This study examines the versions of Buddhism Initial Dissemination in China. Chinese and foreign scholars focused on the time, path and truth or fiction of this issue from the perspective of documentation, history and phonology. As a unique model of foreign religious culture localization, the version research of Buddhism Initial Dissemination in China was ignored. According to this study, the version development of the topic, as communication textual content, is expressive of the gradual maturity and evolution of communication strategies in the process of Buddhism Chinization, localization in China. The universal significance of this study is that the discrimination of Buddhism communication strategies provides reference and guidance for Intercultural Communication Strategy.
{"title":"Buddhism Initial Dissemination in China: a study of the cross-cultural communication strategies","authors":"Shaofeng Guan, Jing-shen Tao","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.23.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.23.231","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the versions of Buddhism Initial Dissemination in China. Chinese and foreign scholars focused on the time, path and truth or fiction of this issue from the perspective of documentation, history and phonology. As a unique model of foreign religious culture localization, the version research of Buddhism Initial Dissemination in China was ignored. According to this study, the version development of the topic, as communication textual content, is expressive of the gradual maturity and evolution of communication strategies in the process of Buddhism Chinization, localization in China. The universal significance of this study is that the discrimination of Buddhism communication strategies provides reference and guidance for Intercultural Communication Strategy.","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43630908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feng Yingjing (1555-1606) and Cao Yubian (1558-1634) are two figures who have been studied a lot in the research on the interactions between Chinese scholar-officials and missionaries in the late Ming Dynasty. However, in the past, the academic circles discussed the relationship between the two and the missionaries separately. In fact, Feng and Cao were good friends as well as metropolitan graduates of the same year. The ideological exchange between the two, especially the discussion on practical learning and the three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, provided a rational basis for them to take a praising stand after contacting Western learning. Therefore, this paper investigates the ideological exchange between the two in religious philosophy, and brings the mutual influence of the two into their communication with the missionaries, so as to find out the reasons for their friendly attitude towards Westerners and Western learning.
{"title":"A New Study on Feng Yingjing’s and Cao Yubian’s Communication with Westerners and Western Learning","authors":"Huang Jianwen","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.23.233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.23.233","url":null,"abstract":"Feng Yingjing (1555-1606) and Cao Yubian (1558-1634) are two figures who have been studied a lot in the research on the interactions between Chinese scholar-officials and missionaries in the late Ming Dynasty. However, in the past, the academic circles discussed the relationship between the two and the missionaries separately. In fact, Feng and Cao were good friends as well as metropolitan graduates of the same year. The ideological exchange between the two, especially the discussion on practical learning and the three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, provided a rational basis for them to take a praising stand after contacting Western learning. Therefore, this paper investigates the ideological exchange between the two in religious philosophy, and brings the mutual influence of the two into their communication with the missionaries, so as to find out the reasons for their friendly attitude towards Westerners and Western learning.","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47193020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In modern China, with the signing of a series of unequal treaties, there were constant disputes between Catholicism and Protestantism in order to fight for missionary authority, missionary regions and discourse power. As a modern Catholic Chinese Jesuit, Li Wenyu（1840-1911） had written many works on the relationship between the two denominations to defend for Catholicism. In the terms of the content, most of the works are the continuation of the sectarian argument triggered by the Reformation, concentrating mainly on the discussion of doctrines, rituals, the Bible and so on. However, few researches are concerned about new missionary issues such as Missionary cases or a type of inseparable connection between missionaries and Western Powers and they are just a kind of passive response to other people's queries. In the way of Apologetics methods, he once used traditional Chinese culture to explain the doctrines of Catholicism whereas it only occupied a little part. On most occasions, he interpreted doctrines through the Bible directly. By reviewing the relevant works of him, it can be seen that the modern Chinese Catholicism represented by Li Wenyu paid more attention to the enmities caused by differences in beliefs or doctrines instead of new problems arose in missionary work.
{"title":"The same Origin and different Roads: the old and recent hatred between Catholicism and Protestantism in Modern China","authors":"Jianbing Guo","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.22.180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.22.180","url":null,"abstract":"In modern China, with the signing of a series of unequal treaties, there were constant disputes between Catholicism and Protestantism in order to fight for missionary authority, missionary regions and discourse power. As a modern Catholic Chinese Jesuit, Li Wenyu（1840-1911） had written many works on the relationship between the two denominations to defend for Catholicism. In the terms of the content, most of the works are the continuation of the sectarian argument triggered by the Reformation, concentrating mainly on the discussion of doctrines, rituals, the Bible and so on. However, few researches are concerned about new missionary issues such as Missionary cases or a type of inseparable connection between missionaries and Western Powers and they are just a kind of passive response to other people's queries. In the way of Apologetics methods, he once used traditional Chinese culture to explain the doctrines of Catholicism whereas it only occupied a little part. On most occasions, he interpreted doctrines through the Bible directly. By reviewing the relevant works of him, it can be seen that the modern Chinese Catholicism represented by Li Wenyu paid more attention to the enmities caused by differences in beliefs or doctrines instead of new problems arose in missionary work.","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41264654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As an early French Jesuit who came to China, Jean-Joseph-Marie Amiot was praised as "the last sinologist among the Jesuits who entered China". He is knowledgeable and profound, has studied Manchu and Chinese characters, and has made remarkable achievements in poetics, music, history, art of war, translation and other aspects. This article focuses on his concern for Book of Changes, he returned back to history and analysis of the characters of Book of Changes , he took studies on Book of Changes as the basis of music theory, and worte De la musique moderne des Chinois. His studies on Book of Changes not only the basis for his use of European language systems to study Chinese music, but also provided a possibility for the exchange of Chinese and Western culture
{"title":"Throughtout History, Taking Book of Changes As The Path: Jean-Joseph-Marie Amiot’s studies on Book of Changes","authors":"Xinyu Chen","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.22.178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.22.178","url":null,"abstract":"As an early French Jesuit who came to China, Jean-Joseph-Marie Amiot was praised as \"the last sinologist among the Jesuits who entered China\". He is knowledgeable and profound, has studied Manchu and Chinese characters, and has made remarkable achievements in poetics, music, history, art of war, translation and other aspects. This article focuses on his concern for Book of Changes, he returned back to history and analysis of the characters of Book of Changes , he took studies on Book of Changes as the basis of music theory, and worte De la musique moderne des Chinois. His studies on Book of Changes not only the basis for his use of European language systems to study Chinese music, but also provided a possibility for the exchange of Chinese and Western culture","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47506230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chinese Christian Texts and the Formation of New Thoughts in Ming and Qing Dynasties","authors":"Qing-Bo Xiao, P. Huang","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.22.172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.22.172","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46559708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper will attempt to show the Jesuits’ situation in China and Russia through Fr Louis de Poirot (1735–1813 賀清泰)’s life. He was the last remaining Jesuit in China (the new Jesuits returned to mainland China on 11 June 1842), and was a link between the Old Jesuits and New Jesuits.The first section will introduce his life in the Chinese court. He was the last of the Western painters who worked for Qianlong along with Father Giuseppe Panzi. The two painters replaced the more famous fathers Giuseppe Castiglione and Jean-Denis Attiret. He was also in charge of the translation between Latin and Manchu for the diplomatic correspondence between Pekin and Saint Petersburg. He was the first to translate most of the Bible into Chinese and Manchu. The paper will show the attitude of Chinese Emperor and other official’s attitude to the suppression, Did they even care about the suppression of the Jesuits? What’s of any concern to them? The second section will present a precious letter received from Father General Brzozowski written on Sept. 25, 1806 with the help of the Russian ecclesiastical mission. Father General Brzozowski asked whether Fr Louis de Poirot had received Gruber’s permission to rejoin the Society and to enquire about the situation of the other fathers in China and the Chinese church. He also mentioned their attemption to enter China and the Jesuits’ situation all over the world.
本文试图通过波洛神父（1735-1813）来展示耶稣会士在中国和俄罗斯的处境賀清泰)’的生活。他是中国仅存的最后一位耶稣会士（1842年6月11日，新耶稣会士返回中国大陆），是旧耶稣会士和新耶稣会会士之间的纽带。第一部分将介绍他在中国宫廷的生活。他是最后一位与潘子一起为乾隆工作的西方画家。这两位画家取代了更著名的父亲朱塞佩·卡斯蒂廖内和让-丹尼斯·阿提雷特。他还负责佩金和圣彼得堡之间外交往来的拉丁语和满语的翻译。他是第一个将大部分圣经翻译成中文和满文的人。本文将展示中国皇帝和其他官员对镇压的态度，他们甚至关心耶稣会士的镇压吗？他们关心什么？第二部分将展示一封由布尔佐夫斯基神父于1806年9月25日在俄罗斯教会使团的帮助下写的珍贵信件。Brzozowski神父询问Louis de Poirot神父是否已获得Gruber的许可，可以重新加入协会，并询问其他神父在中国和中国教会的情况。他还提到了他们进入中国的企图和耶稣会士在世界各地的处境。
{"title":"The Last Remaining Jesuit in China after Suppression in Europe","authors":"Jingjing Liu","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.22.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.22.179","url":null,"abstract":"This paper will attempt to show the Jesuits’ situation in China and Russia through Fr Louis de Poirot (1735–1813 賀清泰)’s life. He was the last remaining Jesuit in China (the new Jesuits returned to mainland China on 11 June 1842), and was a link between the Old Jesuits and New Jesuits.The first section will introduce his life in the Chinese court. He was the last of the Western painters who worked for Qianlong along with Father Giuseppe Panzi. The two painters replaced the more famous fathers Giuseppe Castiglione and Jean-Denis Attiret. He was also in charge of the translation between Latin and Manchu for the diplomatic correspondence between Pekin and Saint Petersburg. He was the first to translate most of the Bible into Chinese and Manchu. The paper will show the attitude of Chinese Emperor and other official’s attitude to the suppression, Did they even care about the suppression of the Jesuits? What’s of any concern to them? The second section will present a precious letter received from Father General Brzozowski written on Sept. 25, 1806 with the help of the Russian ecclesiastical mission. Father General Brzozowski asked whether Fr Louis de Poirot had received Gruber’s permission to rejoin the Society and to enquire about the situation of the other fathers in China and the Chinese church. He also mentioned their attemption to enter China and the Jesuits’ situation all over the world.","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49264766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines Li Qingzhao’s much-debated remarriage case. Rumor had it that the preeminent female Ci lyric writer once remarried to a corrupt minor official Zhang Ruzhou after her husband’s death. However, by closely studying Li’s biographical records and evidence unearthed by Qing textual researchers, we argue that Qingzhao was attacked primarily because of her satirical literary criticism; she was simply ill-tolerated by a male-dominant society.
{"title":"On the Much-Debated Remarriage Case of Li Qingzhao","authors":"L. Xiaoyi","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.22.183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.22.183","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines Li Qingzhao’s much-debated remarriage case. Rumor had it that the preeminent female Ci lyric writer once remarried to a corrupt minor official Zhang Ruzhou after her husband’s death. However, by closely studying Li’s biographical records and evidence unearthed by Qing textual researchers, we argue that Qingzhao was attacked primarily because of her satirical literary criticism; she was simply ill-tolerated by a male-dominant society.","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47434193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a famous Spanish missionary and humanist in China in the seventeenth century, Domingo Fernández de Navarrete paid special attention to the religious and ideological issues of the Chinese Empire. In his book Tratados históricos, políticos, éticos y religiosos de la monarquía de China, Volumes II, III and IV specialized research and commentary on various forms of religion in China. In particular, he not only annotated and translated Confucian classics, but also translated from Latin the unpublished manuscript Respvesta Breve, written by the Jesuit priest Niccolo Longobardi., into spanish, and was also included in the Tratados, becoming the fifth volume of the book. Based on the contents of these four volumes, this article attempts to show Domingo Fernández de Navarrete 's cognition of Chinese religious thought as much as possible, in order to further explore Domingo Fernández de Navarrete's Sinology thought.
{"title":"Domingo Fernández de Navarrete's Views on Chinese Religion, a Spanish Dominican to China","authors":"Jingxian Wei","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.22.177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.22.177","url":null,"abstract":"As a famous Spanish missionary and humanist in China in the seventeenth century, Domingo Fernández de Navarrete paid special attention to the religious and ideological issues of the Chinese Empire. In his book Tratados históricos, políticos, éticos y religiosos de la monarquía de China, Volumes II, III and IV specialized research and commentary on various forms of religion in China. In particular, he not only annotated and translated Confucian classics, but also translated from Latin the unpublished manuscript Respvesta Breve, written by the Jesuit priest Niccolo Longobardi., into spanish, and was also included in the Tratados, becoming the fifth volume of the book. Based on the contents of these four volumes, this article attempts to show Domingo Fernández de Navarrete 's cognition of Chinese religious thought as much as possible, in order to further explore Domingo Fernández de Navarrete's Sinology thought.","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48390295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Among other contributions, Jean Gerson (1363-1429) has played a decisive role in establishing spiritual theology as an experimental science, the foundation and process of which are independent from the ones of dogmatic theology, even if their results need to eventually coincide. Based, as all works in the field, on Pseudo-Dionysius, Gerson’s De theologia mystica (written between 1402 and 1423) developed an epistemology of mystical knowledge, itself grounded upon an anthropology describing how humankind’s cognitive and affective powers operate together. Gerson’s work played a major role in the development of French, and more largely, modern approach to mysticism.
{"title":"John Gerson and the Foundations of Mystical Theology","authors":"B. Vermander","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.22.174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.22.174","url":null,"abstract":"Among other contributions, Jean Gerson (1363-1429) has played a decisive role in establishing spiritual theology as an experimental science, the foundation and process of which are independent from the ones of dogmatic theology, even if their results need to eventually coincide. Based, as all works in the field, on Pseudo-Dionysius, Gerson’s De theologia mystica (written between 1402 and 1423) developed an epistemology of mystical knowledge, itself grounded upon an anthropology describing how humankind’s cognitive and affective powers operate together. Gerson’s work played a major role in the development of French, and more largely, modern approach to mysticism.","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42767580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using game theory and transaction cost theory, religion or the religious ethic is converted to a system that provides ethical support and interpretation for various types of social cooperation and supports their equilibrium either partially or completely. From the perspective of the social cooperation ethic, the economic ethic of modern society may be viewed as a “partial equilibrium” that comprises the horizontal cooperation ethic (commerce or market) and the vertical cooperation ethic (the internal power in an enterprise). In this regard, Weber strongly interpreted the causes and processes of the differentiation and independence of the modern economic ethic of the West as “partial equilibrium” from “overall equilibrium.” However, the economic ethic in Chinese society has been different and has always maintained a close association with “overall equilibrium,” and its expression and symbolism have undergone a change in process from the local god of Sheji(社稷神，god of state) to local Chenghuang gods(城隍神, city gods) to nationwide popular general gods.
{"title":"The Economic Ethic in Chinese Society: Differences from and Similarities to the Western Economic Ethic from the Perspective of Social Cooperation","authors":"Rui Peng","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.22.181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.22.181","url":null,"abstract":"Using game theory and transaction cost theory, religion or the religious ethic is converted to a system that provides ethical support and interpretation for various types of social cooperation and supports their equilibrium either partially or completely. From the perspective of the social cooperation ethic, the economic ethic of modern society may be viewed as a “partial equilibrium” that comprises the horizontal cooperation ethic (commerce or market) and the vertical cooperation ethic (the internal power in an enterprise). In this regard, Weber strongly interpreted the causes and processes of the differentiation and independence of the modern economic ethic of the West as “partial equilibrium” from “overall equilibrium.” However, the economic ethic in Chinese society has been different and has always maintained a close association with “overall equilibrium,” and its expression and symbolism have undergone a change in process from the local god of Sheji(社稷神，god of state) to local Chenghuang gods(城隍神, city gods) to nationwide popular general gods.","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43063987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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