Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101023
Santosh K. Tiwari , Michał Bystrzejewski , Amrita De Adhikari , Andrzej Huczko , Nannan Wang
Herein, we deliberate the recent progress and innovative modifications which were carried out during the last ten years as commonly employed methods for the conversion of biomass and related feedstocks into carbon nanosystems. Several highlighted methods are described in individual sections comprising: the type of nanomaterial processing, experimental conditions and factors affecting the yield and the characteristics of the final product. We have reconnoitred the applicability of specific feedstocks, advantages and drawbacks of the methods used for the conversion of biomass waste. A remarkable focus has been made to explore synthesis of graphene and graphene-like porous materials (with specific surface area greater than 1000 m2 g−1) which were derived from biomass. Their prospective applications dedicated to smart materials and cutting-edge technologies are also described in each section. To maintain the readability and cover the previous stimulating works on carbon nanomaterials derived from biomass, the first section of this review recaps the present status of carbon nanomaterials derived from biomass and related precursors, chiefly for the application in electrochemical devices, catalysis, sensing, absorbent along with an ample bibliography for further reading. We believe that vast scientific data in this state-of-the-art, simple explanations with schematic diagrams and key future challenges will provide a solid platform to readers about the update in carbon materials derived from biomass waste.
{"title":"Methods for the conversion of biomass waste into value-added carbon nanomaterials: Recent progress and applications","authors":"Santosh K. Tiwari , Michał Bystrzejewski , Amrita De Adhikari , Andrzej Huczko , Nannan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Herein, we deliberate the recent progress and innovative modifications which were carried out during the last ten years as commonly employed methods for the conversion of biomass and related feedstocks into carbon nanosystems. Several highlighted methods are described in individual sections comprising: the type of nanomaterial processing, experimental conditions and factors affecting the yield and the characteristics of the final product. We have reconnoitred the applicability of specific feedstocks, advantages and drawbacks of the methods used for the conversion of biomass waste. A remarkable focus has been made to explore synthesis of graphene and graphene-like porous materials (with specific surface area greater than 1000 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>) which were derived from biomass. Their prospective applications dedicated to smart materials and cutting-edge technologies are also described in each section. To maintain the readability and cover the previous stimulating works on carbon nanomaterials derived from biomass, the first section of this review recaps the present status of carbon nanomaterials derived from biomass and related precursors, chiefly for the application in electrochemical devices, catalysis, sensing, absorbent along with an ample bibliography for further reading. We believe that vast scientific data in this state-of-the-art, simple explanations with schematic diagrams and key future challenges will provide a solid platform to readers about the update in carbon materials derived from biomass waste.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 101023"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1634641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cyclic Ethers (CEs) belong to a class of compounds of importance to understand the chemistry of both the engine auto-ignition of hydrocarbon fuels and the combustion of oxygenated biofuels. This article, divided in six parts, aims at systematically analyzing how up-to-date experimental and theoretical methods were applied to unveil the gas-phase oxidation chemistry of these compounds. The first part gives a brief overview on the significance of CEs as intermediates formed during alkane low-temperature oxidation summarizing its generally accepted chemical mechanism. This part also addresses the role of CEs as potential biofuels derived from lignocellulosic biomass and discusses the production methods of these molecules and their combustion performances in engine. The second part presents the different theoretical methods dedicated to calculate the electronic structure, thermochemical and kinetic data of CEs. The third part introduces the experimental methods used in studies related to CEs with a special focus on mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. The fourth part reviews the experimental and modeling studies related to CE formation during the low-temperature oxidation of linear, branched, cyclic alkanes, alkylbenzenes, olefins, and oxygenated fuels. The fifth part analyses the published work concerning the CE degradation chemistry and highlights the dominant involved reactions. To finish, the sixth part concludes and proposes future research directions.
{"title":"Chemical kinetics of cyclic ethers in combustion","authors":"Luc-Sy Tran , Olivier Herbinet , Hans-Heinrich Carstensen , Frédérique Battin-Leclerc","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Cyclic Ethers (CEs) belong to a class of compounds of importance to understand the chemistry of both the engine auto-ignition of hydrocarbon fuels and the combustion of oxygenated biofuels. This article, divided in six parts, aims at systematically analyzing how up-to-date experimental and theoretical methods were applied to unveil the gas-phase oxidation chemistry of these compounds</span><em>.</em><span><span> The first part gives a brief overview on the significance of CEs as intermediates formed during alkane low-temperature oxidation summarizing its generally accepted chemical mechanism. This part also addresses the role of CEs as potential biofuels derived from lignocellulosic biomass<span> and discusses the production methods of these molecules and their combustion performances in engine. The second part presents the different theoretical methods dedicated to calculate the electronic structure, thermochemical and kinetic data of CEs. The third part introduces the experimental methods used in studies related to CEs with a special focus on mass spectrometry and </span></span>gas chromatography<span>. The fourth part reviews the experimental and modeling studies related to CE formation during the low-temperature oxidation of linear, branched, cyclic alkanes, alkylbenzenes, olefins, and oxygenated fuels. The fifth part analyses the published work concerning the CE degradation chemistry and highlights the dominant involved reactions. To finish, the sixth part concludes and proposes future research directions.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 101019"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1752267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-26DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/ac8d44
Linda Zhang, M. Allendorf, R. Balderas-Xicohténcatl, D. Broom, G. Fanourgakis, G. Froudakis, T. Gennett, K. Hurst, Sanliang Ling, C. Milanese, P. Parilla, D. Pontiroli, M. Riccò, S. Shulda, V. Stavila, T. Steriotis, C. J. Webb, M. Witman, M. Hirscher
Physisorption of hydrogen in nanoporous materials offers an efficient and competitive alternative for hydrogen storage. At low temperatures (e.g. 77 K) and moderate pressures (below 100 bar) molecular H2 adsorbs reversibly, with very fast kinetics, at high density on the inner surfaces of materials such as zeolites, activated carbons and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). This review, by experts of Task 40 ‘Energy Storage and Conversion based on Hydrogen’ of the Hydrogen Technology Collaboration Programme of the International Energy Agency, covers the fundamentals of H2 adsorption in nanoporous materials and assessment of their storage performance. The discussion includes recent work on H2 adsorption at both low temperature and high pressure, new findings on the assessment of the hydrogen storage performance of materials, the correlation of volumetric and gravimetric H2 storage capacities, usable capacity, and optimum operating temperature. The application of neutron scattering as an ideal tool for characterising H2 adsorption is summarised and state-of-the-art computational methods, such as machine learning, are considered for the discovery of new MOFs for H2 storage applications, as well as the modelling of flexible porous networks for optimised H2 delivery. The discussion focuses moreover on additional important issues, such as sustainable materials synthesis and improved reproducibility of experimental H2 adsorption isotherm data by interlaboratory exercises and reference materials.
{"title":"Fundamentals of hydrogen storage in nanoporous materials","authors":"Linda Zhang, M. Allendorf, R. Balderas-Xicohténcatl, D. Broom, G. Fanourgakis, G. Froudakis, T. Gennett, K. Hurst, Sanliang Ling, C. Milanese, P. Parilla, D. Pontiroli, M. Riccò, S. Shulda, V. Stavila, T. Steriotis, C. J. Webb, M. Witman, M. Hirscher","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/ac8d44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ac8d44","url":null,"abstract":"Physisorption of hydrogen in nanoporous materials offers an efficient and competitive alternative for hydrogen storage. At low temperatures (e.g. 77 K) and moderate pressures (below 100 bar) molecular H2 adsorbs reversibly, with very fast kinetics, at high density on the inner surfaces of materials such as zeolites, activated carbons and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). This review, by experts of Task 40 ‘Energy Storage and Conversion based on Hydrogen’ of the Hydrogen Technology Collaboration Programme of the International Energy Agency, covers the fundamentals of H2 adsorption in nanoporous materials and assessment of their storage performance. The discussion includes recent work on H2 adsorption at both low temperature and high pressure, new findings on the assessment of the hydrogen storage performance of materials, the correlation of volumetric and gravimetric H2 storage capacities, usable capacity, and optimum operating temperature. The application of neutron scattering as an ideal tool for characterising H2 adsorption is summarised and state-of-the-art computational methods, such as machine learning, are considered for the discovery of new MOFs for H2 storage applications, as well as the modelling of flexible porous networks for optimised H2 delivery. The discussion focuses moreover on additional important issues, such as sustainable materials synthesis and improved reproducibility of experimental H2 adsorption isotherm data by interlaboratory exercises and reference materials.","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73314824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-25DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/ac88b1
David Daniels, S. Yeh
Managing the transformation to a global low-carbon energy sector is challenging. Long-lived assets, large capital projects, and long lead times require multi-decadal transition plans. Of course, the end state of the energy system depends on the evolution of demands from energy-consuming sectors. This can perhaps best be illustrated in the changing relationship between energy supply and transportation energy demand. As the transport sector substitutes low-carbon fuels, including electricity, for fossil fuels, the locations of energy production and distribution supply chains are likely to shift. With different production processes for these fuels and different efficiencies of the vehicles that consume them, the energy intensity of transport is going to be different. Moreover, as transport begins to rely more on direct electrification, the temporal coupling of energy supply and transportation demand will tighten dramatically. While this coupling will provide some opportunities, such as vehicle-to-grid services, it will also present challenges to existing markets and traditional grid management strategies. Thus, effective management of the global energy transition requires a sensitivity to the simultaneous co-transformation in transportation. The papers in this collection illustrate the breadth of impacts on the energy sector from different ways the transport sector could plausibly evolve in a low-carbon future. Exactly how the transportation transformation will unfold remains to be seen, and it may evolve differently, and over different timelines, in different regions. Nevertheless, despite the
{"title":"Complexities in the energy-transport co-transformation","authors":"David Daniels, S. Yeh","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/ac88b1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ac88b1","url":null,"abstract":"Managing the transformation to a global low-carbon energy sector is challenging. Long-lived assets, large capital projects, and long lead times require multi-decadal transition plans. Of course, the end state of the energy system depends on the evolution of demands from energy-consuming sectors. This can perhaps best be illustrated in the changing relationship between energy supply and transportation energy demand. As the transport sector substitutes low-carbon fuels, including electricity, for fossil fuels, the locations of energy production and distribution supply chains are likely to shift. With different production processes for these fuels and different efficiencies of the vehicles that consume them, the energy intensity of transport is going to be different. Moreover, as transport begins to rely more on direct electrification, the temporal coupling of energy supply and transportation demand will tighten dramatically. While this coupling will provide some opportunities, such as vehicle-to-grid services, it will also present challenges to existing markets and traditional grid management strategies. Thus, effective management of the global energy transition requires a sensitivity to the simultaneous co-transformation in transportation. The papers in this collection illustrate the breadth of impacts on the energy sector from different ways the transport sector could plausibly evolve in a low-carbon future. Exactly how the transportation transformation will unfold remains to be seen, and it may evolve differently, and over different timelines, in different regions. Nevertheless, despite the","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90449166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-25DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/ac8ccb
R. Nicholls-Lee, P. Thies, J. Dulieu‐Barton, G. Ólafsson, Rolf Hughes, A. Hernandez Arroyo, G. Xu, N. Cartlidge
Offshore renewable energy installations are moving into more challenging environments where fixed foundations are not economically viable, forcing the development of floating platforms. Subsea cables are critical for transfer of the power generated back to shore. The electrical capabilities of subsea cables are well understood; however, the structural capabilities are not, subsea power cable failures accounting for a significant proportion of insurance claims. Cables are challenging to repair, with specific vessels and good weather windows required, therefore making operations very costly. A good understanding of the internal structure of a subsea cable, and interaction between the layers, is integral to the development of robust and reliable, high voltage, dynamic, subsea cables. A requirement therefore exists for non-destructive examination (NDE) of live subsea cables to determine locations, and identify the causes, of faults and classify their type. An NDE framework such as this would assist in planning operations and reduce the risk and cost inherent to delivering offshore power. Improved understanding of subsea cable failure modes and mechanisms could also be achieved through us of NDE during onshore, dry, experimental testing. Three currently available NDE methods are considered, developed for use in other disciplines, for the purpose of structural monitoring of subsea power cables during onshore evaluation testing. The NDE methods were: (a) thermography, (b) eddy current testing (ECT), (c) spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR). The methods are assessed with regards to the information that could be obtained from both a static and oscillating cable in pilot physical tests. The results of the testing were promising, with cable motions and interlayer movements being detected by all techniques to various degrees.
{"title":"Non-destructive examination (NDE) methods for dynamic subsea cables for offshore renewable energy","authors":"R. Nicholls-Lee, P. Thies, J. Dulieu‐Barton, G. Ólafsson, Rolf Hughes, A. Hernandez Arroyo, G. Xu, N. Cartlidge","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/ac8ccb","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ac8ccb","url":null,"abstract":"Offshore renewable energy installations are moving into more challenging environments where fixed foundations are not economically viable, forcing the development of floating platforms. Subsea cables are critical for transfer of the power generated back to shore. The electrical capabilities of subsea cables are well understood; however, the structural capabilities are not, subsea power cable failures accounting for a significant proportion of insurance claims. Cables are challenging to repair, with specific vessels and good weather windows required, therefore making operations very costly. A good understanding of the internal structure of a subsea cable, and interaction between the layers, is integral to the development of robust and reliable, high voltage, dynamic, subsea cables. A requirement therefore exists for non-destructive examination (NDE) of live subsea cables to determine locations, and identify the causes, of faults and classify their type. An NDE framework such as this would assist in planning operations and reduce the risk and cost inherent to delivering offshore power. Improved understanding of subsea cable failure modes and mechanisms could also be achieved through us of NDE during onshore, dry, experimental testing. Three currently available NDE methods are considered, developed for use in other disciplines, for the purpose of structural monitoring of subsea power cables during onshore evaluation testing. The NDE methods were: (a) thermography, (b) eddy current testing (ECT), (c) spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR). The methods are assessed with regards to the information that could be obtained from both a static and oscillating cable in pilot physical tests. The results of the testing were promising, with cable motions and interlayer movements being detected by all techniques to various degrees.","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81517213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-23DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/ac8c19
D. Greaves, S. Jin, P. Wong, David White, H. Jeffrey, B. Scott, Ross Wigg
This paper sets out the role of offshore renewable energy (ORE) in UK targets for Net Zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and provides a review of the research challenges that face the sector as it grows to meet these targets. The research challenges are set out in a Research Landscape that was established by the ORE Supergen Hub following extensive consultation with the ORE community. The challenges are divided into eight themes, each challenge is described, and current progress is summarised. The progress of the ORE sector in recent years has seen huge cost reductions, which have encouraged the great ambition for the sector seen in UK Government targets. However, in order to meet these critical targets and achieve Net Zero, further innovations and novel technologies will be needed and at pace, driven forward by new research and innovation. The strategy of the Supergen ORE Hub in framing the research and innovation activities within a community-developed research landscape and working together across disciplines and with close collaboration between academia and industry is a necessary component in achieving the ambition of sustainable energy generation.
{"title":"UK perspective research landscape for offshore renewable energy and its role in delivering Net Zero","authors":"D. Greaves, S. Jin, P. Wong, David White, H. Jeffrey, B. Scott, Ross Wigg","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/ac8c19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ac8c19","url":null,"abstract":"This paper sets out the role of offshore renewable energy (ORE) in UK targets for Net Zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and provides a review of the research challenges that face the sector as it grows to meet these targets. The research challenges are set out in a Research Landscape that was established by the ORE Supergen Hub following extensive consultation with the ORE community. The challenges are divided into eight themes, each challenge is described, and current progress is summarised. The progress of the ORE sector in recent years has seen huge cost reductions, which have encouraged the great ambition for the sector seen in UK Government targets. However, in order to meet these critical targets and achieve Net Zero, further innovations and novel technologies will be needed and at pace, driven forward by new research and innovation. The strategy of the Supergen ORE Hub in framing the research and innovation activities within a community-developed research landscape and working together across disciplines and with close collaboration between academia and industry is a necessary component in achieving the ambition of sustainable energy generation.","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77880693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-11DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/ac890a
K. Weiß, E. Klimm, I. Kaaya
The solar conversion market with photovoltaic (PV) systems has experienced and is experiencing an enormous growth worldwide and—according to the agreed goals of many countries to protect the climate—will further grow over the coming decades. Investments related to PV became an important financial product with the special feature of very long contract durations. A typical setting is an operation of more than 20 years, during which the generation of electricity and also revenues are expected. Sometimes Power Purchase Agreements with durations of up to 50 years have been reported. Taking these long operational times into account, quality, durability, reliability, and degradation rates become a crucial topic for the investment and for all stakeholders. PV modules are the dominating components in this regard since they prevail the investment and—due to their sheer quantity—are in most cases hard to replace if a system has PV module immanent issues. Accelerated ageing tests are in general used to ensure the quality of PV components. These tests are partly standardized, for PV mainly by the International Electrotechnical Commission IEC and related national committees. These standards are used for type approval testing or safety testing, which can also address legal issues. Accelerated ageing tests are also adapted to specific needs and for example used for quality assurance (QA) of manufacturers or service life prediction (SLP) by manufacturers or research institutes. All the efforts are taken to gain more knowledge about the behavior of PV modules in operation and thus the accelerated tests have to be related to normal operation. Since PV is used around the globe, the conditions vary significantly depending on the location of installation, from dry and sunny deserts to mountain climates to tropical or maritime climates. In addition, the type of installation has severe influence on the operational conditions of PV modules i.e. mounted on a roof, roof integrated, open rack—or even in upcoming applications like floating PV. The papers attempt is to give an overview on the state of the art of accelerated testing and field performance analysis of PV modules with focus on the developments over the last five to ten years. Developments are described and the status is analyzed regarding the significance of tests including the latest developments and open scientific gaps related to the envisaged correlation of accelerated tests with field performance. In the end the reader is enabled to differentiate between reliability testing and service life prediction. The understanding for a comprehensive approach of reliability testing including field evaluation data will be developed.
{"title":"Accelerated aging tests vs field performance of PV modules","authors":"K. Weiß, E. Klimm, I. Kaaya","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/ac890a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ac890a","url":null,"abstract":"The solar conversion market with photovoltaic (PV) systems has experienced and is experiencing an enormous growth worldwide and—according to the agreed goals of many countries to protect the climate—will further grow over the coming decades. Investments related to PV became an important financial product with the special feature of very long contract durations. A typical setting is an operation of more than 20 years, during which the generation of electricity and also revenues are expected. Sometimes Power Purchase Agreements with durations of up to 50 years have been reported. Taking these long operational times into account, quality, durability, reliability, and degradation rates become a crucial topic for the investment and for all stakeholders. PV modules are the dominating components in this regard since they prevail the investment and—due to their sheer quantity—are in most cases hard to replace if a system has PV module immanent issues. Accelerated ageing tests are in general used to ensure the quality of PV components. These tests are partly standardized, for PV mainly by the International Electrotechnical Commission IEC and related national committees. These standards are used for type approval testing or safety testing, which can also address legal issues. Accelerated ageing tests are also adapted to specific needs and for example used for quality assurance (QA) of manufacturers or service life prediction (SLP) by manufacturers or research institutes. All the efforts are taken to gain more knowledge about the behavior of PV modules in operation and thus the accelerated tests have to be related to normal operation. Since PV is used around the globe, the conditions vary significantly depending on the location of installation, from dry and sunny deserts to mountain climates to tropical or maritime climates. In addition, the type of installation has severe influence on the operational conditions of PV modules i.e. mounted on a roof, roof integrated, open rack—or even in upcoming applications like floating PV. The papers attempt is to give an overview on the state of the art of accelerated testing and field performance analysis of PV modules with focus on the developments over the last five to ten years. Developments are described and the status is analyzed regarding the significance of tests including the latest developments and open scientific gaps related to the envisaged correlation of accelerated tests with field performance. In the end the reader is enabled to differentiate between reliability testing and service life prediction. The understanding for a comprehensive approach of reliability testing including field evaluation data will be developed.","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81524159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-11DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/ac890b
C. Buerhop, Lukas Bommes, Jan Schlipf, Tobias Pickel, Andreas Fladung, I. M. Peters
Thermography is a frequently used and appreciated method to detect underperforming Photovoltaic modules in solar power stations. With the review, we give insights on two aspects: (a) are the developed measurement strategies highly efficient (about 1 module s−1) to derive timely answers from the images for operators of multi-Mega Warr peak power stations, and (b) do Photovoltaic stakeholders get answers on the relevance of thermal anomalies for further decisions. Following these questions, the influence of measurement conditions, image and data collection, image evaluation as well as image assessment are discussed. From the literature it is clear that automated image acquisition with manned and unmanned aircrafts allow to capture more than 1 module s−1. This makes it possible to achieve almost identical measurement conditions for the modules; however, it is documented to what extent the increase in speed is achieved at the expense of image resolution. Many image processing tools based on machine learning (ML) have been developed and show the potential for analysis of infrared (IR) images and defect classification. There are different approaches to evaluating IR anomalies in terms of impact on performance, yield or degradation, of individual modules or modules in a string configuration. It is clear that the problem is very complex and multi-layered. On the one hand, information on the electrical interconnection is necessary, and on the other hand, there is a lack of sufficient and suitable data sets to adapt existing computer vision tools to Photovolatics. This is where we see the greatest need for action and further development to increase the expressiveness of IR images for PV stakeholder. We conclude with recommendations to improve the outcome of IR-images and encourage the generation of suitable public data sets of IR-footage for the development of ML tools.
{"title":"Infrared imaging of photovoltaic modules: a review of the state of the art and future challenges facing gigawatt photovoltaic power stations","authors":"C. Buerhop, Lukas Bommes, Jan Schlipf, Tobias Pickel, Andreas Fladung, I. M. Peters","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/ac890b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ac890b","url":null,"abstract":"Thermography is a frequently used and appreciated method to detect underperforming Photovoltaic modules in solar power stations. With the review, we give insights on two aspects: (a) are the developed measurement strategies highly efficient (about 1 module s−1) to derive timely answers from the images for operators of multi-Mega Warr peak power stations, and (b) do Photovoltaic stakeholders get answers on the relevance of thermal anomalies for further decisions. Following these questions, the influence of measurement conditions, image and data collection, image evaluation as well as image assessment are discussed. From the literature it is clear that automated image acquisition with manned and unmanned aircrafts allow to capture more than 1 module s−1. This makes it possible to achieve almost identical measurement conditions for the modules; however, it is documented to what extent the increase in speed is achieved at the expense of image resolution. Many image processing tools based on machine learning (ML) have been developed and show the potential for analysis of infrared (IR) images and defect classification. There are different approaches to evaluating IR anomalies in terms of impact on performance, yield or degradation, of individual modules or modules in a string configuration. It is clear that the problem is very complex and multi-layered. On the one hand, information on the electrical interconnection is necessary, and on the other hand, there is a lack of sufficient and suitable data sets to adapt existing computer vision tools to Photovolatics. This is where we see the greatest need for action and further development to increase the expressiveness of IR images for PV stakeholder. We conclude with recommendations to improve the outcome of IR-images and encourage the generation of suitable public data sets of IR-footage for the development of ML tools.","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86838748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-09DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/ac8865
J. Nogueira, Igor Franca Pereira, P. Amaral, C. R. Miranda, J. Meneghini, Thiago Lopes
Our global economy based on burning fossil fuels reached a turning point in the 2020s as problems arising from climate change are becoming increasingly evident. An important strategy to decrease anthropogenic CO2 emission relies on carbon capture and storage (CCS). However, the challenges associated with long-term storage of CO2 in the gas phase highlight the need for a viable Chemical Fixation of CO2. In this scenario, electrochemistry gains prominence since electricity from renewable sources can provide the electrons needed for CO2 electroreduction. The main drawback is the high stability of CO2, the most oxidized form of carbon. Our intention in this Perspective is to give a concise overview of CO2 electroreduction, focusing on why working in the gas phase may help overcome mass transport limitations due to the low solubility of CO2 and how the chemical environment can affect selectivity and activity. We also explore a carbon-emission analysis applied to a CO2 electrochemical system. To do so, we assumed a Brazilian scenario, that is, the carbon footprint associated with electricity generation in the country. Since Brazil relies on more renewable energy sources, an electrochemical reactor that converts CO2 to oxalate with a conversion efficiency (CE) of 20% is enough to result in CO2 abatement, that is, an oxalate production with a negative carbon footprint. Compared with the United States of America, such a system would need to operate at higher CE, 50%, to produce similar results. These results evidence how intricate the implementation of an electrochemical plant is with the carbon footprint of the electricity source.
{"title":"Development of electrochemical reactors for CO2 electroreduction—the viability of an electrochemical CO2 plant in Brazil","authors":"J. Nogueira, Igor Franca Pereira, P. Amaral, C. R. Miranda, J. Meneghini, Thiago Lopes","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/ac8865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ac8865","url":null,"abstract":"Our global economy based on burning fossil fuels reached a turning point in the 2020s as problems arising from climate change are becoming increasingly evident. An important strategy to decrease anthropogenic CO2 emission relies on carbon capture and storage (CCS). However, the challenges associated with long-term storage of CO2 in the gas phase highlight the need for a viable Chemical Fixation of CO2. In this scenario, electrochemistry gains prominence since electricity from renewable sources can provide the electrons needed for CO2 electroreduction. The main drawback is the high stability of CO2, the most oxidized form of carbon. Our intention in this Perspective is to give a concise overview of CO2 electroreduction, focusing on why working in the gas phase may help overcome mass transport limitations due to the low solubility of CO2 and how the chemical environment can affect selectivity and activity. We also explore a carbon-emission analysis applied to a CO2 electrochemical system. To do so, we assumed a Brazilian scenario, that is, the carbon footprint associated with electricity generation in the country. Since Brazil relies on more renewable energy sources, an electrochemical reactor that converts CO2 to oxalate with a conversion efficiency (CE) of 20% is enough to result in CO2 abatement, that is, an oxalate production with a negative carbon footprint. Compared with the United States of America, such a system would need to operate at higher CE, 50%, to produce similar results. These results evidence how intricate the implementation of an electrochemical plant is with the carbon footprint of the electricity source.","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82140281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-03DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/ac86b5
S. Yeh, J. Gil, P. Kyle, P. Kishimoto, Pierpaolo Cazzola, Matteo Craglia, O. Edelenbosch, Panagiotis Fragkos, L. Fulton, Yuan Liao, Luis Martinez, D. McCollum, Joshua Miller, R. Pereira, J. Teter
Transport accounts for 24% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. Governments face challenges in developing feasible and equitable mitigation strategies to reduce energy consumption and manage the transition to low-carbon transport systems. To meet the local and global transport emission reduction targets, policymakers need more realistic/sophisticated future projections of transport demand to better understand the speed and depth of the actions required to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we argue that the lack of access to high-quality data on the current and historical travel demand and interdisciplinary research hinders transport planning and sustainable transitions toward low-carbon transport futures. We call for a greater interdisciplinary collaboration agenda across open data, data science, behaviour modelling, and policy analysis. These advancemets can reduce some of the major uncertainties and contribute to evidence-based solutions toward improving the sustainability performance of future transport systems. The paper also points to some needed efforts and directions to provide robust insights to policymakers. We provide examples of how these efforts could benefit from the International Transport Energy Modeling Open Data project and open science interdisciplinary collaborations.
{"title":"Improving future travel demand projections: a pathway with an open science interdisciplinary approach","authors":"S. Yeh, J. Gil, P. Kyle, P. Kishimoto, Pierpaolo Cazzola, Matteo Craglia, O. Edelenbosch, Panagiotis Fragkos, L. Fulton, Yuan Liao, Luis Martinez, D. McCollum, Joshua Miller, R. Pereira, J. Teter","doi":"10.1088/2516-1083/ac86b5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ac86b5","url":null,"abstract":"Transport accounts for 24% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. Governments face challenges in developing feasible and equitable mitigation strategies to reduce energy consumption and manage the transition to low-carbon transport systems. To meet the local and global transport emission reduction targets, policymakers need more realistic/sophisticated future projections of transport demand to better understand the speed and depth of the actions required to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we argue that the lack of access to high-quality data on the current and historical travel demand and interdisciplinary research hinders transport planning and sustainable transitions toward low-carbon transport futures. We call for a greater interdisciplinary collaboration agenda across open data, data science, behaviour modelling, and policy analysis. These advancemets can reduce some of the major uncertainties and contribute to evidence-based solutions toward improving the sustainability performance of future transport systems. The paper also points to some needed efforts and directions to provide robust insights to policymakers. We provide examples of how these efforts could benefit from the International Transport Energy Modeling Open Data project and open science interdisciplinary collaborations.","PeriodicalId":410,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84953174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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