reported data, the VOCs, PAHs and CPM contents emitted by global coal-fired power plants are estimated to be 88.1 Gg, 6.76 Gg (2.22 Gg in flue gas and 4.54 Gg in fly ash), and 600 Gg (organic components: 328 Gg, inorganic components: 272 Gg), respectively. Among the many removal technologies reviewed: include improved selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts; and an advanced oxidation process (AOP) combined with an SCR or with a wet flue gas desulphurization (WFGD) unit respectively are two potentially useful technologies for future use in CFPPs. The information collected and presented in this review will","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 101231"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-18DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101230
Samuel Ronald Holden , Zhezi Zhang , Junzi Wu , Dongke Zhang
In considering ammonia (NH3) as a carbon-free fuel for large-scale power generation, this review examines the current state of knowledge of NH3 as a fuel in terms of its thermophysical properties and burning characteristics compared to conventional hydrocarbon fuels. The proceeding analysis portrays the challenges associated with NH3 combustion in traditional systems and suggests fluidised-bed NH3 combustion as a plausible means to provide reliable ignition, stable combustion, and reduced NOx emission. A fixed-bed is considered as a research tool, as well as a special case of fluidised-bed, to study NH3 oxidation and combustion in the presence of solid bed material to provide foundational information key to understanding the more complicated fluidised-bed NH3 combustion. The thermophysical properties and burning characteristics of NH3, along with an examination of the combustion of other fuels in the presence of solid media, enable expectations for NH3 combustion in fixed- and fluidised-beds. A general fluidised-bed NH3 combustion system design, along with suggested operating conditions, is presented to provide an appreciation for a practical large-scale fluidised-bed NH3 fired power generation system. The NH3 combustion chemistry and associated NOx formation and destruction pathways are also discussed to appreciate the impact of operating conditions on combustion performance. Finally, the review identifies key knowledge gaps and technical challenges which warrant further research to advance fluidised-bed NH3 combustion technology for large-scale electric power generation in a carbon constrained future.
{"title":"Ammonia combustion in fixed-bed and fluidised-bed reactors: The concept, knowledge base, and challenges","authors":"Samuel Ronald Holden , Zhezi Zhang , Junzi Wu , Dongke Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In considering ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) as a carbon-free fuel for large-scale power generation, this review examines the current state of knowledge of NH<sub>3</sub> as a fuel in terms of its thermophysical properties and burning characteristics compared to conventional hydrocarbon fuels. The proceeding analysis portrays the challenges associated with NH<sub>3</sub> combustion in traditional systems and suggests fluidised-bed NH<sub>3</sub> combustion as a plausible means to provide reliable ignition, stable combustion, and reduced NOx emission. A fixed-bed is considered as a research tool, as well as a special case of fluidised-bed, to study NH<sub>3</sub> oxidation and combustion in the presence of solid bed material to provide foundational information key to understanding the more complicated fluidised-bed NH<sub>3</sub> combustion. The thermophysical properties and burning characteristics of NH<sub>3</sub>, along with an examination of the combustion of other fuels in the presence of solid media, enable expectations for NH<sub>3</sub> combustion in fixed- and fluidised-beds. A general fluidised-bed NH<sub>3</sub> combustion system design, along with suggested operating conditions, is presented to provide an appreciation for a practical large-scale fluidised-bed NH<sub>3</sub> fired power generation system. The NH<sub>3</sub> combustion chemistry and associated NOx formation and destruction pathways are also discussed to appreciate the impact of operating conditions on combustion performance. Finally, the review identifies key knowledge gaps and technical challenges which warrant further research to advance fluidised-bed NH<sub>3</sub> combustion technology for large-scale electric power generation in a carbon constrained future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 101230"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-21DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101221
Shuai Wang, Yansong Shen
Dense gas-solid reacting flow involves multiphase flow, heat and mass transfer, and chemical reactions. The computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) has emerged as a promising tool for investigating and optimizing dense gas-solid reacting systems at the particle scale. Despite the rapid advancement of CFD-DEM and its successful application to various chemical engineering processes, there is still a lack of a comprehensive review of the theory and applications of CFD-DEM modelling of dense gas-solid reacting flow. This article aims to bridge this gap by providing a systematic review of recent progress in the development of CFD-DEM models and their applications to dense gas-solid reacting systems. This article begins by providing a comprehensive review of sub-models used to describe flow dynamics and thermochemical conversion in dense gas-solid reacting systems. The numerical algorithms and implementations, ranging from flow to heat and mass transfer, as well as speed-up methods, are examined in detail. The focus then shifts to the recent advancements of CFD-DEM applications in chemical engineering processes related to dense gas-solid reacting systems. Specific areas of interest include the thermochemical conversion of biomass and coal, blast furnace ironmaking, chemical looping combustion, solid waste incineration, lime shaft kiln calcination, and more. Furthermore, the challenges associated with effectively and efficiently modelling dense gas-solid reacting flow, particularly about the multi-physics and multi-scale characteristics in both time and space, are thoroughly assessed. By addressing these challenges, this review is expected to foster further progress in the field and enhance our understanding and control of dense gas-solid reacting systems in various applications.
{"title":"CFD-DEM modelling of dense gas-solid reacting flow: Recent advances and challenges","authors":"Shuai Wang, Yansong Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dense gas-solid reacting flow involves multiphase flow, heat and mass transfer, and chemical reactions. The computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) has emerged as a promising tool for investigating and optimizing dense gas-solid reacting systems at the particle scale. Despite the rapid advancement of CFD-DEM and its successful application to various chemical engineering processes, there is still a lack of a comprehensive review of the theory and applications of CFD-DEM modelling of dense gas-solid reacting flow. This article aims to bridge this gap by providing a systematic review of recent progress in the development of CFD-DEM models and their applications to dense gas-solid reacting systems. This article begins by providing a comprehensive review of sub-models used to describe flow dynamics and thermochemical conversion in dense gas-solid reacting systems. The numerical algorithms and implementations, ranging from flow to heat and mass transfer, as well as speed-up methods, are examined in detail. The focus then shifts to the recent advancements of CFD-DEM applications in chemical engineering processes related to dense gas-solid reacting systems. Specific areas of interest include the thermochemical conversion of biomass and coal, blast furnace ironmaking, chemical looping combustion, solid waste incineration, lime shaft kiln calcination, and more. Furthermore, the challenges associated with effectively and efficiently modelling dense gas-solid reacting flow, particularly about the multi-physics and multi-scale characteristics in both time and space, are thoroughly assessed. By addressing these challenges, this review is expected to foster further progress in the field and enhance our understanding and control of dense gas-solid reacting systems in various applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 101221"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143471564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The flash point (FP) behavior of binary ignitable mixtures, which are the simplest form of mixtures and fundamental building blocks, is essential for understanding multicomponent mixture behavior. This knowledge plays a vital role in process and chemical safety as well as in fuel design. In the present review, the FP of 245 independent binary ignitable mixtures, composed of 102 individual pure compounds derived from 69 published articles, was investigated. The mixtures based on their chemical class were categorized. Investigations on their ideal or extreme FP behaviors revealed that certain combinations have a higher potential for demonstrating extreme FP behaviors such as alcohol + aromatic hydrocarbon, alcohol + ester, alcohol + alkane, aromatic hydrocarbon + organic acid, alcohol + organic acid, phenol + alcohol, phenol + ketone, and phenol + pyridine. It was found that the occurrence of extreme FP behaviors is not only related to the chemical class but also to the molecular structure, the non-ideality of binary mixture, and the temperature gap between FP values of the pure constituents in each binary blend. These findings can be utilized to enhance the safety level of processes or operations involving these binary mixtures. Furthermore, this information can be valuable in fuel design for specific purposes and improve combustion, thanks to a comprehensive knowledge regarding the FP tendencies of each binary category and the potential for extreme FP behaviors.
{"title":"A comprehensive review on flash point behavior of binary ignitable mixtures: Trends, influencing factors, safety and fuel design implications, and future directions","authors":"Kazem Lakzian , Horng-Jang Liaw , Esmail Lakzian , Vincent Gerbaud","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The flash point (FP) behavior of binary ignitable mixtures, which are the simplest form of mixtures and fundamental building blocks, is essential for understanding multicomponent mixture behavior. This knowledge plays a vital role in process and chemical safety as well as in fuel design. In the present review, the FP of 245 independent binary ignitable mixtures, composed of 102 individual pure compounds derived from 69 published articles, was investigated. The mixtures based on their chemical class were categorized. Investigations on their ideal or extreme FP behaviors revealed that certain combinations have a higher potential for demonstrating extreme FP behaviors such as alcohol + aromatic hydrocarbon, alcohol + ester, alcohol + alkane, aromatic hydrocarbon + organic acid, alcohol + organic acid, phenol + alcohol, phenol + ketone, and phenol + pyridine. It was found that the occurrence of extreme FP behaviors is not only related to the chemical class but also to the molecular structure, the non-ideality of binary mixture, and the temperature gap between FP values of the pure constituents in each binary blend. These findings can be utilized to enhance the safety level of processes or operations involving these binary mixtures. Furthermore, this information can be valuable in fuel design for specific purposes and improve combustion, thanks to a comprehensive knowledge regarding the FP tendencies of each binary category and the potential for extreme FP behaviors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 101222"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101217
Lei Zhou , Xiaojun Zhang , Kai H. Luo , Haiqiao Wei
End-gas autoignition, especially with detonation development in a confined space, is a complex physical phenomenon, including premixed flame dynamics, fluid dynamics, autoignition chemistry etc., which is generally considered as the origin of knock and super-knock in internal combustion (IC) engines. Furthermore, the mechanism for detonation initiation is also related to fire safety and industrial disasters. Thus, this review focuses on the recent progress made in the fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of end-gas autoignition phenomena along with detonation combustion in confined spaces through theoretical analyses, optical diagnostics, and high-resolution numerical simulations, with emphasis on the effects of crucial physicochemical factors on the two stages of end-gas autoignition, namely autoignition occurrence and autoignition propagation. Firstly, two basic theories, namely Livengood–Wu (L–W) integral and the reactivity gradient theory, which provide theoretical foundations for understanding autoignition occurrence and autoignition propagation, respectively, are demonstrated. Specially, applications and limitations of L-W integral and the extension of Bradley's diagram to multi-dimensional conditions closer to actual circumstances are elaborated. Then, a comprehensive investigation of several pivotal physicochemical factors involved in end-gas autoignition and detonation development in confined spaces, are conducted, including flame propagation, pressure wave, inhomogeneity, turbulence, chemical reactivity and thermodynamic conditions. The results indicate that, three essential elements are included in end-gas autoignition, namely flame, pressure wave, and autoignition. The flame-pressure interaction induced end-gas autoignition and detonation can be divided into three processes: I-reactivity increase, II-critical and sensitive state, and III-coupling and detonation. The first two processes account for autoignition occurrence and the third accounts for autoignition propagation. As to autoignition occurrence, increasing turbulence flame speed can inhibit end-gas autoignition under weak pressure wave conditions, whereas it can promote end-gas autoignition under strong pressure wave conditions. As to autoignition propagation, various combustion modes can originate from a reactivity gradient induced by temperature, composition, additive, as well as a cold spot within negative temperature coefficient (NTC) region, while the existence of low-temperature chemistry (LTC) and multi-stage ignition complicates autoignition propagation. The results further indicate that an inhomogeneous field with a small characteristic length scale, and an inhomogeneous field with a large characteristic length scale but coupled with the turbulence with a small characteristic length scale and a sufficiently large turbulent velocity fluctuation, can both weaken detonation propensity. Furthermore, the fuel type, diluent gas, and thermodynamic conditions
{"title":"End-gas autoignition and detonation in confined space","authors":"Lei Zhou , Xiaojun Zhang , Kai H. Luo , Haiqiao Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>End-gas autoignition, especially with detonation development in a confined space, is a complex physical phenomenon, including premixed flame dynamics, fluid dynamics, autoignition chemistry etc., which is generally considered as the origin of knock and super-knock in internal combustion (IC) engines. Furthermore, the mechanism for detonation initiation is also related to fire safety and industrial disasters. Thus, this review focuses on the recent progress made in the fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of end-gas autoignition phenomena along with detonation combustion in confined spaces through theoretical analyses, optical diagnostics, and high-resolution numerical simulations, with emphasis on the effects of crucial physicochemical factors on the two stages of end-gas autoignition, namely autoignition occurrence and autoignition propagation. Firstly, two basic theories, namely Livengood–Wu (L–W) integral and the reactivity gradient theory, which provide theoretical foundations for understanding autoignition occurrence and autoignition propagation, respectively, are demonstrated. Specially, applications and limitations of L-W integral and the extension of Bradley's diagram to multi-dimensional conditions closer to actual circumstances are elaborated. Then, a comprehensive investigation of several pivotal physicochemical factors involved in end-gas autoignition and detonation development in confined spaces, are conducted, including flame propagation, pressure wave, inhomogeneity, turbulence, chemical reactivity and thermodynamic conditions. The results indicate that, three essential elements are included in end-gas autoignition, namely flame, pressure wave, and autoignition. The flame-pressure interaction induced end-gas autoignition and detonation can be divided into three processes: I-reactivity increase, II-critical and sensitive state, and III-coupling and detonation. The first two processes account for autoignition occurrence and the third accounts for autoignition propagation. As to autoignition occurrence, increasing turbulence flame speed can inhibit end-gas autoignition under weak pressure wave conditions, whereas it can promote end-gas autoignition under strong pressure wave conditions. As to autoignition propagation, various combustion modes can originate from a reactivity gradient induced by temperature, composition, additive, as well as a cold spot within negative temperature coefficient (NTC) region, while the existence of low-temperature chemistry (LTC) and multi-stage ignition complicates autoignition propagation. The results further indicate that an inhomogeneous field with a small characteristic length scale, and an inhomogeneous field with a large characteristic length scale but coupled with the turbulence with a small characteristic length scale and a sufficiently large turbulent velocity fluctuation, can both weaken detonation propensity. Furthermore, the fuel type, diluent gas, and thermodynamic conditions","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 101217"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101219
Taewoo Lee , Dohee Kwon , Sangyoon Lee , Youkwan Kim , Jee Young Kim , Hocheol Song , Sungyup Jung , Jechan Lee , Yiu Fai Tsang , Ki-Hyun Kim , Eilhann E. Kwon
To mitigate the various socioeconomic/environmental consequences associated with plastic waste, it is crucial to adopt strategic measures aimed at source reduction. In this regard, the thermo-chemical approach is a promising technical option to realize this objective within the framework of the circular economy. Such approach involves transforming plastic waste into chemicals/fuels, which contributes to the build-up of a more sustainable and resource-efficient platform. Precise control over yield and selectivity towards target chemicals (monomers, light olefins, and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEXs)) and fuels (transportation fuels and syngas) is achievable by manipulating operating parameters for the thermo-chemical platform despite the possibly marked influence of the waste composition on product distribution. This review aims to delineate a technically viable pathway of the thermo-chemical approach with the discussion on the physico-chemical properties and compositional characteristics of plastics, technical alternatives for their recycling, and the associated environmental risks (improper disposal practices including mismanagement, landfilling, and incineration). This review helps open a new path for the development of a strategic technical approach within thermo-chemical processing to integrate different facets of plastic waste recycling. Thus, it will contribute to the realization of a closed-loop circular economy within the plastic value chain by focusing on thermo-chemical recycling of plastic waste.
{"title":"Recovery of chemicals and energy through thermo-chemical processing of plastic waste","authors":"Taewoo Lee , Dohee Kwon , Sangyoon Lee , Youkwan Kim , Jee Young Kim , Hocheol Song , Sungyup Jung , Jechan Lee , Yiu Fai Tsang , Ki-Hyun Kim , Eilhann E. Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To mitigate the various socioeconomic/environmental consequences associated with plastic waste, it is crucial to adopt strategic measures aimed at source reduction. In this regard, the thermo-chemical approach is a promising technical option to realize this objective within the framework of the circular economy. Such approach involves transforming plastic waste into chemicals/fuels, which contributes to the build-up of a more sustainable and resource-efficient platform. Precise control over yield and selectivity towards target chemicals (monomers, light olefins, and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEXs)) and fuels (transportation fuels and syngas) is achievable by manipulating operating parameters for the thermo-chemical platform despite the possibly marked influence of the waste composition on product distribution. This review aims to delineate a technically viable pathway of the thermo-chemical approach with the discussion on the physico-chemical properties and compositional characteristics of plastics, technical alternatives for their recycling, and the associated environmental risks (improper disposal practices including mismanagement, landfilling, and incineration). This review helps open a new path for the development of a strategic technical approach within thermo-chemical processing to integrate different facets of plastic waste recycling. Thus, it will contribute to the realization of a closed-loop circular economy within the plastic value chain by focusing on thermo-chemical recycling of plastic waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 101219"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101209
Dongxu Ouyang , Yi-Hong Chung , Jialong Liu , Jinlong Bai , Yuxin Zhou , Shichen Chen , Zhirong Wang , Chi-Min Shu
Thermal runaway incidents involving lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) occur frequently and pose a considerable safety risk. This comprehensive review explores the characteristics and mechanisms of thermal runaway in LIBs as well as evaluation methods and possible countermeasures. First, the characteristics of, factors influencing, and mechanisms underlying thermal runaway in LIBs are examined in detail. Second, thermal runaway propagation is explored. The characteristics and formation mechanisms of the products of thermal runaway such as flames, gases, and solids are also explored. The thermal hazards associated with toxic products, high temperature, smoke, pressure shocks, combustion, and explosions must be appropriately prevented. Therefore, multiparameter evaluation methods for assessing the risk of thermal runaway in LIBs are discussed. Finally, this review details various countermeasures for controlling or preventing thermal runaway in LIBs. Overall, although inherently safe LIBs can be developed, suitable warning systems, thermal runaway suppression materials, and fire-extinguishing systems are valuable for thermal runaway management.
{"title":"Characteristics and mechanisms of as well as evaluation methods and countermeasures for thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Dongxu Ouyang , Yi-Hong Chung , Jialong Liu , Jinlong Bai , Yuxin Zhou , Shichen Chen , Zhirong Wang , Chi-Min Shu","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal runaway incidents involving lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) occur frequently and pose a considerable safety risk. This comprehensive review explores the characteristics and mechanisms of thermal runaway in LIBs as well as evaluation methods and possible countermeasures. First, the characteristics of, factors influencing, and mechanisms underlying thermal runaway in LIBs are examined in detail. Second, thermal runaway propagation is explored. The characteristics and formation mechanisms of the products of thermal runaway such as flames, gases, and solids are also explored. The thermal hazards associated with toxic products, high temperature, smoke, pressure shocks, combustion, and explosions must be appropriately prevented. Therefore, multiparameter evaluation methods for assessing the risk of thermal runaway in LIBs are discussed. Finally, this review details various countermeasures for controlling or preventing thermal runaway in LIBs. Overall, although inherently safe LIBs can be developed, suitable warning systems, thermal runaway suppression materials, and fire-extinguishing systems are valuable for thermal runaway management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 101209"},"PeriodicalIF":32.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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