Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101045
Zhao Sun , Christopher K. Russell , Kevin J. Whitty , Eric G. Eddings , Jinze Dai , Yulong Zhang , Maohong Fan , Zhiqiang Sun
Modulating anionic oxygen in metal oxides offers exceptional opportunities for energy material synthesis via redox looping; however, several challenges such as overoxidation and catalyst deactivation need to be solved. This paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art schemes for the selective synthesis of valuable chemicals via lattice oxygen-induced redox looping. Compared with previously published works, this review focuses on lattice oxygen modulated energy transformation technologies via chemical looping. This review discusses the chemical looping-based selective oxidation of methane to syngas/methanol, the oxidative coupling of methane, oxidative steam reforming of alcohols, and the oxidative dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons in the lattice oxygen-induced selective oxidation section. Additionally, moderate- and low-temperature Ellingham diagrams are extended to deduce the reactivity of the lattice oxygen based on thermodynamic calculation, which helps for oxygen carrier selection and product modulation. Moreover, less-researched but potential approaches to produce value-added energy materials by lattice oxygen are proposed in the perspective section, including selective oxidation of glycerol to glyceric acid, selective oxidation of methanol to acetic acid, and oxidative methane aromatization. Finally, implications for advanced oxygen carrier material design, preparation, and characterization are also overviewed. This study expands the scope of the lattice oxygen regulated energy conversion, which seeks to benefit both fundamental research and industrial applications of value-added energy material generation via lattice oxygen modulated energy transformation.
{"title":"Chemical looping-based energy transformation via lattice oxygen modulated selective oxidation","authors":"Zhao Sun , Christopher K. Russell , Kevin J. Whitty , Eric G. Eddings , Jinze Dai , Yulong Zhang , Maohong Fan , Zhiqiang Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Modulating anionic oxygen in metal oxides<span> offers exceptional opportunities for energy material synthesis via redox looping; however, several challenges such as overoxidation and catalyst deactivation need to be solved. This paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art schemes for the selective synthesis of valuable chemicals via lattice oxygen-induced redox looping. Compared with </span></span>previously published works<span><span>, this review focuses on lattice oxygen modulated energy transformation technologies via chemical looping. This review discusses the chemical looping-based selective oxidation<span> of methane to syngas/methanol, the oxidative coupling of methane, oxidative </span></span>steam reforming<span> of alcohols, and the oxidative dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons in the lattice oxygen-induced selective oxidation section. Additionally, moderate- and low-temperature </span></span></span>Ellingham diagrams<span><span> are extended to deduce the reactivity of the lattice oxygen based on thermodynamic calculation, which helps for oxygen carrier selection and product modulation. Moreover, less-researched but potential approaches to produce value-added energy materials by lattice oxygen are proposed in the perspective section, including selective oxidation of glycerol to glyceric acid, selective oxidation of methanol to acetic acid, and oxidative methane aromatization. Finally, implications for advanced </span>oxygen carrier material design, preparation, and characterization are also overviewed. This study expands the scope of the lattice oxygen regulated energy conversion, which seeks to benefit both fundamental research and industrial applications of value-added energy material generation via lattice oxygen modulated energy transformation.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2622299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101076
Hanfeng Jin , Wenhao Yuan , Wei Li , Jiuzhong Yang , Zhongyue Zhou , Long Zhao , Yuyang Li , Fei Qi
Aromatic hydrocarbons are important components of petroleum-based transportation fuels, biomass, coal, and solid waste, etc. The reaction kinetics of aromatic hydrocarbons largely determine the combustion characteristics and pollutant emission of vehicle/jet engines, power plants, and industrial reactors. While a few reviews have recently focused on aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline surrogate fuels, thermochemical conversion of biomass/coal/solid waste, and combustion soot formation, a dedicated overview of research on the combustion chemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons is still lacking. In the last decades, valuable investigations addressing the reaction kinetics were reported based on the measurements from pyrolysis, oxidation, flames, shock tubes, and rapid compression machines, complemented by quantum chemistry and detailed kinetic modeling. Significant advances have allowed a better understanding of such physicochemical reacting system, from aromatic decomposition, oxidation, to pollutants formation. In the present review, aromatic hydrocarbons are systematically categorized to five common classes: basic, mono-substituted, multi-substituted, hydrogenated, and polycyclic aromatics. Fundamental aromatic combustion chemistry consists of the reactions of basic aromatic molecular structures. Then the aryl group strongly influences the reaction kinetics of aromatic derivates, which leads to very different combustion performance from those ordinary paraffins, olefins, and naphthenes. This paper seeks to provide an introduction to the knowledge gathered in the recent research, highlight pertinent aspects of this rapidly enriching information, and outlook the challenges towards fundamentally comprehensive aromatic combustion chemistry and practically efficient aromatic combustion model.
{"title":"Combustion chemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons","authors":"Hanfeng Jin , Wenhao Yuan , Wei Li , Jiuzhong Yang , Zhongyue Zhou , Long Zhao , Yuyang Li , Fei Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>Aromatic hydrocarbons are important components of petroleum-based transportation fuels, biomass, coal, and solid waste, etc. The reaction kinetics of aromatic hydrocarbons largely determine the combustion characteristics and pollutant emission of vehicle/jet engines, power plants, and industrial reactors. While a few reviews have recently focused on aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline surrogate fuels, </span>thermochemical conversion of biomass/coal/solid waste, and combustion soot formation, a dedicated overview of research on the combustion chemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons is still lacking. In the last decades, valuable investigations addressing the reaction kinetics were reported based on the measurements from </span>pyrolysis<span><span>, oxidation<span>, flames, shock tubes, and rapid compression machines, complemented by quantum chemistry and detailed kinetic modeling. Significant advances have allowed a better understanding of such physicochemical reacting system, from aromatic decomposition, oxidation, to pollutants formation. In the present review, aromatic hydrocarbons are systematically categorized to five common classes: basic, mono-substituted, multi-substituted, hydrogenated, and polycyclic aromatics. Fundamental aromatic combustion chemistry consists of the reactions of basic aromatic molecular structures. Then the aryl group strongly influences the reaction kinetics of aromatic derivates, which leads to very different combustion performance from those ordinary paraffins, </span></span>olefins, and </span></span>naphthenes. This paper seeks to provide an introduction to the knowledge gathered in the recent research, highlight pertinent aspects of this rapidly enriching information, and outlook the challenges towards fundamentally comprehensive aromatic combustion chemistry and practically efficient aromatic combustion model.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1886072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate neutrality is becoming a core long-term competitiveness asset within the aviation industry, as demonstrated by the several innovations and targets set within that sector, prior to and especially after the COVID-19 crisis. Ambitious timelines are set, involving important investment decisions to be taken in a 5-years horizon time. Here, we provide an in-depth review of alternative technologies for sustainable aviation revealed to date, which we classified into four main categories, namely i) biofuels, ii) electrofuels, iii) electric (battery-based), and iv) hydrogen aviation. Nine biofuel and nine electrofuel pathways were reviewed, for which we supply the detailed process flow picturing all input, output, and co-products generated. The market uptake and use of these co-products was also investigated, along with the overall international regulations and targets for future aviation. As most of the inventoried pathways require hydrogen, we further reviewed six existing and emerging carbon-free hydrogen production technologies. Our review also details the five key battery technologies available (lithium-ion, advanced lithium-ion, solid-state battery, lithium-sulfur, lithium-air) for aviation. A semi-quantitative ranking covering environmental-, economic-, and technological performance indicators has been established to guide the selection of promising routes. The possible configuration schemes for electric propulsion systems are documented and classified as: i) battery-based, ii) fuel cell-based and iii) turboelectric configurations. Our review studied these four categories of sustainable aviation systems as modular technologies, yet these still have to be used in a hybridized fashion with conventional fossil-based kerosene. This is among others due to an aromatics content below the standardized requirements for biofuels and electrofuels, to a too low energy storage capacity in the case of batteries, or a sub-optimal gas turbine engine in the case of cryogenic hydrogen. Yet, we found that the latter was the only available option, based on the current and emerging technologies reviewed, for long-range aviation completely decoupled of fossil-based hydrocarbon fuels. The various challenges and opportunities associated with all these technologies are summarized in this study.
{"title":"Biofuels, electrofuels, electric or hydrogen?: A review of current and emerging sustainable aviation systems","authors":"Pimchanok Su-ungkavatin, Ligia Tiruta-Barna, Lorie Hamelin","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Climate neutrality is becoming a core long-term competitiveness asset within the aviation industry, as demonstrated by the several innovations and targets set within that sector, prior to and especially after the COVID-19 crisis. Ambitious timelines are set, involving important investment decisions to be taken in a 5-years horizon time. Here, we provide an in-depth review of alternative technologies for sustainable aviation revealed to date, which we classified into four main categories, namely i) biofuels, ii) electrofuels<span>, iii) electric (battery-based), and iv) hydrogen aviation. Nine biofuel and nine electrofuel pathways were reviewed, for which we supply the detailed process flow picturing all input, output, and co-products generated. The market uptake and use of these co-products was also investigated, along with the overall international regulations and targets for future aviation. As most of the inventoried pathways require hydrogen, we further reviewed six existing and emerging carbon-free hydrogen production technologies. Our review also details the five key battery technologies available (lithium-ion, advanced lithium-ion, solid-state battery, lithium-sulfur, lithium-air) for aviation. A semi-quantitative ranking covering environmental-, economic-, and technological performance indicators has been established to guide the selection of promising routes. The possible configuration schemes for electric </span></span>propulsion systems<span><span> are documented and classified as: i) battery-based, ii) fuel cell-based and iii) turboelectric configurations. Our review studied these four categories of sustainable aviation systems as modular technologies, yet these still have to be used in a hybridized fashion with conventional fossil-based kerosene. This is among others due to an aromatics content below the standardized requirements for biofuels and electrofuels, to a too low energy storage capacity in the case of batteries, or a sub-optimal </span>gas turbine engine<span> in the case of cryogenic hydrogen. Yet, we found that the latter was the only available option, based on the current and emerging technologies reviewed, for long-range aviation completely decoupled of fossil-based hydrocarbon fuels. The various challenges and opportunities associated with all these technologies are summarized in this study.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2622300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101043
Chung Ting Lao , Jethro Akroyd , Markus Kraft
Internal combustion in transport vehicles is still one of the biggest contributors to ultrafine particle emissions which have been proven to have many adverse effects on human health and the environment in general. To mitigate this problem a variety of particle filters have been developed and along with these filters a whole range of models aiming to optimise filter performance. This paper reviews a wide variety of particulate filter models for vehicular emission control and presents the volume of work in a unified and consistent notation. Particle filtration models are examined with respect to their filtration efficiency, the way they handle particle deposits within the filter wall, the formation of filter cake and the role of catalytic conversion and the effect of gaseous emission. Further, the impact of the chemical and physical properties of particulate deposits on the filter regeneration process is analysed and reaction pathways and rates are presented. In addition the accumulation of ash deposits and its impact on the filter behaviour is critically reviewed. Finally, various measures are identified that can potentially improve the current particle filter models.
{"title":"Modelling treatment of deposits in particulate filters for internal combustion emissions","authors":"Chung Ting Lao , Jethro Akroyd , Markus Kraft","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Internal combustion in transport vehicles is still one of the biggest contributors to ultrafine particle emissions which have been proven to have many adverse effects on human health and the environment in general. To mitigate this problem a variety of particle filters have been developed and along with these filters a whole range of models aiming to optimise filter performance. This paper reviews a wide variety of particulate filter models for vehicular emission control and presents the volume of work in a unified and consistent notation. Particle filtration models are examined with respect to their filtration efficiency, the way they handle particle deposits within the filter wall, the formation of filter cake and the role of catalytic conversion and the effect of gaseous emission. Further, the impact of the chemical and physical properties of particulate deposits on the filter regeneration process is analysed and reaction pathways and rates are presented. In addition the accumulation of ash deposits and its impact on the filter behaviour is critically reviewed. Finally, various measures are identified that can potentially improve the current particle filter models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3446870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101071
Kuan Shiong Khoo , Imran Ahmad , Kit Wayne Chew , Koji Iwamoto , Amit Bhatnagar , Pau Loke Show
Microalgae have gained considerable attention as an alternative feedstock for the biofuel production, particularly in combination with genetic modification strategies that target enhanced lipid productivity. To tackle climate change issues, phasing out the usage of fossil fuels is seen as a priority, where the utilization of biofuel from microalgae serves as a potential sustainable energy source for various applications. These photosynthetic microalgae utilize solar energy and carbon dioxide to produce energy-rich compounds (i.e., starch and lipids), that can be further converted into biofuels of different types. Among different types of biofuels, biodiesel from the transesterification of triacylglycerols stands out as the most sustainable replacement of transportation fuel over fossil-based petroleum diesel. However, hurdles such as limited productivity, overall production cost and challenges in upscaling the algal technology leaves a huge gap on the road to commercialized microalgae-based biofuel. This review article first presents a comprehensive overview of imperative knowledge regarding microalgae in terms of algal classification, factors affecting the growth of microalgae during cultivation and different steps in upstream processing. This review also discusses recent advances in downstream processing of microalgal biorefinery. Additionally, this review paper focuses on deliberating various recent strategies of genetic modifications and their feasibility for enhanced lipid productivity in microalgae. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of microalgae-based biofuels are highlighted in this review discussing several aspects, including sustainability of microalgae-based biofuel production, current status of algae-based industry, risks and legislation considerations of genetic modification of microalgae.
{"title":"Enhanced microalgal lipid production for biofuel using different strategies including genetic modification of microalgae: A review","authors":"Kuan Shiong Khoo , Imran Ahmad , Kit Wayne Chew , Koji Iwamoto , Amit Bhatnagar , Pau Loke Show","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microalgae have gained considerable attention as an alternative feedstock for the biofuel production, particularly in combination with genetic modification strategies that target enhanced lipid productivity. To tackle climate change issues, phasing out the usage of fossil fuels is seen as a priority, where the utilization of biofuel from microalgae serves as a potential sustainable energy source for various applications. These photosynthetic microalgae utilize solar energy and carbon dioxide to produce energy-rich compounds (i.e., starch and lipids), that can be further converted into biofuels of different types. Among different types of biofuels, biodiesel from the transesterification of triacylglycerols stands out as the most sustainable replacement of transportation fuel over fossil-based petroleum diesel. However, hurdles such as limited productivity, overall production cost and challenges in upscaling the algal technology leaves a huge gap on the road to commercialized microalgae-based biofuel. This review article first presents a comprehensive overview of imperative knowledge regarding microalgae in terms of algal classification, factors affecting the growth of microalgae during cultivation and different steps in upstream processing. This review also discusses recent advances in downstream processing of microalgal biorefinery. Additionally, this review paper focuses on deliberating various recent strategies of genetic modifications and their feasibility for enhanced lipid productivity in microalgae. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of microalgae-based biofuels are highlighted in this review discussing several aspects, including sustainability of microalgae-based biofuel production, current status of algae-based industry, risks and legislation considerations of genetic modification of microalgae.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1886075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-27DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/acd101
Tianye Zheng, S. Boles
Aluminum (Al) metal has long been known to function as an anode in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to its high capacity, low potential, and effective suppression of dendrite growth. However, seemingly intrinsic degradation during cycling has made it less attractive throughout the years compared to graphitic carbon, silicon-blends, and more recently lithium metal itself. Nevertheless, with the recent unprecedented growth of the LIB industry, this review aims to revisit Al as an anode material, particularly in light of important advancements in understanding the electrochemical Li-Al system, as well as the growth of activity in solid-state batteries where cell designs may conveniently mitigate problems found in traditional liquid cells. Furthermore, this review culminates by highlighting several non-trivial points including: (1) prelithiatied Al anodes, with β-LiAl serving as an intercalation host, can be effectively immortal, depending on formation and cycling conditions; (2) the common knowledge of Al having a capacity of 993 mAh g−1 is inaccurate and attributed to kinetic limitations, thus silicon and lithium should not stand alone as the only ‘high-capacity’ candidates in the roadmap for future lithium-ion cells; (3) replacement of Cu current collectors with Al-based foil anodes may simplify LIB manufacturing and has important safety implications due to the galvanic stability of Al at high potentials vs. Li/Li+. Irrespective of the type of Li-ion device of interest, this review may be useful for those in the broader community to enhance their understanding of general alloy anode behavior, as the methodologies reported here can be extended to non-Al anodes and consequently, even to Na-ion and K-ion devices.
由于铝(Al)金属具有高容量、低电位和有效抑制枝晶生长的特点,长期以来一直被认为是锂离子电池(LIBs)的阳极。然而,与石墨碳、硅混合物以及最近的锂金属本身相比,循环过程中看似固有的降解使其多年来不那么有吸引力。然而,随着锂离子电池产业的空前发展,本综述旨在重新审视铝作为阳极材料,特别是考虑到电化学锂-铝系统的重要进展,以及固态电池活性的增长,电池设计可以方便地减轻传统液体电池中发现的问题。此外,本文最后强调了几个重要的要点,包括:(1)β-LiAl作为插层主体的预锂化Al阳极可以有效地永生,这取决于形成和循环条件;(2)关于Al的容量为993 mAh g - 1的常识是不准确的,并且归因于动力学限制,因此硅和锂不应该单独作为未来锂离子电池路线图中唯一的“高容量”候选者;(3)用铝基箔阳极代替铜集流器可以简化锂离子电池的制造,并且由于铝在高电位下的电稳定性与Li/Li+相比具有重要的安全意义。无论所关注的锂离子器件的类型如何,这篇综述可能对更广泛的社区的人们有用,以增强他们对一般合金阳极行为的理解,因为这里报道的方法可以扩展到非al阳极,因此,甚至可以扩展到na离子和k离子器件。
{"title":"Lithium aluminum alloy anodes in Li-ion rechargeable batteries: past developments, recent progress, and future prospects","authors":"Tianye Zheng, S. Boles","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/acd101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/acd101","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminum (Al) metal has long been known to function as an anode in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to its high capacity, low potential, and effective suppression of dendrite growth. However, seemingly intrinsic degradation during cycling has made it less attractive throughout the years compared to graphitic carbon, silicon-blends, and more recently lithium metal itself. Nevertheless, with the recent unprecedented growth of the LIB industry, this review aims to revisit Al as an anode material, particularly in light of important advancements in understanding the electrochemical Li-Al system, as well as the growth of activity in solid-state batteries where cell designs may conveniently mitigate problems found in traditional liquid cells. Furthermore, this review culminates by highlighting several non-trivial points including: (1) prelithiatied Al anodes, with β-LiAl serving as an intercalation host, can be effectively immortal, depending on formation and cycling conditions; (2) the common knowledge of Al having a capacity of 993 mAh g−1 is inaccurate and attributed to kinetic limitations, thus silicon and lithium should not stand alone as the only ‘high-capacity’ candidates in the roadmap for future lithium-ion cells; (3) replacement of Cu current collectors with Al-based foil anodes may simplify LIB manufacturing and has important safety implications due to the galvanic stability of Al at high potentials vs. Li/Li+. Irrespective of the type of Li-ion device of interest, this review may be useful for those in the broader community to enhance their understanding of general alloy anode behavior, as the methodologies reported here can be extended to non-Al anodes and consequently, even to Na-ion and K-ion devices.","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81603487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/accef8
Pau Farràs, Júlia T M Machado, B. Flynn, Joshua Williamson
Coastal areas, particularly islands, are especially vulnerable to climate change due to their geographic and climate conditions. Reaching decarbonisation targets is a long process, which will require radical changes and ‘out of the box’ thinking. In this context, islands have become laboratories for the green transition by providing spaces for exploring possibilities and alternatives. Here we explore how hydrogen (H2) energy technologies can be a critical ally for island production of renewable electricity in part by providing a storage solution. However, given the abundance of sunlight on many islands, we also note the huge potential for a more profound engagement between renewables and hydrogen technologies via the co-generation of ‘green hydrogen’ using solar fuels technology. Solar hydrogen is a clean energy carrier produced by the direct or indirect use of solar irradiation for water-splitting processes such as photovoltaic systems coupled with electrolysers and photoelectrochemical cells. While this technology is fast emerging, we question to what extent sufficient policy support exists for such initiatives and how they could be scaled up. We report on a case study of a pilot H2 plant in the Canary Islands, and we offer recommendations on early-stage policy implications for hydrogen and other solar fuels in an island setting. The paper draws on the literature on islands as policy laboratories and the multi-level perspective on energy transitions. We argue that particular attention needs to be given to discrete issues such as research and planning, and better synchronising between emerging local technology niches, the various regulatory regimes for energy, together with global trends.
{"title":"Policy supports for the deployment of solar fuels: islands as test-beds for a rapid green transition","authors":"Pau Farràs, Júlia T M Machado, B. Flynn, Joshua Williamson","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/accef8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/accef8","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal areas, particularly islands, are especially vulnerable to climate change due to their geographic and climate conditions. Reaching decarbonisation targets is a long process, which will require radical changes and ‘out of the box’ thinking. In this context, islands have become laboratories for the green transition by providing spaces for exploring possibilities and alternatives. Here we explore how hydrogen (H2) energy technologies can be a critical ally for island production of renewable electricity in part by providing a storage solution. However, given the abundance of sunlight on many islands, we also note the huge potential for a more profound engagement between renewables and hydrogen technologies via the co-generation of ‘green hydrogen’ using solar fuels technology. Solar hydrogen is a clean energy carrier produced by the direct or indirect use of solar irradiation for water-splitting processes such as photovoltaic systems coupled with electrolysers and photoelectrochemical cells. While this technology is fast emerging, we question to what extent sufficient policy support exists for such initiatives and how they could be scaled up. We report on a case study of a pilot H2 plant in the Canary Islands, and we offer recommendations on early-stage policy implications for hydrogen and other solar fuels in an island setting. The paper draws on the literature on islands as policy laboratories and the multi-level perspective on energy transitions. We argue that particular attention needs to be given to discrete issues such as research and planning, and better synchronising between emerging local technology niches, the various regulatory regimes for energy, together with global trends.","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90648878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) with decoupling energy and power, high safety, long durability and easy scalability have been considered as giant promising candidates for large-scale energy storage systems. As a key component of RFBs, the electrodes provide active sites for the conversion between electrical and chemical energies. Thus, the electrochemical properties of both the positive and negative electrodes are significantly important to the performance of batteries, especially the energy efficiency and the power. Therefore, improving the electrochemical performance of electrodes by effective modifications is essential for the advancements of RFBs. With high conductivity, high activity and stability, metal-based electrocatalysts have been widely used to modify and increase the electrochemical activities of electrodes in RFBs. This review summarizes and discusses the applications of metal-based electrocatalysts modified carbon-based electrodes of RFBs in a wide pH range (the acidic, alkaline and neutral electrolytes), including the characterizations of physicochemical and electrochemical properties of electrodes, the cell performance, the merits, and limitations.
{"title":"Electrodes with metal-based electrocatalysts for redox flow batteries in a wide pH range","authors":"Yingjia Huang, Liangyu Li, Lihui Xiong, Jinchao Cao, Fangfang Zhong, Xiaoqi Wang, Mei Ding, Chuankun Jia","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/acce1b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/acce1b","url":null,"abstract":"Redox flow batteries (RFBs) with decoupling energy and power, high safety, long durability and easy scalability have been considered as giant promising candidates for large-scale energy storage systems. As a key component of RFBs, the electrodes provide active sites for the conversion between electrical and chemical energies. Thus, the electrochemical properties of both the positive and negative electrodes are significantly important to the performance of batteries, especially the energy efficiency and the power. Therefore, improving the electrochemical performance of electrodes by effective modifications is essential for the advancements of RFBs. With high conductivity, high activity and stability, metal-based electrocatalysts have been widely used to modify and increase the electrochemical activities of electrodes in RFBs. This review summarizes and discusses the applications of metal-based electrocatalysts modified carbon-based electrodes of RFBs in a wide pH range (the acidic, alkaline and neutral electrolytes), including the characterizations of physicochemical and electrochemical properties of electrodes, the cell performance, the merits, and limitations.","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88606752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101070
Yuhang Chen , Jun Fang , Xiaolei Zhang , Yanli Miao , Yujie Lin , Ran Tu , Longhua Hu
Pool fire is generally described as a diffusion combustion process that occurs above a horizontal fuel surface (composed of gaseous or volatile condensed fuel) with low (∼zero) initial momentum. Fundamentally, this type of diffusion combustion can be represented by basic forms ranging from a small laminar candle flame, to a turbulent medium-scale sofa fire, and up a storage tank fire, or even a massive forest fire. Pool fire research thus not only has fundamental scientific significance for the study of classical diffusion combustion, but also plays an important role in practical fire safety engineering. Therefore, pool fire is recognized as one of the canonical configurations in both the combustion and fire science communities. Pool fire research involves a rich, multilateral, and bidirectional coupling of fluid mechanics with scalar transport, combustion, and heat transfer. Because of the unabated large-scale disasters that can occur and the numerous and complex 'unknowns' involved in pool fires, several new questions have been raised with accompanying solutions and old questions have been revisited, particularly in recent decades. Significant developments have occurred from a variety of different perspectives in terms of pool fire dynamics, and thus the scientific progress made must be summarized in a systematic manner. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the basic fundamentals of pool fires, including the scale effect, the wind effect, pressure and gravity effects, and multi-pool fire dynamics, with particular focus on recent advances in this century. As the fundamentals of pool fires, the theoretical progress made with regard to burning rates, air entrainment, flame pulsation, the morphological characteristics of flames, radiation, and the dimensional modelling are reviewed first, followed by new insights into the fluid mechanics involved, radiative heat transfer and combustion modeling. With regard to the scale effect, recent experimental and theoretical advances in internal thermal transport and fluid motions within the liquid-phase fuel, lip height effects, and heat transfer blockage are summarized systematically. Furthermore, new understandings of aspects including heat feedback and the burning rate, flame tilt, flame length and instability, flame sag and base drag, and soot and radiation behavior under wind, pressure and gravity effects are reviewed. The growing research into the onset and the merging dynamics of multiple pool fires in the last decade is described in the last section, this research will be helpful in the mitigation of threatening outdoor massive (group) fires. This review provides a state-of-the-art survey of the knowledge gained through decades of research into this topic, and concludes by discussing the challenges and prospects with regard to the complex coupling effects of heat transfer, with the fluid and combustion mechanics of pool fires in future work.
{"title":"Pool fire dynamics: Principles, models and recent advances","authors":"Yuhang Chen , Jun Fang , Xiaolei Zhang , Yanli Miao , Yujie Lin , Ran Tu , Longhua Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pool fire is generally described as a diffusion combustion process<span> that occurs above a horizontal fuel surface (composed of gaseous or volatile condensed fuel) with low (∼zero) initial momentum. Fundamentally, this type of diffusion combustion can be represented by basic forms ranging from a small laminar candle flame, to a turbulent medium-scale sofa fire, and up a storage tank fire, or even a massive forest fire. Pool fire research thus not only has fundamental scientific significance for the study of classical diffusion combustion, but also plays an important role in practical fire safety engineering. Therefore, pool fire is recognized as one of the canonical configurations in both the combustion and fire science communities. Pool fire research involves a rich, multilateral, and bidirectional coupling of fluid mechanics with scalar transport, combustion, and heat transfer. Because of the unabated large-scale disasters that can occur and the numerous and complex 'unknowns' involved in pool fires, several new questions have been raised with accompanying solutions and old questions have been revisited, particularly in recent decades. Significant developments have occurred from a variety of different perspectives in terms of pool fire dynamics, and thus the scientific progress made must be summarized in a systematic manner. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the basic fundamentals of pool fires, including the scale effect, the wind effect, pressure and gravity effects, and multi-pool fire dynamics, with particular focus on recent advances in this century. As the fundamentals of pool fires, the theoretical progress made with regard to burning rates, air entrainment<span><span>, flame pulsation, the morphological characteristics of flames, radiation, and the dimensional modelling are reviewed first, followed by new insights into the fluid mechanics involved, radiative heat transfer and </span>combustion modeling. With regard to the scale effect, recent experimental and theoretical advances in internal thermal transport and fluid motions within the liquid-phase fuel, lip height effects, and heat transfer blockage are summarized systematically. Furthermore, new understandings of aspects including heat feedback and the burning rate, flame tilt, flame length and instability, flame sag and base drag, and soot and radiation behavior under wind, pressure and gravity effects are reviewed. The growing research into the onset and the merging dynamics of multiple pool fires in the last decade is described in the last section, this research will be helpful in the mitigation of threatening outdoor massive (group) fires. This review provides a state-of-the-art survey of the knowledge gained through decades of research into this topic, and concludes by discussing the challenges and prospects with regard to the complex coupling effects of heat transfer, with the fluid and combustion mechanics of pool fires in future work.</span></span></p><","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1752265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101064
Kristian Rönn , Andre Swarts , Vickey Kalaskar , Terry Alger , Rupali Tripathi , Juha Keskiväli , Ossi Kaario , Annukka Santasalo-Aarnio , Rolf Reitz , Martti Larmi
The introduction of downsized, turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines in the automotive market has led to a rapid increase in research on Low-speed Pre-ignition (LSPI) and super-knock as abnormal combustion phenomena within the last decade. The former is characterized as an early ignition of the fuel–air mixture, primarily initiated by an oil–fuel droplet or detached deposit. Meanwhile, super-knock is an occasional development from pre-ignition to high intensity knocking through detonation, which is either initiated by a shock wave interacting with a propagating reaction and cylinder surfaces or inside a hotspot with a suitable heat release and reactivity gradient. The phenomenon can be divided into four stages, including LSPI precursor initiation, establishment and propagation of a pre-ignited flame, autoignition of end-gases and development to a detonation. LSPI and super-knock are rare phenomena, difficult to observe optically in engines, and differences in methodologies and setups between steady-state experiments can lead to discrepancies in results. Experimental research has included more detailed approaches using glow plug-equipped engines, constant volume combustion chambers and rapid compression machines. In addition, the improved availability of mechanisms for fuel and lubricant surrogates has allowed researchers to model the oil–fuel interaction at the cylinder walls, evaporation and autoignition of oil–fuel droplets and regimes for different propagation modes of an autoignition reaction wave. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the underlying phenomena behind LSPI and its development to super-knock. Furthermore, it presents the methodology in experimental research and draws conclusions for mitigating strategies based on studies involving fuel, oil and engine parameters. Finally, it discusses the prerequisites for LSPI from oil–fuel droplets and the future needs of research as original equipment manufacturers (OEM) and lubricant industry have already adopted some proven solutions to their products.
{"title":"Low-speed pre-ignition and super-knock in boosted spark-ignition engines: A review","authors":"Kristian Rönn , Andre Swarts , Vickey Kalaskar , Terry Alger , Rupali Tripathi , Juha Keskiväli , Ossi Kaario , Annukka Santasalo-Aarnio , Rolf Reitz , Martti Larmi","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The introduction of downsized, turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines in the automotive market has led to a rapid increase in research on Low-speed Pre-ignition (LSPI) and super-knock as abnormal combustion phenomena within the last decade. The former is characterized as an early ignition of the fuel–air mixture, primarily initiated by an oil–fuel droplet or detached deposit. Meanwhile, super-knock is an occasional development from pre-ignition to high intensity knocking through detonation, which is either initiated by a shock wave interacting with a propagating reaction and cylinder surfaces or inside a hotspot with a suitable heat release and reactivity gradient. The phenomenon can be divided into four stages, including LSPI precursor initiation, establishment and propagation of a pre-ignited flame, autoignition of end-gases and development to a detonation. LSPI and super-knock are rare phenomena, difficult to observe optically in engines, and differences in methodologies and setups between steady-state experiments can lead to discrepancies in results. Experimental research has included more detailed approaches using glow plug-equipped engines, constant volume combustion chambers and rapid compression machines. In addition, the improved availability of mechanisms for fuel and lubricant surrogates has allowed researchers to model the oil–fuel interaction at the cylinder walls, evaporation and autoignition of oil–fuel droplets and regimes for different propagation modes of an autoignition reaction wave. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the underlying phenomena behind LSPI and its development to super-knock. Furthermore, it presents the methodology in experimental research and draws conclusions for mitigating strategies based on studies involving fuel, oil and engine parameters. Finally, it discusses the prerequisites for LSPI from oil–fuel droplets and the future needs of research as original equipment manufacturers (OEM) and lubricant industry have already adopted some proven solutions to their products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3137475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}