Intellectual history, tracing the history of human thought, is the understanding and presentation of various thoughts and concepts that have appeared in human history. The Chinese term 思想史 is translated from the English terms “intellectual history” and “history of ideas”, which were once used interchangeably, especially in the 20th century, since at least two reasons: the definition of “idea” and the history of the development of academic disciplines. The use of English terms in confusion is undoubtedly a reflection of the phenomenon of different opinions on the definition of the connotation of the intellectual history. By enumerating the explanations about the meaning of intellectual history of Collingwood, Lovejoy, Isaiah Berlin, Skinner and many other famous, not only to show the ambiguity of what is intellectual history, but also to seek uniformities among the different definitions. It is that intellectual history points to the spiritual creation and experience of human beings, and can guide people to discover and reach the most real place of history. Based on their respective understanding on intellectual history, historians use various research methods to pursue the thoughts and concepts in the course of human history from the perspectives of pure history, philosophical history, social history, etc., in order to find something valuable and meaningful. On the basis of sorting out and analyzing the basic problems of intellectual history, this paper further illustrates the connotation and methods of intellectual history by taking the study of the history of Martin Luther and his thoughts in China as an example.
思想史，追溯人类思想的历史，是对人类历史上出现过的各种思想和观念的理解和表述。中文 "思想史 "一词译自英文 "intellectual history "和 "history of ideas"，这两个词曾经交替使用，尤其是在 20 世纪，原因至少有两个：一是 "思想 "的定义，二是学科发展的历史。英文术语的混淆使用，无疑是对思想史内涵界定众说纷纭现象的反映。通过列举科林伍德、洛夫乔伊、以赛亚-伯林、斯金纳等诸多名家对思想史内涵的解释，不仅是为了说明什么是思想史的模糊性，更是为了在不同的定义中寻求统一性。这就是，思想史指向人类的精神创造和精神体验，能够引导人们发现和抵达历史最真实的地方。基于各自对思想史的理解，史学家们运用各种研究方法，从纯粹史、哲学史、社会史等角度追寻人类历史进程中的思想和观念，以期发现有价值、有意义的东西。本文在梳理和分析思想史基本问题的基础上，以马丁-路德及其思想在中国的历史研究为例，进一步阐释思想史的内涵和方法。
{"title":"The Definition, Methods and Other Related Issues of Intellectual History ——Also on the History of Martin Luther's Thoughts in China","authors":"Yang Ying","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.25.1766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.25.1766","url":null,"abstract":"Intellectual history, tracing the history of human thought, is the understanding and presentation of various thoughts and concepts that have appeared in human history. The Chinese term 思想史 is translated from the English terms “intellectual history” and “history of ideas”, which were once used interchangeably, especially in the 20th century, since at least two reasons: the definition of “idea” and the history of the development of academic disciplines. The use of English terms in confusion is undoubtedly a reflection of the phenomenon of different opinions on the definition of the connotation of the intellectual history. By enumerating the explanations about the meaning of intellectual history of Collingwood, Lovejoy, Isaiah Berlin, Skinner and many other famous, not only to show the ambiguity of what is intellectual history, but also to seek uniformities among the different definitions. It is that intellectual history points to the spiritual creation and experience of human beings, and can guide people to discover and reach the most real place of history. Based on their respective understanding on intellectual history, historians use various research methods to pursue the thoughts and concepts in the course of human history from the perspectives of pure history, philosophical history, social history, etc., in order to find something valuable and meaningful. On the basis of sorting out and analyzing the basic problems of intellectual history, this paper further illustrates the connotation and methods of intellectual history by taking the study of the history of Martin Luther and his thoughts in China as an example.","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139199347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. H. Ting has challenged traditional Reformed theology with xin (信), since he understood the Chinese word xin so differently from the Religious Reformers, e.g., Martin Luther, understanding the NT Greek concepts πιστεύω, πιστός and πίστις to the point that Ting proposed to dilute its role in justification (danhua yinxin chengyi；淡化因信称义). I hereby aim to explore the distinction of and reason for Ting’s understanding which departs from traditional Reformed theology from within the framework of traditional “Chinese” conception of religion and ethics; in the meanwhile the NT Greek and Reformation Latin traditions have also been studied as a subsidiary role insofar as they illumine the Reformers’ positions. This study is not conducted through political theology, but in the light of systematic and semantical, especially conceptual analysis, because the former has been well studied but the latter approach has not been explored well enough. Both πίστις and xin have many layers of meaning in NT Greek and Chinese classics, literature, or even common parlance, but Ting paid attention only to the connotation of xin as a verb. When Ting discussedthe doctrine of justification by faith, he had neither distinguished clearly enough the differences among πιστεύω, πιστός and πίστις, nor among credo, fidelium and fides. In addition to a verb, xin is used also as an adjective, a verb-noun, an adjective-noun and a noun, but because of his one-sided interpretation Ting has understood xin differently from Martin Luther and other Western predecessors.
{"title":"K. H. Ting’s One-Sided Interpretation of Xin (信) as a verb","authors":"Paulos Huang, Yang Ying","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.25.1753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.25.1753","url":null,"abstract":"K. H. Ting has challenged traditional Reformed theology with xin (信), since he understood the Chinese word xin so differently from the Religious Reformers, e.g., Martin Luther, understanding the NT Greek concepts πιστεύω, πιστός and πίστις to the point that Ting proposed to dilute its role in justification (danhua yinxin chengyi；淡化因信称义). I hereby aim to explore the distinction of and reason for Ting’s understanding which departs from traditional Reformed theology from within the framework of traditional “Chinese” conception of religion and ethics; in the meanwhile the NT Greek and Reformation Latin traditions have also been studied as a subsidiary role insofar as they illumine the Reformers’ positions. This study is not conducted through political theology, but in the light of systematic and semantical, especially conceptual analysis, because the former has been well studied but the latter approach has not been explored well enough. Both πίστις and xin have many layers of meaning in NT Greek and Chinese classics, literature, or even common parlance, but Ting paid attention only to the connotation of xin as a verb. When Ting discussedthe doctrine of justification by faith, he had neither distinguished clearly enough the differences among πιστεύω, πιστός and πίστις, nor among credo, fidelium and fides. In addition to a verb, xin is used also as an adjective, a verb-noun, an adjective-noun and a noun, but because of his one-sided interpretation Ting has understood xin differently from Martin Luther and other Western predecessors.","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":"152 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139198451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lu Shiyong(1591?—1642?) put forward the claim that A Verse in “Nine Songs” is “not a piece of a funeral oration”. Lu proposed that it is a lyrical verse and elaborated on it in terms of the theme, the relationship between humans and the gods, and the background of the work. He held that A Verse in “Nine Songs” has the characteristics of “being elegant and pathetic”, reflected in it has “short sentences and long rhymes” and “an elegant context”. The general characteristics of A Verse in “Nine Songs” is that its language is concise and its semantics natural and simple. Lu explained his view of A Verse in “Nine Songs” having “an elegant context”, in terms of the emotional charm, the mingling of the emotions and the scenery, and the mastery of expressing feelings via verse, and thus expanded the area of research of his poetry theory.
{"title":"Lu Shiyong’s Interpretation of the Nature and Artistry of A Verse in “Nine Songs”","authors":"Xiaoqiang Wang","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.25.1754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.25.1754","url":null,"abstract":"Lu Shiyong(1591?—1642?) put forward the claim that A Verse in “Nine Songs” is “not a piece of a funeral oration”. Lu proposed that it is a lyrical verse and elaborated on it in terms of the theme, the relationship between humans and the gods, and the background of the work. He held that A Verse in “Nine Songs” has the characteristics of “being elegant and pathetic”, reflected in it has “short sentences and long rhymes” and “an elegant context”. The general characteristics of A Verse in “Nine Songs” is that its language is concise and its semantics natural and simple. Lu explained his view of A Verse in “Nine Songs” having “an elegant context”, in terms of the emotional charm, the mingling of the emotions and the scenery, and the mastery of expressing feelings via verse, and thus expanded the area of research of his poetry theory.","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":"148 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139203767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper attempts to investigate Naomi’s gender identity and its transformation based on the integration of feminist and aged disability perspectives. Focusing on dismantling and restoration of Naomi’s gender identity in the story of Ruth, the investigation exposes how such a transformation is related to the norm of womanhood set in the patriarchal society of biblical Israel. Naomi’s case reflects how the patriarchal values of ancient Israel obscured and shaped identities of the post-menopausal women, some of the most vulnerable members of the society. This investigation offers contemporary readers an opportunity to contemplate similar instances within their own communities and to reflect on what different individuals and communities can do to protect the dignity and well-being of the oppressed.
{"title":"Women and Aged Disability: A Study of Naomi’s Gender identity and its Transformation in the Book of Ruth","authors":"Zhengyi Mo","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.25.1761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.25.1761","url":null,"abstract":"This paper attempts to investigate Naomi’s gender identity and its transformation based on the integration of feminist and aged disability perspectives. Focusing on dismantling and restoration of Naomi’s gender identity in the story of Ruth, the investigation exposes how such a transformation is related to the norm of womanhood set in the patriarchal society of biblical Israel. Naomi’s case reflects how the patriarchal values of ancient Israel obscured and shaped identities of the post-menopausal women, some of the most vulnerable members of the society. This investigation offers contemporary readers an opportunity to contemplate similar instances within their own communities and to reflect on what different individuals and communities can do to protect the dignity and well-being of the oppressed.","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":"37 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139196563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a kind of historical research consisting of “ideas”and“history”, the study of the intellectual history mainly deals with two kinds of problems: one is to see what a thinker said in the dimension of ideas, and the other is to judge why he said so from the dimension of history. Therefore, the research approach of intellectual history can be divided into“external research method” and “internal research method”. The external research method pays special attention to the interactive relationship between thought and historical context, and places people in the historical context to be observed and analyzed, while the internal research method pays special attention to analyzing the circumference of the system of thought in the theoretical development. This paper analyzes the origin of liberation theology as an example with external research method and internal research method, such as qualitative analysis software, inference and deduction, transcendental dialectic, and also applies the writing patterns of“continuity” and “discontinuity”. The paper proposes that that the origins of liberation theology can be considered in terms of a number of factors, including Christian ecclesiastical base, German theological thought, Roman Catholic Reformation, and the personal situations of liberation theologians，etc.
{"title":"On the Definition and Research Methods of Intellectual History: Taking the Origin of Liberation Theology for example","authors":"Danchun He","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.25.1767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.25.1767","url":null,"abstract":"As a kind of historical research consisting of “ideas”and“history”, the study of the intellectual history mainly deals with two kinds of problems: one is to see what a thinker said in the dimension of ideas, and the other is to judge why he said so from the dimension of history. Therefore, the research approach of intellectual history can be divided into“external research method” and “internal research method”. The external research method pays special attention to the interactive relationship between thought and historical context, and places people in the historical context to be observed and analyzed, while the internal research method pays special attention to analyzing the circumference of the system of thought in the theoretical development. This paper analyzes the origin of liberation theology as an example with external research method and internal research method, such as qualitative analysis software, inference and deduction, transcendental dialectic, and also applies the writing patterns of“continuity” and “discontinuity”. The paper proposes that that the origins of liberation theology can be considered in terms of a number of factors, including Christian ecclesiastical base, German theological thought, Roman Catholic Reformation, and the personal situations of liberation theologians，etc.","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":" 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139197931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jacob Chengwei Feng, Alexander Chow, Javier C. Hernandez
Compared to the five centuries of global colonial history, China’s (semi-)colonial history lasted only a little over one hundred years (1840-1949). However, since 1949, coloniality, anti-colonialization, anti-imperialism, and decolonization have continued to lurk in ideology, philosophy, politics, and most importantly in Chinese theology. This paper argues by engaging with Jacob’s narrative (Genesis 25:19-36:43), Chinese public theology can adequately engage in meaningful dialogue with the Aspiration, including the China Dream (Zhongguo meng 中国梦) and a Community of Shared Future for Mankind (renlei mingyun gongtongti 人类命运共同体), by articulating a Chinese public theology of human flourishing on domestic and international levels. The paper first analyzes China's (semi-)colonial/anti-colonial history in four stages with its various influences on Chinese theology. Then the paper adopts a three-layered “sandwich” approach to expose the profound epistemic crisis that is deeply embedded in Chinese theology. Finally, the paper attempts at a constructive Chinese public theology for human flourishing in the Third Millennium.
{"title":"The China Aspiration in Light of Jacob’s Narrative (Genesis 25:19-36:43):","authors":"Jacob Chengwei Feng, Alexander Chow, Javier C. Hernandez","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.25.1760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.25.1760","url":null,"abstract":"Compared to the five centuries of global colonial history, China’s (semi-)colonial history lasted only a little over one hundred years (1840-1949). However, since 1949, coloniality, anti-colonialization, anti-imperialism, and decolonization have continued to lurk in ideology, philosophy, politics, and most importantly in Chinese theology. This paper argues by engaging with Jacob’s narrative (Genesis 25:19-36:43), Chinese public theology can adequately engage in meaningful dialogue with the Aspiration, including the China Dream (Zhongguo meng 中国梦) and a Community of Shared Future for Mankind (renlei mingyun gongtongti 人类命运共同体), by articulating a Chinese public theology of human flourishing on domestic and international levels. The paper first analyzes China's (semi-)colonial/anti-colonial history in four stages with its various influences on Chinese theology. Then the paper adopts a three-layered “sandwich” approach to expose the profound epistemic crisis that is deeply embedded in Chinese theology. Finally, the paper attempts at a constructive Chinese public theology for human flourishing in the Third Millennium.","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139198059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Shang Dynasty people practiced theocentrism, Valuing Sacrifices and serving ghosts,and everything had to be predicted through divination. There are many deities in the Shang Dynasty, including three major systems: heavenly gods, earthly spirits, and human ghosts. Di has the greatest authority and is the ruler of nature. He has the characteristics of being extraordinary, not being influenced by human will, and is the supreme god in the belief world of the Shang Dynasty people. He is integrated with the ancestors of the Shang kings. The original meaning of Di was the ancestor and the god of reproduction of all things in the universe, which was very similar to the Western concept of 'God' as the creator. In the religious belief system of the Shang Dynasty, people did not directly offer sacrifices to the heavenly gods, and every request must be achieved through the intermediary of the ancestral ghosts. After the death of the Shang kings, they were all honored as Di, which led to the formation of the "combination of sorcerers and kings" and the "the unification of politics and religion" system in the late Shang Dynasty. In the late Shang Dynasty, a trinity structure of Di, Ancestral Spirit, and Kings was formed,which dominated the heavens and earth jointly, completed the integration of theocracy and kingship, and the combination of supreme god and extreme authoritarianism, formed a political ideological system of Religious indoctrination, had an important impact on later Chinese history and is worthy of our in-depth study.
{"title":"The concept of religious authority and power of the monarch in Shang Dynasty","authors":"Han Xing","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.25.1762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.25.1762","url":null,"abstract":"The Shang Dynasty people practiced theocentrism, Valuing Sacrifices and serving ghosts,and everything had to be predicted through divination. There are many deities in the Shang Dynasty, including three major systems: heavenly gods, earthly spirits, and human ghosts. Di has the greatest authority and is the ruler of nature. He has the characteristics of being extraordinary, not being influenced by human will, and is the supreme god in the belief world of the Shang Dynasty people. He is integrated with the ancestors of the Shang kings. The original meaning of Di was the ancestor and the god of reproduction of all things in the universe, which was very similar to the Western concept of 'God' as the creator. In the religious belief system of the Shang Dynasty, people did not directly offer sacrifices to the heavenly gods, and every request must be achieved through the intermediary of the ancestral ghosts. After the death of the Shang kings, they were all honored as Di, which led to the formation of the \"combination of sorcerers and kings\" and the \"the unification of politics and religion\" system in the late Shang Dynasty. In the late Shang Dynasty, a trinity structure of Di, Ancestral Spirit, and Kings was formed,which dominated the heavens and earth jointly, completed the integration of theocracy and kingship, and the combination of supreme god and extreme authoritarianism, formed a political ideological system of Religious indoctrination, had an important impact on later Chinese history and is worthy of our in-depth study.","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139199023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven is a book recording the idea-exchange between the Catholic missionaries and Confucians in the Ming Dynasty. In understanding the book, it demands as the background the knowledge of the western history in thought behind Matteo Ricci’s mind-set, such as natural theology, Aristotle’s philosophy, and the Protestant theology. With this consideration in mind, we have traced Ricci’s appealing to the way of logical arguments in demonstrating the existence of God, which presents Catholic dogma as a philosophy. In this way, Ricci became ignored of the development of Chinese thought regarding the issues of arche, essence, and good-evil. Indeed, Chinese thinkers have engaged profoundly in these issues and proposed various solutions which invite thinkers to engage in sentimental appreciation. Ricci’s ignorance of these efforts results in blocking his understanding of Chinese thought at a deeper level. My analyses of the dialogue in the book show that this historical exchange of ideas stays only at a superficial phrase.
{"title":"The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven and the Differences in Concerns between Chinese and Western Thinking","authors":"Xie Wenyu","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.25.1764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.25.1764","url":null,"abstract":"The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven is a book recording the idea-exchange between the Catholic missionaries and Confucians in the Ming Dynasty. In understanding the book, it demands as the background the knowledge of the western history in thought behind Matteo Ricci’s mind-set, such as natural theology, Aristotle’s philosophy, and the Protestant theology. With this consideration in mind, we have traced Ricci’s appealing to the way of logical arguments in demonstrating the existence of God, which presents Catholic dogma as a philosophy. In this way, Ricci became ignored of the development of Chinese thought regarding the issues of arche, essence, and good-evil. Indeed, Chinese thinkers have engaged profoundly in these issues and proposed various solutions which invite thinkers to engage in sentimental appreciation. Ricci’s ignorance of these efforts results in blocking his understanding of Chinese thought at a deeper level. My analyses of the dialogue in the book show that this historical exchange of ideas stays only at a superficial phrase.","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":"2 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139200508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Preceded by Renaissance, followed by Enlightenment, the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns, as an important cultural and intellectual event in European minds, has not received the attention it deserves. The Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns which happened in 1690s England, also known as the Battle of the Books. In the battle about the superiority of ancient culture or modern culture in the West, China as an exotic country of the East was repeatedly mentioned, and in the polemical writings between Sir William Temple and William Wotton, China was given two entirely different faces: "Politically Prominent China" and "Pagan China". By analyzing the state of Chinese knowledge and the mechanism of image production in the polemical writings of British intellectuals, this paper discusses the role and ideological function played by the image of China in Enlightenment Britain, and then deliberates the construction of the British state, religious consciousness, and reflexive subject in the Early Modern period.
{"title":"The Exotic Country in the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns: Images of China in the Battle of the Books","authors":"Wanjing Liang","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.25.1755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.25.1755","url":null,"abstract":"Preceded by Renaissance, followed by Enlightenment, the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns, as an important cultural and intellectual event in European minds, has not received the attention it deserves. The Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns which happened in 1690s England, also known as the Battle of the Books. In the battle about the superiority of ancient culture or modern culture in the West, China as an exotic country of the East was repeatedly mentioned, and in the polemical writings between Sir William Temple and William Wotton, China was given two entirely different faces: \"Politically Prominent China\" and \"Pagan China\". By analyzing the state of Chinese knowledge and the mechanism of image production in the polemical writings of British intellectuals, this paper discusses the role and ideological function played by the image of China in Enlightenment Britain, and then deliberates the construction of the British state, religious consciousness, and reflexive subject in the Early Modern period.","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":"176 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139202770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mou Zongsan constructed a philosophical ontology of “moral metaphysics” based on the unique practical wisdom of Confucianism. His argument for the “Moral metaphysics” not only includes the “ontological argument” in his later philosophical system, but also includes the “philosophical history argument” that reinterpreted Confucian discourse in the middle of Mou's thought. Mou emphasizes the “Cosmological approach” in “Zhongyong” and “Yizhuan” and takes it as a successful development of the “Moral approach”in “The Analects of Confucius” and “Mencius”, in order to continue the Confucian tradition of “ontology insight based on practical evidence”. However, the ontology of “Moral metaphysics” ultimately inherited the practical ontology concept of Confucianism, but failed to complete the modern transformation of the practical ontology approach corresponding to this practical ontology, resulting in a fundamental tension between the practical ontology concept of “Moral metaphysics” and its speculative ontology approach.
{"title":"Ontological Theory Based on Practical Wisdom——An Exploration of the Gains and Losses of Mou Zongsan's “Metaphysics of Morality” Construction","authors":"Wu Qian","doi":"10.37819/ijsws.25.1763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.25.1763","url":null,"abstract":"Mou Zongsan constructed a philosophical ontology of “moral metaphysics” based on the unique practical wisdom of Confucianism. His argument for the “Moral metaphysics” not only includes the “ontological argument” in his later philosophical system, but also includes the “philosophical history argument” that reinterpreted Confucian discourse in the middle of Mou's thought. Mou emphasizes the “Cosmological approach” in “Zhongyong” and “Yizhuan” and takes it as a successful development of the “Moral approach”in “The Analects of Confucius” and “Mencius”, in order to continue the Confucian tradition of “ontology insight based on practical evidence”. However, the ontology of “Moral metaphysics” ultimately inherited the practical ontology concept of Confucianism, but failed to complete the modern transformation of the practical ontology approach corresponding to this practical ontology, resulting in a fundamental tension between the practical ontology concept of “Moral metaphysics” and its speculative ontology approach.","PeriodicalId":41113,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sino-Western Studies","volume":"57 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139207008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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